23 Qtd in Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth, p. 176.
24 Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism, p. 109; Richardson, Anecdotes of the Russian Empire, p. 81.
25 Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth, p. 180.
26 De Madariaga, Isabel, Catherine the Great – A Short History, New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, (1990) 2002, p. 12.
27 Cross, By the Banks of the Neva, p. 338.
28 Qtd in Nisbet Bain, The Daughter of Peter the Great, p. 136.
29 Ibid., p. 138.
30 Soloviev, Empress Elizabeth’s Reign, p. 29.
31 Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, p. 319.
32 Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth, pp. 57–60, 73, 204–205, 209.
33 Elizabeth I’s decree of 30 August 1756, in Vernadsky, A Source Book for Russian History, p. 390.
34 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, p. 100.
35 Toomre, Joyce S. ‘Sumarokov’s Adaptation of Hamlet and the “To Be or Not to Be” Soliloquy’, in Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia – Newsletter, No. 9, Leeds, September 1981, pp. 3–20, 17.
36 Ospovat, Kirill, ‘Alexandr Sumarokov and the Social Status of Russian Literature in the 1750s-60s’, in Study Group on Eighteenth Russia – Newsletter, No. 33, Cambridge, November 2005, pp. 24–30, 34.
37 Atkinson, John Augustus, and Walker, James, A Picturesque Representation of the Manners, Customs, and Amusements of the Russians in One Hundred Coloured Plates, London, Vol. I, 1803; Vols II and III, 1804, text facing ‘Horn Music’ plate.
38 Buckler, Mapping St Petersburg, pp. 124–5.
39 Nisbet Bain, The Daughter of Peter the Great, p. 151.
40 Rosslyn, in Eighteenth-Century Russia, p. 76.
41 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, p. 80.
42 Nisbet Bain, The Daughter of Peter the Great, p. 140.
43 Bilbassov, Vasily A., ‘The Intellectual Formation of Catherine II’ (St Petersburg, 1901), reprinted in Raeff, Marc, ed., Catherine the Great – A Profile, London: Macmillan, 1972, p. 25.
44 Catherine the Great, Memoirs, pp. 48, 52, 91, 138.
45 Ibid., pp. xiv-xvi, 110, 179.
46 Ibid., p. 182; McGrew, Roderick E., Paul 1 of Russia 1754–1801, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992, pp. 24–7.
47 Proskurina, Creating the Empress, p. 57.
48 Bagdasarova, in Dining with the Tsars, pp. 22–4.
49 Proskurina, Creating the Empress, p. 16.
50 Qtd in Nisbet Bain, The Daughter of Peter the Great, p. 153.
51 Jonas Hanway on Elizabeth, qtd in Vernadsky, A Source Book for Russian History, p. 386.
52 Catherine the Great, Memoirs, p. 93.
53 D’Eon de Beaumont, Charles, The Maiden of Tonnerre – The Vicissitudes of the Chevalier and the Chevalière d’Eon (containing The Great Historical Epistle by the Chevalière d’Eon, Written in 1785 to Madame the Duchesse of Montmorenci-Bouteville), trans. and ed. Champagne, Ekstein and Kates, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001, pp. ix, 20–21.
54 Taylor, D. J., ‘The Chevalier d’Éon de Beaumont in Petersburg 1756– 60: An Observer of Elisaveta Petrovna’s Russia’, in Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia – Newsletter, No. 6, Norwich, September 1978, pp. 40–54, 50.
55 Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth, p.191.
56 Blakesley, Rosalind P., ‘23 October 1757: The Foundation of the Imperial Academy of Arts’, in Cross, Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia, pp. 109–120.
57 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, pp. 131–4.
58 Catherine the Great, Memoirs, p. 110.
59 De Custine, Letters, p. 54.
60 Dukes, The Making of Russian Absolutism, p. 110.
61 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, pp. 55–6.
62 Atkinson and Walker, A Picturesque Representation, Vol. I, text facing ‘Milkwomen’ plate; Vol. II, text facing ‘Zbitenshik’ plate.
63 Storch, Henry, from the German of The Picture of Petersburg, London, 1801, p. 182.
64 Jones, Bread Upon the Waters, pp. 35–7.
65 Atkinson and Walker, A Picturesque Representation, Vol. Ill, text facing ‘Fish Barks’ plate.
66 Munro, George E., The Most Intentional City – St Petersburg in the Reign of Catherine the Great, Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 2010, p. 39.
67 Catherine the Great, Memoirs, pp. 4–6, 148–9, 183.
68 Neville, Peter, Russia: A Complete History – The USSR, the CIS and the Independent States in One Volume, London: Phoenix, 2003, p. 87.
69 Catherine the Great, Memoirs, pp. 37, 82, 152.
70 Ibid., pp. 104, 120.
71 Shrad, Vodka Politics, p. 52.
6 THE CITY TRANSFORMED
1 Catherine, qtd in Buckler, Mapping St Petersburg, p. 18.
2 Richardson, Anecdotes of the Russian Empire, pp. 51, 78, 153.
3 Swinton, A., Travels into Norway, Denmark, and Russia in the Years 1788, 1789, 1790, and 1791, London, 1792, pp. 212–13, 335.
4 Ibid., pp. 219–22.
5 Dixon, Catherine the Great, p. 256.
6 Casanova de Seingalt, Jacques, The Memoirs, London, 1894, trans. Arthur Machen, to which have been added the chapters discovered by Arthur Symons, ‘Russia and Poland’, Vol. XXV, Minneapolis, MN: Filiquarian Publishing, n.d., pp. 14–15.
7 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, London, p. 444; Atkinson and Walker, A Picturesque Representation, Vol. II, text facing ‘Ice Hills’ plate; Vol. Ill, text facing ‘Race Course’ plate.
8 Swinton, Travels into Norway, Denmark and Russia, pp. 224–5.
9 Casanova, The Memoirs, p. 9.
10 Atkinson and Walker, A Picturesque Representation, Vol. Ill, text facing ‘Dvornick’ plate.
11 Ibid., Vol. II, text facing ‘Boutoushniki’ plate.
12 Hartley, Janet M., ‘Governing the City: St Petersburg and Catherine II’s Reforms’, in Cross, ed., St Petersburg 1703–1825, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, pp. 100, 102, 105.
13 Munro, The Most Intentional City, pp. 93–4, 96, 107, 122.
14 Atkinson and Walker, A Picturesque Representation, Vol. Ill, text facing ‘Cooper’ plate and text facing ‘Kalachniks’ plate.
15 De Madariaga, Isabel, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great, New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1981, p. 555.
16 Atkinson and Walker, A Picturesque Representation, Vol. Ill, text facing ‘Gardeners’ plate.
17 Anon., A Picture of St Petersburgh: Represented in a Collection of Twenty Interesting Views of the City, the Sledges, and the People, London, 1815, pp. 20–21; Swinton, Travels into Norway, Denmark and Russia, p. 241.
18 Porter, Robert Ker, Travelling Sketches in Russia and Sweden during the Years 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, Vols I and II, London: Richard Phillips, 1809, pp. 22, 121.
19 Van Wonzel, Pieter, Etat Présent de la Russie, St Petersburg and Leipzig, 1783, pp. 128–9; de Madariaga, Catherine the Great, p. 159.
20 Munro, The Most Intentional City, pp. 154–5, 218–19.
21 Cross, By the Banks of the Neva, pp. 18, 20.
22 Cross, Anthony, ‘Mr Fisher’s Company of English Actors in Eighteenth-Century St Petersburg’, in Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia – Newsletter, No. 4, Norwich, September 1976, pp. 49–56, 49–50.
23 Cross, By the Banks of the Neva, pp. 34–5.
24 Catherine the Great, Letter to Poniatowski, July 1762, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, pp. 59–60.
25 Catherine the Great et al., Authentic Memoirs of the Life and Reign of Catherine II, Empress of all the Russias. Collected from the Authentic MS’s. Translations, &c. of the King of Sweden, Right Hon. Lord Mountmorres, Lord Malmesbury, M. de Volney, and other indisputable authorities, London, 1797, pp. 23–4.
26 Ibid., p. 34.
27 Anisimov, Five Empresses, p. 164.
28 Authentic Memoirs of the Life and Reign of Catherine II, pp. 40–41.
29 Proskurina, Creating the Empress, p. 117.
&
nbsp; 30 Keenan, St Petersburg and the Russian Court, p. 71; Dixon, Catherine the Great, p. 8.
31 Catherine the Great, Memoirs, pp. xix-xx.
32 Wortman, Scenarios of Power, Vol. I, pp. 111–13.
33 Bagdasarova, in Dining with the Tsars, pp. 27, 31; Proskurina, Creating the Empress, pp. 41, 118–22.
34 De Madariaga, Catherine the Great, p. 206.
35 Schönle, The Ruler in the Garden, p. 318.
36 De Madariaga, Catherine the Great, p. 206.
37 Casanova, The Memoirs, pp. 9, 22; Proskurina, Creating the Empress, P. 29.
38 Atkinson and Walker, A Picturesque Representation, Vol. II, text facing ‘Public Festivals’ plate.
39 Qtd in introd. to Catherine the Great, Memoirs, p. xxv.
40 Casanova, The Memoirs, p. 32.
41 Qtd in Cross, By the Banks of the Neva, p. 377.
42 Anon. (Masson, Charles François Phillibert), Memoirs of Catherine II and the Court of St Petersburg During her Reign and that of Paul I by One of her Courtiers, London: Grolier Society, n.d., pp. 289–90.
43 Richard, A Tour from London to Petersburgh, p. 46.
44 Masson, Memoirs of Catherine II and the Court of St Petersburg, p. 101; Neville, Russia: A Complete History, p. 93.
45 Catherine the Great, Memoirs, p. 147; de Madariaga, Catherine the Great, pp. 2–3.
46 De Madariaga, Catherine the Great, pp. 209–11.
47 Qtd in Dixon, Catherine the Great, pp. 27–8.
48 Catherine the Great, Memoirs, pp. 57–8.
49 Alexander, John T., Catherine the Great, Life and Legend, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 79.
50 Munro, The Most Intentional City, pp. 235, 237, 247–8; Munro, George E., ‘Compiling and Maintaining St Petersburg’s “Book of City Inhabitants”: The “Real” City Inhabitants’, in Cross, ed., St Petersburg 1703–1825, p. 87.
51 Swinton, Travels into Norway, Denmark and Russia, p. 391.
52 Munro, The Most Intentional City, pp. 89, 202–203, 211–12, 215.
53 De Madariaga, Catherine the Great, pp. 105–107, 110–112.
54 Marker, Publishing, Printing and the Origins of Intellectual Life in Russia, pp. 105–106.
55 De Madariaga, Catherine the Great, pp. 92–7.
56 Catherine the Great, Memoirs, pp. xxix, 100.
57 Munro, The Most Intentional City, p. 83.
58 Bilbassov, Vasily A., in Raeff, Catherine the Great, pp. 36–7; Richardson, Anecdotes of the Russian Empire, p. 97.
59 Berman, Marshall, All That Is Solid Melts into Air, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982, p. 182, Verso pbk, 1983, p. 18, discussing Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse, 1761, Part II, Letters 14 and 17.
60 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 541. See also Lermontov, Mikhail, A Hero of Our Time (1840), trans. and introd. by Paul Foote, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966, p. 54, ‘My imagination knows no peace, my heart no satisfaction.’
61 Wilson, Arthur M., Diderot, New York: Oxford University Press, 1972, pp. 91, 623, 628, 637, 641, 645.
62 Ibid., p. 512.
63 Anisimov, Empress Elizabeth, p. 51.
64 Qtd in Wortman, Scenarios of Power, Vol. I, p. 134.
65 McBurney, Erin, ‘The Portrait Iconography of Catherine the Great: An Introduction’, in Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia – Newsletter, No. 34, Cambridge, July 2006, pp. 22–7.
66 Schenker, Alexander M., The Bronze Horseman – Falconet’s Monument to Peter-the-Great, New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2003, pp. 285–6.
67 Ibid., p. 278.
68 Giroud, St Petersburg, pp. 36, 38.
69 Masson, Memoirs of Catherine II, p. 89.
70 Wilmot, Martha and Catherine, The Russian Journals of Martha and Catherine Wilmot – 1803–08, ed. Marchioness of Londonderry and H. M. Hyde, London: Macmillan, 1934, p. 30.
71 Porter, Travelling Sketches in Russia, pp. 35–6.
72 Richardson, Anecdotes of the Russian Empire, p. 178.
73 Qtd in Wortman, Scenarios of Power, Vol. I, p. 135.
74 Cavanagh, Eleanor, letter of 20 August 1805, in Wilmot, Martha and Catherine, The Russian Journals, p. 181.
75 Jukes, Peter, A Shout in the Street – The Modern City London, London: Faber and Faber, 1990, p. 162.
76 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 236.
77 Hoare, Prince, Extracts from a Correspondence with the Academies of Vienna and St Petersburg on the Cultivation of the Arts of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in the Austrian and Russian Dominions, London: White, Payne and Hatchard, 1802, pp. 38–9, 41–6.
78 Rice, Tamara Talbot, ‘Charles Cameron’, in Charles Cameron c.1740–1812, London: Arts Council, 1967–8, p. 7.
79 Wraxall, N., Jun., A Tour Through Some of the Northern Parts of Europe Particularly Copenhagen, Stockholm and Petersburg in a Series of Letters, 3rd edn, London: Cadell, 1776, p. 258.
80 Qtd in Cross, By the Banks of the Neva, p. 389.
81 Loukomski, George, Charles Cameron (1740–1812), London: Nicholson and Watson, Commodore Press, 1943, pp. 55–61, 78.
82 Shvidkovsky, Dmitry, ‘Catherine the Great’s Field of Dreams: Architecture and Landscape in the Russian Enlightenment’, in Cracraft, James, and Rowland, Daniel, eds, Architectures of Russian Identities 1500 to the Present, Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 2003, pp. 51–65.
83 Ibid., p. 78.
84 Cross, By the Banks of the Neva, pp. 246–7, 289.
85 Schönle, The Ruler in the Garden, p. 43.
86 Catherine the Great, letter to Voltaire of 25 June 1772, qtd in Schönle, The Ruler in the Garden, p. 48.
87 Shvidkovsky, in Cracraft and Rowland, Architectures of Russian Identities, p. 61.
88 Schönle, The Ruler in the Garden, p. 51.
89 Gautier, The Complete Works – Vol. VII: Travels in Russia, p. 200.
90 Wedgwood, Josiah, letter to his partner of March 1773, qtd in Jones, W. Gareth, ‘Catherine the Great’s Understanding of the “Gothic”’, in Reflections on Russia in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Klein, Dixon and Fraanje, p. 239.
91 Liackhova, Lydia, ‘Items from the Green Frog Service’, in Dining with the Tsars, pp. 74–5.
92 Schönle, The Ruler in the Garden, p. 59.
93 Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, p. 260.
94 Maes, Francis, A History of Russian Music, trans. Arnold J. Pomerans and Erica Pomerans, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002; pbk 2006, p. 15.
95 Shvidkovsky, Russian Architecture and the West, p. 262.
96 Qtd in de Madariaga, Catherine the Great, p. 101.
97 Dixon, Catherine the Great, p. 194.
98 Piotrovsky, B. B., and Suslov, V. A., ‘Introduction’, in Eisler, Colin, Paintings in the Hermitage, New York: Stewart, Tabori and Chang, 1990, p. 25.
99 Qtd in Dixon, Catherine the Great, p. 193.
100 Piotrovsky and Suslov, in Paintings in the Hermitage, pp. 24–5.
101 Ahlström, Christian, ‘The Empress of Russia and the Dutch Scow the Vrouw Maria’, in The Annual Report, Nautica Fennica, Helsinki: National Board of Antiquities, 2000; Leino, Minna, and Klemelä, Ulla, ‘Field Research of the Maritime Museum of Finland at the Wreck Site of Vrouw Maria in 2001–2002’, in Moss Newsletter, Helsinki, 2003, pp. 5–8; Piotrovsky and Suslov, in Paintings in the Hermitage, p. 26.
102 Wilson, Diderot, p. 601.
103 Piotrovsky and Suslov, in Paintings in the Hermitage, pp. 9–10, 26; Gray, Rosalind P., Russian Genre Paintings in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000, pp. 15–18.
104 Norman, Geraldine, The Hermitage – The Biography of a Great Museum, London: Jonathan Cape, 1997, p. 33.
105 Piotrovsky and Suslov, in Paintings in the Hermitage, p. 12.
106 Shapiro, Yuri, The Hermitage, Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976, p. 7.
107 Van Wonzel, Etat Présent de la Russie, p. 63.
108 Cross, By the Banks of the Neva, p. 323.
110 Norman, The Hermitage, pp. 36–7.
111 Dixon, Catherine the Great, p. 44; Munro, The Most Intentional City, p. 272. _
112 Seaman, Gerald, ‘Catherine the Great and Musical Enlightenment’, in Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia – Newsletter, No. 19, Cambridge, September 1991, pp. 13–14.
113 De Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great, p. 534.
114 Jones, Bread Upon the Waters, p. 23.
115 Munro, The Most Intentional City, pp. 224, 229.
116 De Madariaga, Catherine the Great, pp. 78–9.
117 Wraxall, N., Jun., Letter of 20 July, 1774, in A Tour Through Some of the Northern Parts of Europe, p. 245; Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 133; Munro, The Most Intentional City, p. 118.
118 Munro, The Most Intentional City, pp. 46, 255.
119 Qtd in Schönle, The Ruler in the Garden, p. 64.
120 Storch, The Picture of Petersburg, p. 159.
121 Dixon, Catherine the Great, pp. 257–8.
122 Munro, The Most Intentional City, p. 127.
123 Hittle, Michael J., The Service City – State and Townsmen in Russia 1600–1800, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979, p. 106.
124 Dixon, Simon, ‘30 July 1752: The Opening of the Peter the Great Canal’, in Cross, Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia, Part 1, p. 93.
125 Glendenning, P. H., ‘Admiral Sir Charles Knowles in Russia 1771–1774’, in ‘Synopses of Papers Read at the 12th Meeting of the Study Group – University of Leeds, 15–16 December 1973’, in Study Group on Eighteenth-Century Russia – Newsletter, No. 2, Norwich, 1974, p. 10.
126 De Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great, pp. 574–5.
127 Richard, A Tour from London to Petersburgh, p. 25; Munro, The Most Intentional City, p. 191.
128 Qtd in de Madariaga, Catherine the Great, pp. 146–7.
129 Munro, The Most Intentional City, pp. 27, 74, 121–2.
130 Richardson, Anecdotes of the Russian Empire, p. 33.
131 Qtd in Proskurina, Creating the Empress, p. 96.
132 Qtd in Bartlett, R. P., ‘Russia and the Eighteenth-Century European Adoption of Inoculation for Smallpox’, in Bartlett, Cross and Rasmussen, Russia and the World of the Eighteenth Century, pp. 193–5, 204; Alexander, Catherine the Great, Life and Legend, p. 146.
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