185 Isaac Cruikshank, The Three Orders of St Petersburg, 1800. (INTERFOTO/Alamy)
188 Entrance to the Mikhailovsky Palace. (Jonathan Miles)
208 Ivan Cheskoy, View of the Spit of Vasilevsky Island with the Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns, c. 1810. (Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)
208 Through the gates of the Winter Palace. (Jonathan Miles)
213 Fyodor Alekseyev, November 7th 1824 in Teatralnaya Square, 1824. (Public domain)
215 Karl Kolman, Decembrist Rising, 1825, 1830. (Granger NYC/ Topfoto)
224 Alexandre Benois, frontispiece to an edition of Alexander Pushkin’s The Bronze Horseman, 1905-18. (Society for Co-operation in Russian and Soviet Studies/Topfoto)
228 Alexander Column. (Jonathan Miles)
237 The Winter Palace. (Fine Art Images/Heritage Image/Topfoto)
238 Palace ensemble fronting the Neva. (Jonathan Miles)
239 Portico at the entrance to the New Hermitage. (Jonathan Miles) 263 Nikolai Yaroshenko A Student, 1881. (Sputnik/Topfoto)
273 Village commune. (Public domain)
284 Assassination of Tsar Alexander II. From The London Illustrated News, 1881. (Alamy)
295 St Petersburg Christmas. (Antique Print Gallery/Alamy)
296 The Nutcracker. (Sputnik/Alamy)
303 Stieglitz Museum. (Jonathan Miles)
306 The Singer Building. (Jonathan Miles)
306 St Petersburg stil moderne. (Jonathan Miles)
315 ‘Bloody Sunday’, 1905. (World History Archive/Alamy)
325 Nicholas II, 27 April 1906. (ITAR-TASS Photo Agency/Alamy)
332 Trams on the frozen Neva. (Karl Bulla/ullstein bild via Getty Images)
334 St Petersburg soup kitchen. (IMAGNO/Austrian Archives/Topfoto) 347 Rasputin and a Romanov. (Public domain)
360 Troops fire on demonstrators, 4 July 1917. (Sovfoto/UIG via Getty Images)
367 Red Guard picket. (Sputnik/Alamy)
381 We Grow From Iron. (Public domain)
382 Monument to the Third International. (Heritage Images/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
386 Alexander Deineka, NEPmen, 1927. (© DACS 2017/The State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia)
391 Statue of Felix Dzerzhinsky. (Jonathan Miles)
401 The ‘Big House’. (Jonathan Miles)
406 The House of Soviets. (Jonathan Miles)
413 Air defence sound receivers. (TASS/Getty Images)
414 Air-raid on the Nevsky Prospekt. (ITAR-TASS/Alamy)
415 Bombed-out street. (Sputnik/Alamy)
421 Convoy of lorries. (Sputnik/Alamy)
423 Proud harvesters. (Sovfoto/Getty Images)
423 Clearing snow and rubble. (Sovfoto/UIG via Getty Images)
428 The Bronze Horseman, uncovered. (TASS/Getty images)
432 Ruins of Peterhof Palace. (Bettman/Getty Images)
434 Leningrad workers. (Hulton Deutsch/Corbis Historical/Getty images)
440 Rossi’s ‘Theatre Street’. (Jonathan Miles)
451 Class at the Vaganova Academy. (Sputnik/Topfoto)
452 Monument to the siege. (Jonathan Miles)
456 The elderly chat. (Jonathan Miles)
460 Lucky Strike vs. the hammer and sickle. (Jonathan Miles)
464 Walls plastered small-ads. (Jonathan Miles)
466 ‘Hidden spaces’ of St Petersburg. (Jonathan Miles)
467 Peter and Paul Fortress before and after restoration. (Jonathan Miles)
472 Video watchdogs. (Jonathan Miles)
473 Kronstadt’s empty canals and warehouses. (Jonathan Miles)
477 St Petersburg: a corner of the Peter and Paul Fortress. (Jonathan Miles)
478 Downpipes. (Jonathan Miles)
480 Land versus sea. (Jonathan Miles)
483 The present past. (Jonathan Miles)
486 ‘We’ll build a city here, a port’. (Jonathan Miles)
PLATE ILLUSTRATIONS
1. The Menshikov Palace. From Alexei Rostovtsev, ‘Panorama of St Petersburg’, 1717. (Public domain)
2. Johann Baptist Homann, ‘St Petersburg Master Plan’, c. 1718–20. (Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)
3. St. John the Baptist Church. (Jonathan Miles)
4. New Holland Arch. (Jonathan Miles)
5. Central arch of the Admiralty. (Jonathan Miles)
6. The Palace of Pavlovsk. (Jonathan Miles)
7. The Mikhailovsky Palace’s main staircase. (Jonathan Miles)
8. K. Ludwig after Benjamin Paterssen, The Bronze Horseman in Senate Square, 1799. (Public domain)
9. St Petersburg fair. From John Augustus Atkinson and James Walker, A Picturesque Representation of the Manners, Customs and Amusements of The Russians in One Hundred Coloured Plates, Vol. 1, 1803. (Public domain)
10. Police Bridge over the Moika (detail). I. and P. Ivanov, hand-coloured lithograph of Vasily Sadovnikov’s Panorama of the Nevsky Prospekt, 1830s. (Public domain)
11. The Mikhailovsky Palace. (Jonathan Miles)
12. A. P. Bogolubov, Sledging on the Neva, 1854. (The State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia)
13. The Marinsky Theatre. (Hutchinson/Public domain)
14. Pyotr Vereshchagin, The Alexandrinsky Theatre, 1870s. (Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)
15. The Eliseev building. (Chronicle/Alamy)
16. Vitebsk Station. (Jonathan Miles)
17. The Nevsky Prospekt. (Hutchinson/Public domain)
18. Romanov menu. (Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)
19. Auguste Rodin, The Dancer, 1912. (Musee Rodin, Paris, France/ Bridgeman Images)
20. Kasimir Malevich, chorister costume, 1913. (Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)
21. Women workers demonstrate. (Sovfoto/UIG via Getty Images)
22. Lenin. (Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images)
23. Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva, First Snow, 1917. (Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/Getty Images)
24. Nikolai Terpsikhorov, The First Slogan, 1924. (The State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia)
25. Rodchenko’s revolutionary library. Reconstruction in The State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia. (Jonathan Miles)
26. Vavara Stepanova, sportswear, 1920s. (Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy)
27. Alexander Deineka, The Defence of Petrograd, 1928. (Sovfoto/UIG via Getty Images)
28. Alexander Deineka, Construction of New Workshops, 1926. (Photo 12/Alamy Stock Photo)
29. Leningrad during the Siege. (Sovfoto/UIG via Getty Images)
30. V. P. Serov, ‘We Defended Leningrad! We Will Restore It!’, 1942. (Laski Diffusion/Getty Images)
31. Intourist buses. (Jonathan Miles)
32. Alexei Sundukov, Queue, 1986. (Godong/UIG via Getty Images)
33. Private enterprise. (Jonathan Miles)
34. Desperate selling. (Jonathan Miles)
35. The Nevsky Prospekt, 2016. (Jonathan Miles)
36. Heating pipes on Vasilevsky Island. (Jonathan Miles)
37. The Nevsky Prospekt and Kazan Cathedral. (Jonathan Miles)
38. A glut of traffic, tourists and cables. (Jonathan Miles)
39. Statue of Trezzini. (Jonathan Miles)
40. The Bronze Horseman. (Jonathan Miles)
NOTES
1 TWILIGHT ON THE NEVSKY
1 Dumas, Alexandre, En Russie – Impressions de voyage (1859), Paris: Editions François Bourin, 1989, p. 163.
2 Arnold, Sue, ‘Human Warmth Amidst the Ice and the Ashes’, Observer, 3 January 1993.
3 De Custine, Astolphe, Letters from Russia, trans. Robin Buss (1991), London: Penguin, 2014, p. 105.
4 Gide, André, Back From the USSR, London: Seeker and Warburg, 1937, p.32
5 Brodsky, Joseph, ‘A Guide to a Renamed City’, in Less Than One: Selected Essays, London: Viking, 1986; Penguin Classics, 2011, p. 88.
2 HAVOC IN LONDON
1 Schuyler, Eugene, Peter the Great – Emperor of Russia, Vol. I, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 188
4, pp. 287–8.
2 Gilbert Burnett, Bishop of Salisbury, qtd in Cross, Anthony, Peter the Great Through British Eyes – Perceptions and Representations of the Tsar since 1698, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 11.
3 Alexei Tolstoy, Peter the First, qtd in Shrad, Mark Lawrence, Vodka Politics – Alcohol, Autocracy, and the Secret History of the Russian State, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 404.
4 Warner, Elizabeth, RussiaShrad, Mark Lawrencen Myths, London: British Museum Press, 2002, pp. 18–19.
5 Schuyler, Peter the Great, Vol. II, pp. 9–10.
6 Shrad, Vodka Politics, pp. 37–8.
7 Massie, Robert K., Peter the Great – His Life and World, New York: Knopf, 1980; UK: Head of Zeus pbk, 2013, pp. 39–50.
8 Prince Boris Ivanovich Kuratkin, Tsar Peter’s brother-in-law, from his notes for a projected life on the tsar, in Vernadsky, George, senior ed., A Source Book for Russian History From Early Times to 1917, Vol. II, New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1972, p. 311; Massie, Peter the Great, pp. 66–70.
9 Hughes, Lindsey, Russia and the West, The Life of a Seventeenth-Century Westernizer, Prince Vasily Vasilevich Golitsyn (1643–1714), Newtonville, MA: Oriental Research Partners, 1984, pp. 96, 98; Hosking, Geoffrey, Russia and the Russians – A History, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001, pp. 179–80.
10 Shrad, Vodka Politics, p. 46.
11 Prince Kuratkin, in Vernadsky, A Source Book for Russian History, p. 312.
12 Schlafly Jr, Daniel L., ‘Filippo Balatri in Peter the Great’s Russia’, in Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, Neue Folge, Bd. 45, H. 2, 1997, pp. 181, 188–9.
13 Schuyler, Peter the Great, Vol. I, p. 286.
14 Deschisaust, Pierre, Description d'un voyage fait à Saint Petersbourg, Paris: Thiboust, 1728, pp. 4–5; Prak, Maarten, The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century, trans. Diane Webb, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 101.
15 Schuyler, Peter the Great, Vol. I, pp. 287–8, 291; Massie, Peter the Great, p. 200.
16 Bruijn, Jaap R., The Dutch Navy of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1995, p. 101; Schama, Simon, The Embarrassment of Riches, London: William Collins, 1987, pp. 301–2.
17 Prak, The Dutch Republic, pp. 222–4.
18 Ibid., pp. 223–4; A1bedil, M. F., Peter the Great’s Kunstkanuner, St Petersburg: Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Alfa-Colour Publishers, 2002, pp. 6, 14, 17.
19 Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches, pp. 151, 180, 265.
20 Shrad, Vodka Politics, p. 39.
21 Post Boy, No. 371, Saturday 18 September-Tuesday 21 September 1697, qtd in Cross, Peter the Great, p. 12.
22 Boulton, Jeremy, Neighbourhood and Society – A London Suburb in the Seventeenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. I, 293; McKellar, Elizabeth, The Birth of Modern London – The Development and Design of the City 1660–1720, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999, pp. 3, 12–13.
23 McKellar, The Birth of Modern London, p. 219; Cracraft, James, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 6.
24 Hawksmoor, qtd in McKellar, The Birth of Modern London, p. 30.
25 Ibid., pp. 30, 204.
26 Cross, Peter the Great, p. 29.
27 Ryan, W. F., ‘Peter the Great and English Maritime Technology’, in Hughes, Lindsey, ed., Peter the Great and the West – New Perspectives, London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, p. 145.
28 Perry, Captain John, The State of Russia under the Present Czar, London: Benjamin Tooke, 1716, p. 166.
29 Cross, Peter the Great, pp. 21–2.
30 Perry, The State of Russia, p. 166.
31 Cross, Peter the Great, pp. 20–23.
32 Shrad, Vodka Politics, p. 40.
33 Perry, The State of Russia, p. 229.
34 Cross, Peter the Great, pp. 18–20.
35 Hughes, Lindsey, ‘Images of Greatness: Portraits of Peter the Great’, in Hughes, Peter the Great and the West, pp. 253–4.
36 Anderson, M. S., Peter the Great, London: Thames and Hudson, 1978, p. 42; Ryan, ‘Peter the Great and English Maritime Technology’, in Hughes, Peter the Great and the West, p. 138.
37 Cross, Peter the Great, pp. 20, 28; Shrad, Vodka Politics, p. 41.
38 Evelyn, John, The Diary of John Evelyn Esq. F.R.S. from 1641 to 1705–6, London: Gibbings, 1890, p. 571.
39 Cross, Peter the Great, pp. 30–31.
40 Perry, The State of Russia, p. 165.
41 Cross, Peter the Great, pp. 26–7.
42 Hughes, ‘Images of Greatness’, in Hughes, Peter the Great and the West, p. 254.
43 Hoffman, qtd in Schuyler, Peter the Great, Vol. I, pp. 307–8.
44 Kollmann, Nancy S., ‘27 October 1698: Peter Punishes the Streltsy’, in Cross, Anthony, ed., Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia – Days from the Reigns of Eighteenth-Century Russian Rulers, Part I, Proceedings of a workshop dedicated to the memory of Professor Lindsey Hughes held at the Bibliotheca di Storia Contemporanea, ‘A. Oriani’, Ravenna, 12–13 September 2007, Cambridge: Fitzwilliam College, 2007, pp. 23–6, 29–31.
45 Korb, Johann Georg, Diary of an Austrian Secretary of the Legation at the Court of the Czar Peter the Great, trans. Count MacDonnell, London, 1863, qtd in Dmytryshyn, Basil, ed., Imperial Russia – A Source Book 1700–1917, 2nd edn, Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press, 1974, pp. I-II.
3 DANGEROUS ACCELERATION
1 Chaadaev, Peter, ‘Philosophic Letters’, 1829, published 1836, qtd in Hare, Richard, Pioneers of Russian Social Thought, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, p. 9.
2 Peter the Great, Decree on a New Calendar, December 1699, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, p. 13.
3 von Strahlenberg, Philip John, An Historico-Geographical Description of the North and Eastern Parts of Europe and Asia, London, 1738,
4 Ryan, ‘Peter the Great and English Maritime Technology’, in Hughes, Peter the Great and the West, pp. 146–7.
5 Schlafly, ‘Filippo Balatin in Peter the Great’s Russia’, p. 187; Cross, Anthony, By the Banks of the Neva – Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 166.
6 Deane, John, ‘A Letter from Moscow to the Marquess of Carmarthen Relating to the Czar of Muscovy’s Forwardness in his Great Navy’, London, March 1699, p. 1.
7 Vigor, Mrs, Letters from a Lady who Resided Some Years in Russia to her Friend in England, London: Dodsley, 1775, pp. 14–16.
8 Voltaire, Histoire de Charles XII (1731), in Œeuvres historiques, ed. R. Pomeau, Paris: Gallimard, 1957, p. 193.
9 Anisimov, Evgenii V., Five Empresses – Court Life in Eighteenth-Century Russia, trans. Kathleen Carroll, Westport, CN, and London: Praeger, 2004, pp. 9–11.
10 Whitworth, Lord Charles, An Account of Russia as it Was in the Year 1710, Strawberry Hill, 1758, pp. 82–3; Jones, Robert E., ‘Why St Petersburg?’, in Hughes, Peter the Great and the West, pp. 190–91.
11 Marsden, Christopher, Palmyra of the North – The First Days of St Petersburg, London: Faber and Faber, 1942, pp. 46–7.
12 La Mottraye, Aubry de, Voyages en Anglois et en François D’A. de La Motraye en diverses provinces et places, London, 1732, p. 71; Milner-Gulland, Robin, ‘16 May 1703: The Petersburg Foundation-Myth’, in Cross, Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia, pp. 37–9, 40–41.
13 Shvidkovsky, Dmitry, Russian Architecture and the West, trans. Anthony Wood, New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2007, p. 194.
14 Anon. (Weber, Friedrich), The Present State of Russia in Two Volumes, The Whole Being the Journal of a Foreign Minister who Resided in Russia at the Time, trans. from the High Dutch, London, 1723, pp. 333–4
15 Bell, John, Travels from St Petersburg in Russia to Various Parts of Asia, Vol. 1, Edinburgh, 1788, pp. 2–3.
16 Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, p. 176.
17 The Present State of Russia, pp. 299–300.
18 Peter the Great, letter to Menshikov of 4 September 1704, qtd in Jones, Robert E., Bread Upon the Waters – The St Petersburg Grain Trade and the Russian Economy, 1703–1811, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013, p. 21.
19 Qtd in Schuyler, Peter the Great, Vol. II, pp. 5–6.
20 The Present State of Russia, pp. 300–301.
21 Hosking, Russia and the Russians, p. 228; Dukes, Paul, The Making of Russian Absolutism 1613–1801, Harlow and New York: Longman, 1982, p. 83.
22 Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, pp. 182, 184.
23 Schonle, Andreas, The Ruler in the Garden – Politics and Landscape Design in Imperial Russia, Bern and Oxford: Peter Lang, 2007, p. 41.
24 Keenan, Paul, St Petersburg and the Russian Court 1703–1761, London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, pp. 14, 21–2.
25 Giroud, Vincent, St Petersburg–A Portrait of a Great City, New Haven, CT: Yale University – The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, 2003, p. 20.
26 Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, p. 202; Deschisaux, Description d’un voyage, p. 21.
27 Schonle, The Ruler in the Garden, pp. 39–41.
28 Shrad, Vodka Politics, pp. 39, 45.
29 Hughes, Lindsey, ‘“For the Health of the Sons of Ivan Mikhailovich”: I. M. Golovin and Peter the Great’s Mock Court’, in Reflections on Russia in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Klein, Dixon and Fraanje, Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 2001, p. 44.
30 Anderson, Peter the Great, pp. 60–61; qtd in Jones, in Hughes, Peter the Great and the West, p. 194.
31 The Present State of Russia, pp. 312–13.
32 Whitworth, An Account of Russia, p. 136.
33 Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture, pp. 88, 173.
34 The Present State of Russia, pp. 302–303, 306.
35 Ibid., p.323.
36 Vigor, Mrs, Letters from a Lady, p. 38.
37 Shrad, Vodka Politics, pp. 43, 45–6.
38 Alexander, John, ‘Catherine I, Her Court and Courtiers’, in Hughes, Peter the Great and the West, p. 233.
39 Ibid., pp. 234–5.
40 Kratter, Franz, The Maid of Marienburg- A Drama in Five Acts. From the German of Kratter, London, 1798, p. 7.
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