Rayonism, 342
Razumovsky (Rozum), Alexei: background and rise to riches, 94; relationship with Elizabeth, 94, 112, 125; building of his palace, 105–6; entertains Catherine II, 139; stalls in his park, 178–9; entertains total stranger for two years, 195
Red Army: origins, 366; suppresses Kronstadt mutiny, 381
Red Bridge, 197
red detective stories, 389
Red Terror, 375
Redesdale, Lord, 191, 258–9, 310, 328
Reed, John, 344–5, 365–6, 367, 381
Reilly, Sidney, 377
religion: nineteenth-century diversity, 196; nineteenth-century attitude to, 249; increase in interest in the esoteric under Nicholas II, 342–3; in Soviet era, 405; clergy help to bolster defiance during German invasion, 422; Gorbachev asserts Orthodox right to worship, 456–7
Rembrandt, 159
Repin, Ilya, 274, 292, 340
restaurants, 231, 447–8
revolution, the road to: Decembrists, 213–20, 215, 221–2; thinkers and writers under Nicholas 1, 221–7, 233–5, 239–40, 248–54; Slavophiles vs Westerners, 249; Nicholas I cracks down on thinkers and creates climate of fear, 250–4; worsening industrial relations, 257–8; unrest and pressures for reform under Alexander II, 261–7, 271–5; narodniki, 250, 272–3, 274; rise of terrorism, 275–8; Alexander II assassinated, 282–6; attempt on Alexander III’s life and backlash, 290–1; 1905
Revolution, 299, 309–23; first Duma, 324–5; trouble still builds, 325–7; Second and Third Dumas, 330–1, 337–8; Lena Goldfields massacre sparks new unrest, 343–4; First World War increases unrest, 352; 1917 Revolution, 354–66; Kerensky’s Provisional Government, 358–62, 366; early days of Soviet government, 365–83
Richard, John, 108–9, 110
Richardson, William, 126
Rigaud, Hyacinthe, 50
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai: on Glinka, 241; on Berlioz, 278; Borodin on, 279; on Balakirev, 287; Wagner’s influence, 292; and 1905 Revolution, 318; teaches Stravinsky, 328; Le Coq d’Or, 347–8; Sadko, 475
Rinaldi, Antonio (Fusano), 93, 137, 148–9, 171
Robbins, Raymond, 362
robots, 443
Rodchenko, Alexander, 389, 390
Rodin, Auguste, 329
Rodzianko, Mikhail, 338, 346
Roerich, Nicholas, 339
Roland, Betty, 406
Rolling Stones, 470
Romney, Henry Sidney, First Earl of, 21
Romodanovsky, Prince Fyodor, 22, 30, 34, 37, 43
Rondeau, Claudius, 95
Rondeau, Mrs, 80, 85
Roosen, Jan, 32
Rosen, Baron, 345
Rossi, Carlo, 207, 209–10, 240
Rossi Street, 209–10
Rostopchin, Count, 182, 204
Rostral Columns, 207, 108, 459, 468
Rotari, Pietro, 161–2
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 68, 142, 167
rowing, 404
Royal Transport (ship), 20
Rozhdestvenskaya Street, 246
Rozum, Alexei see Razumovsky, Alexei
Rozum, Kyril, 94–5
Rubinstein, Anton, 259, 263
Rubinsteyna Street, 483
Rumyantsev, Count, 162
Rural Evenings (play), 438 Russian Ark (film), 68, 357, 484
Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians (RAPM), 393–4
Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP), 394
Russian-Baltic Aeroplane Factory, 331
Russian Civil War (1918–22), 374–5, 377–8
Russian Museum, 149, 291, 438
Russian Musical Society, 259, 279
Russian Navy, 24, 35, 63, 165–6
Russian Revolution (1905), 299, 309–23
Russian Revolution (1917), 1, 5–6, 354–66, 360
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, 325, 330
Russian Society for the Protection of Women, 335
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 305, 319
Ruysch, Frederik, 16, 50, 75
Rykov, Alexei, 398
Ryleyev, Kondraty, 219, 220, 222
Rysakov, Nikolai, 283–4, 285
Sadovaya Street, 283, 285
Sadovnikov, Vasily, 233
St Catherine’s Lutheran Church, 154
St Isaac’s Cathedral, 227–8, 239, 405
St Isaac’s Square, 423, 424
St Nicholas’s Cathedral see Maritime Cathedral of St Nicholas
St Petersburg: Peter I founds and builds, 25–37; under Peter I, 25–69; casualties during building, 30, 69; Peter I forces people to move to, 39–40, 44; eighteenth-century house building, 46; influence of Western style, 49–50; Peter I builds palaces around, 51–4; eighteenth-century demographics, 56; further building under Peter I, 60–2; first European public picture gallery, 62; as naval base, 62–3; Peter I lies in state and is buried in, 67–8; Peter I’s achievements there assessed, 68–9; under Catherine I, 73–6; under Peter II, 77–9; under Anna, 80–101; expansion under Eropkin, 95–7; under Elizabeth, 102–9, 112–24; permanent state theatre founded, 113–14; becomes centre of learning, 120–1; under Catherine II, 126–33, 135–79; in winter, 126–9, 128, 192, 205, 332, 406; City Council founded, 130; Catherine II’s building schemes and gardens, 136, 139–40, 147–57; revival as naval base, 165–6; hospitals set up 168, 169; workers petition Catherine II about Dolgov, 173; multiculturalism, 178, 196; under Paul, 182–90; leaving procedures, 183; under Alexander 1, 190–200, 202–3, 206–13; through the seasons, 192–4; early nineteenth-century demographics, 196; Alexander I’s building schemes, 196–7, 198–9, 206–10; Napoleon’s failed plan to capture, 203–5; influence of Empire style, 206; under Nicholas 1, 214–48, 250–6; Decembrist uprising, 213–20, 215, 221–2; writers and thinkers begin to shape the city, 221–7; Nicholas II’s building schemes, 227–8, 236–9, 255; height restriction on buildings, 228; a day in the life of the main thoroughfares, 230–2; cholera outbreak leads to rioting, 246–7; another outbreak, 247–8; under Alexander II, 257–86; industrial revolution and its effects, 257–8; Alexander II’s building schemes, 260, 280; popular unrest, 261–7, 271–5; 1862 arson attacks, 264; terror attacks, 275–8; late nineteenth-century fashion in interiors and exteriors, 280; Alexander II assassinated, 282–6, 284; under Alexander III, 286–98; under Nicholas II, 299–357; art-nouveau buildings go up, 305–7, 306; gang warfare, 309, 318, 327; 1905 Revolution, 299, 309–23; unrest continues, 325–7; industry booms, 331; early twentieth-century building, 332–3, 343, 349; early twentieth-century debt and corruption, 335; Rasputin’s rise to power, 336–8; unhappy atmosphere of poverty and decadence, 343–7; unrest increases dramatically, 348–9; 1914 general strike, 348–9; during First World War, 349–54; renamed Petrograd, 350; 1917 Revolution, 354–66, 360; Kerensky’s Provisional Government, 358–62, 366; early days of Soviet government, 365–83; capital moved to Moscow, 370–1; street names changed, 373–4; unemployment soars after Russia leaves First World War, 374; Red Terror, 375; Yudenich attempts to capture, 377–8; Kronstadt mutiny, 380–1; between the wars, 384–407; renamed Leningrad, 385; Stalinist purge, 397–402; foreigners no longer allowed to live there, 407; German siege during Second World War, 408–29, 413, 414, 415, 421, 423; rebuilding after siege, 430–1; ‘Leningrad Affair’ purge, 433–4; under Khrushchev, 435–45; Western influence grows, 435, 441–2; 448–9; domestic conditions begin to improve, 435–6; Fifties building and maintenance schemes, 436; under Brezhnev, 445–53; Gorbachev and glasnost, 453–7; name changed back to St Petersburg, 457–9; Sobchak elected mayor, 458–9; in Nineties, 1–6, 458–65, 460, 464, 466; in twenty-first century, 465–75, 479–85; preparations for 300th anniversary, 465–9; twenty-first century building schemes, 472–5, 481; character and atmosphere, 476–85
St Petersburg Classical Dance and Ballet School see Imperial Ballet School
St Petersburg Conservatoire, 259, 279, 318, 393
St Petersburg Medical Institute for Women, 272
St Petersburg Medical-Surgic
al Academy, 265–6
St Petersburg Vedomosti (newspaper), 82
St Petersburg Zoo, 427
Salomé (theatre show), 340
Saltykov, General, 77, 90
Saltykov, Nicholas, 203
Saltykov, Count Nikolai, 200–1
Saltykov, Sergei, 117, 121–2, 138, 180
Samovskaya, Capitoline, 243
sanitation see public health and hygiene
Schädel, Gottfried, 51
Schiller, Friedrich von, 248
Schlüsselberg Fortress, 135, 290, 407
Schlütter, Andreas, 32–3
Schröder, Gerhard, 468
Schumacher, Johann, 75
Schumann, Clara, 241
Schumann, Robert, 241
science and technology: under Peter I, 15–16, 50, 61; under Catherine I, 74–5; under Elizabeth, 120–1; in Soviet era, 389, 433, 443, 450
science fiction, 389
Scriabin, Alexander, 342
Scudder, Jarred, 348–9
Seba, Albertus, 50
Second All-Russian Congress of Artists (1911–12), 342
Second World War (1939–45): German invasion and Leningrad siege, 408–29; Leningrad prepares for attack, 410–13, 413; bombardment, 413–15, 414, 415; shortages and their effects, 415–20; life for the governmental elite, 419–20; relief trips and evacuations across Lake Ladoga, 420–2, 421, 424; spring 1942 brings some improvements, 422–8, 423; Leningrad premiere of Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony stiffens resistance, 425–6; celebrations at end of siege, 428–9; some liberated PoWs sent to the camps, 429; siege becomes taboo topic, 430; monument to the siege, 451–2, 452
secret police see police
Ségur, Comte de, 137
Senate Square, 143–7, 215
serfs and serfdom: under Catherine II, 171, 172–3; under Paul, 187; nineteenth-century appearance, 192; Alexander I’s reforms, 201–2; nineteenth-century protests against, 249, 250; 1861 Emancipation of Serfs Edict, 261–2
Serge, Victor, 377, 380, 402
Sergeeva, Aksinia, 115–16
Sergei, Grand Duke, 288
Serov, Valentin, 303
servants, 129–30, 190–1, 192; see also serfs and serfdom Seven Years War (1756–63), 111
sewage see public health and hygiene
The Sex Market (novel), 333
sexually transmitted diseases see venereal disease Shaginyan, Marietta, 389
Shakespeare, William, 239
Shakhavskoy, Yuri, 58
Shaporina, Liubov, 408
Shcherbatov, Prince Sergei, 307
Shchukin, Sergei, 403
Shelgunov, Nikolai, 261
Shelley, Mary, 477
Shepeleva, Mavra, 94
Shercmetev, Count Peter, 109
Sheremeteva, Natalia, 84
Shevchuk, Yuri, 454, 465
shipbuilding, 14–15, 17, 20, 24, 166
Shklovsky, Viktor, 369, 385
shops: under Peter I, 47; under Catherine II, 131, 132–3, 179; English shops, 132–3, 179, 308; in 1830s, 232; unique experience of shopping in mid-nineteenth-century Russia, 256; in early twentieth century, 308, 333; first department stores, 333; in Soviet era, 396, 432, 446–7; in twenty-first century, 482
Shostakovich, Dmitri: and St Petersburg’s irrationality, 4; sails close to the wind, 399–401, 432–3; work bolsters Leningrad’s defiance during siege, 425–6 works: 1st Symphony, 393; 5th Symphony, 400; 7th Symphony, 425–6, 429; 8th Symphony, 432; 9th Symphony, 432–3; 11th Symphony, 316; Cheryomushki, 439; Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk, 399–400, 401; The Nose, 389; ‘Song of the Counterplan’, 401; Tahiti Trot, 439
Shuvalov, Alexander, 112
Shuvalov, Ivan, 114, 121, 147, 157
Shuvalov, Peter, 112
Shuvalova, Countess, 345
Siam, 308
Siege Monument, 451–2, 452
Sikorsky, Igor, 331, 341
Singer Company building, 305, 306
Sipyagin, Dmitri, 310
smallpox, 167–8, 270
Smolensk, 204
Smolenskoe Cemetery, 115
Smolny Convent and Institute, 106, 140–1, 156, 199, 365, 367
Snow, Sarah, 132
Sobchak, Anatoly, 458–9, 462
social class: Peter I’s Table of Ranks, 65; see also serfs and serfdom; wealth
social equality see wealth
Social Democrat Movement, 274
Socialist Realism, 394
Socialist Revolutionaries, 326
Society for the Translation of Foreign Books, 141
Sokurov, Alexander, 68, 357
Soloviev, Yuri, 441
Solovyev, Alexander, 275
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 409, 437
Sophia, Regent of Russia, 12–13
soup kitchens, 334
Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact (1939), 408–9
space race, 443
Speransky, Mikhail, 201–2
Speshnev, Nikolai, 251
sport, 56, 331, 404, 442–3
Spring Rice, Sir Cecil, 300, 310, 317, 318, 321
Staël, Madame de, 202–3, 205
Stagecoach (film), 435
Stalin, Joseph: joins Bolshevik
government, 369; power in 1920, 383;succeeds Lenin, 386;in power, 386–434; brutal policies, 387; modernisation policies, 387–8; attitude to culture, 388; and music as propaganda, 393; Stalin cult, 397; purges, 397–402, 405–6, 408; signs non-aggression pact with Germany, 408–9; and German invasion, 409–10; as subject of Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony, 429; attitude to Leningrad siege, 430; showers privileges on party elite, 432; and Shostakovich’s 9th Symphony, 432–3; growing paranoia, 433; ‘Leningrad Affair’ purge, 433–4; death, 434; Khrushchev denounces, 435; twenty-first century attitude to, 471
Stankevich, Nikolai, 248
Starov, Ivan, 155
Stasov, Vasily, 207, 237–8
Stasov, Vladimir, 241
State Council Archive, 280
Stepanova, Vavara, 390
Stepniak-Kravchinsky, Sergei, 275
Stieglitz Museum, 303, 303, 402, 426
Stil moderne see art nouveau
Stock Exchange, 207, 208
Stolypin, Peter, 324, 327, 337
Storch, Heinrich von, 142, 182, 190–1, 195, 202–3
Stravinsky, Igor: on Glinka, 242; and 1905 Revolution, 299; on Nicholas II, 300; on St Petersburg’s smells, 307–8, 328–9; background and education, 328; severs his association with Russia, 328–9, 340; on Le Coq d’Or, 347–8; orchestrates ‘The Volga Boatman’ to replace the national anthem, 359 works: The Firebird, 328; Petrushka, 338–9; The Rite of Spring, 339–40
Stray Dog club, 351
street lighting, 58, 130–1, 255, 308
streets, 164–5
Strelna, 51
Streltsy, 11–12, 13, 22, 32
strikes see industrial relations and unrest
Stroganov, Count Sergei, 106, 111, 157, 178, 199
Stukolin, Vassily, 296
Sturmer, Boris, 352
Sudeikin, Grigory, 291
Sumarokov, Alexander, 113–14
Summer Garden, 32–3, 113, 136–7, 155, 178
Summer Palace, 32–3, 35, 85, 91, 106
supermarkets, 446
Suprematism, 342
Surikov, Vasily, 285
Suslova, Nadezhda, 266
Sviatopolk-Mirsky, Peter, 313
Svirsky (interior designer), 307
Sweden: Peter I’s relations with, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 33–4, 41, 62; Elizabeth’s relations with, 103; Catherine II’s relations with, 163
Swinton, Andrew, 139–40, 177
Switzerland, 266, 272, 276, 330, 341
La Sylphide (ballet), 244
Les Sylphides (ballet), 330
symbolism, 342–3
Taglioni, Marie, 244
tailors, 132, 308
tap-houses, 46–7
Tatlin, Vladimir, 382, 382, 389, 390
Tauride Palace, 155, 187, 202, 303–
4, 356, 431
Tchaikovsky, Modest, 298
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr: on Glinka, 242; on ballet audiences, 243; education, 259; death, 297–8 works: 1st Symphony, 278–9; Eugene Onegin, 280; Iolanta, 294; The Nutcracker, 294–7, 296; The Queen of Spades, 292; The Sleeping Beauty, 293, 294; Swan Lake, 293, 298, 308, 475
tea-sellers and tea-houses, 129–30
technology see science and technology
telephones, 289; tapping, 446
television, 443, 448, 454–5, 471
Ten Days that Shook the World (film), 365
Tenisheva, Princess, 291, 339
Teplova, Mme, 125
textiles industry, 257, 271, 309, 395
Thailand see Siam
theatre: Elizabeth’s love of subversive drama when crown princess, 94; under Elizabeth, 112–14; under Catherine II, 133, 142, 147, 163; under Nicholas I, 239–40; under Alexander II, 259; under Nicholas II, 340–1; in Soviet era, 378, 381, 438; in twenty-first century, 475; see also ballet; opera
Theatre of the Noisy Present, 378
‘Theatre Street’, 440
Their, Major, 159
Thiers, Baron de, 159 Third Class Carriage (documentary), 456
Third Section see police
Thomon, Jean-François Thomas de, 207, 209
Tilsit, Treaties of (1807), 202
Time (periodical), 263
Time Machine see Mashina Vremeni To the Younger Generation (pamphlet), 261, 262
tobacco, 308
Tobolsk, 361
Todorovsky, Pyotr, 460
Tolstoy, Alexei, 344, 404
Tolstoy, Leo, 204–5, 317, 388
Tooke, Revd William, 169
Torgsin shops, 396
torture: under Peter I, 58; under Anna, 98, 99; under Elizabeth, 103; under Nicholas I, 251; in Soviet era, 375, 387, 388, 398, 408
Toscanini, Arturo, 425
tourists, foreign, 278, 435, 449, 475
tournaments, 244
trams, 332, 332, 355, 384
Trans-Siberian Railway, 289, 305
transport systems: nineteenth century, 258; in early twentieth century, 332; in twenty-first century, 481–2; see also metro system; railways; trams
transvestism, 108, 118–20
Trediakovsky, Vasily, 93
Trepov, Alexander, 352
Trepov, General Fyodor, 274–5
Trezzini, Domenico, 31–2, 35, 81
Trezzini, Pietro Antonio, 95–6
Trinity Cathedral, 27, 155, 455
Tronchin, François, 159
Troshchinsky, Dmitry, 182
Trotsky, Leon: prepares coup, 361; leads Red Army, 366; joins Soviet government, 369; on defence of St Petersburg against Yudevich, 377–8; power, 383; Trotskyites hunted down by NKVD, 398
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