by Helen Castor
For the death of William the Shepherd, as reported by Jean Le Févre, see Quicherat, Procès, V, p. 171.
For the coronation and feast, see Journal, pp. 277–8 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 271–2); Brie (ed.), The Brut, I, pp. 460–1; Monstrelet, Chronique, V pp. 5–6.
For tension at the coronation, and arguments afterwards, see Monstrelet, Chronique, V, p. 5; Journal, pp. 277–9 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 271–3).
For decreasing English familiarity with the French language, and the divergence between English pronunciation of French and that of the Parisians, see Thompson, Paris, pp. 214–16.
For Henry VI leaving Paris, and the wintry weather, see Journal, pp. 279–80 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 273–4); Curry, ‘“Coronation Expedition”’, pp. 50–1.
For Philip of Burgundy’s angry letter on the subject of Compiègne, written in November 1430, see Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 24–5. The duke blamed inadequate funding despite the large sums he had already received and his generous monthly pension from the English king: see pp. 17–18.
Philip was welcomed into Brussels as the new duke of Brabant on 8 October 1430: Vaughan, Philip the Good, p. 52.
For Burgundy’s absence from the coronation, see Armstrong, ‘Double Monarchie’, pp. 105–6.
For Burgundian–Armagnac truces sealed in September and December 1431, see Vaughan, Philip the Good, p. 26; Plancher, Histoire générale et particulière de Bourgogne, IV, documents 79, 90, 93; Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, p. 442.
For the conspiracies of 1432 and Bedford’s failure at Lagny, see Barker, Conquest, pp. 180–6.
For the death of Anne of Burgundy, see Journal, pp. 289–90 (trans. Parisian Journal, p. 282); also Monstrelet, Chronique, V, pp. 44–5. The polyphonic singing – which was ‘most moving’, according to the journal-writer – was a particular skill perfected by English musicians in the early fifteenth century: Harriss, Shaping the Nation, pp. 328–9.
For Albergati as an ‘angel of peace’, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, p. 440.
For English concerns about treaties made during Henry’s minority, see Griffiths, Reign of King Henry VI, p. 192.
For details of the Auxerre conference, and the preceding diplomacy, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 443–52.
‘and they had done nothing …’: Journal, p. 290 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 282–3).
For the marriage of Bedford to Jacquetta de Luxembourg, see Monstrelet, Chronique, V, pp. 55–6; Armstrong, ‘Double Monarchie’, pp. 108–9; Barker, Conquest, pp. 189–90.
For events at Saint-Omer, see Monstrelet, Chronique, V, pp. 57–8; Armstrong, ‘Double Monarchie’, p. 109; Barker, Conquest, p. 190.
For Yolande, the treaty with Brittany and rapprochement with Richemont, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 279–84; Cosneau, Connétable, pp. 189–91; Vale, Charles VII, p. 71.
For the coup against La Trémoille, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 297–8; Cosneau, Connétable, pp. 200–1; Chartier, Chronique, I, pp. 170–1.
For the fighting in 1433–4, see Barker, Conquest, pp. 191–2, 196–209.
‘The war grew worse and worse …’ and ‘they might as well have been dead’: Journal, pp. 299–300 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 289–90).
For Bedford’s memorandum of 1434, see H. Nicolas (ed.), Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, IV (London, 1835), pp. 223–4; excerpt in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 239.
For the dreadful winter of 1434–5, see Journal, pp. 302–3 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 292–3); Brie (ed.), The Brut, I, p. 571.
For snow sculptures in Arras, see Vaughan, Philip the Good, p. 67; for ‘la grande Pucelle’ and Joan passing through Arras in 1430, see J. van Herwaarden, ‘The appearance of Joan of Arc’, in J. van Herwaarden (ed.), Joan of Arc: Reality and Myth (Hilversum, 1994), pp. 22–3 and nn.
For the conference at Nevers: Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 514–17; Vaughan, Philip the Good, p. 67; Monstrelet, Chronique, V, pp. 107–9.
For the hostility of the Holy Roman Emperor, and his declaration of war on the duke of Burgundy in December 1434, see Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 67–72.
For the congress of Arras, see J. G. Dickinson, The Congress of Arras, 1435 (Oxford, 1955), chs 6 and 7; Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 523–59; Harriss, Cardinal Beaufort, pp. 247–52; Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 98–101.
For the hangings in the hall of the abbey, see A. de la Taverne, Journal de la paix d’Arras (Paris, 1651), p. 6.
For attendance at the congress, see Monstrelet, Chronique, V, pp. 132–8 (with Monstrelet’s brave attempts at spelling difficult English surnames and place-names), 150–1; Chartier, Chronique, I, pp. 185–92.
For the warmth of interaction between the Burgundians and Armagnacs, and the unhappiness of the English, see Monstrelet, Chronique, V, pp. 143–4.
For Suffolk’s release and ransom, see J. Watts, ‘Pole, William de la, first duke of Suffolk (1396–1450)’, ODNB.
For Beaufort’s efforts, including his sweaty conversation, see Taverne, Journal de la paix, p. 71; Harriss, Cardinal Beaufort, p. 251.
For torrential rain when the English left, see Taverne, Journal de la paix, p. 79; for the embroidery on the sleeves of the cardinal’s men, see ‘Le Livre des trahisons de France’ in Chroniques relatives à l’histoire de la Belgique, ed. K. de Lettenhove (Brussels, 1872), p. 210.
For Burgundian justifications for abrogating the treaty of Troyes, see Dickinson, Congress of Arras, pp. 174–7.
Requiem mass for John the Fearless: Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, p. 544.
For Bedford’s death on 14 September, and news reaching Arras, see J. Stratford, ‘John, duke of Bedford (1389–1435)’, ODNB; Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, p. 546.
For the ceremony at Saint-Vaast on 21 September, see Dickinson, Congress of Arras, pp. 179–85; Monstrelet, Chronique, V, p. 183.
For the court at Bourges waiting for news from Arras, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, p. 308; for the birth of baby Philip at Tours on 4 February 1436, and the identity of his godfather, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, III, p. 33.
For the Armagnac campaigns in Normandy and around Paris in late 1435 and early 1436, see Barker, Conquest, pp. 231–8.
For the attempt at defending Paris by the three bishops, see Journal, pp. 312–13 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 300–1); Thompson, Paris, pp. 228–34.
For the entry of the Armagnac forces into Paris, see Journal, pp. 314–18 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 302–6); Thompson, Paris, pp. 235–6.
For Parisian disenchantment by the autumn, see Journal, p. 327 (trans. Parisian Journal, p. 312).
For the king’s entry into Paris, see Monstrelet, Chronique, V, pp. 301–7; T. Godefroy (ed.), Le Cérémonial françois (Paris, 1649), pp. 654–8; Journal, pp. 334–6 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 319–20); Vale, Charles VII, pp. 198–201.
For the exhumation of the count of Armagnac, see Monstrelet, Chronique, V, p. 307.
For King Charles’s court remaining in the castles of the Loire, see, for example, Beaucourt, Charles VII, III, pp. 56–7.
For fading English hopes, and new English leaders, see Barker, Conquest, pp. 235, 246–9.
Problems at the French court, including the resistance of 1437 and connections between the écorcheurs and the duke of Bourbon: Beaucourt, Charles VII, III, pp. 41–8.
For the military reforms of November 1439, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, III, pp. 384–416.
For the revolt of 1440, known as the Praguerie, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, III, pp. 115–42 (‘humility and obedience’, quotation from royal letters patent, pp. 133–4); Vale, Charles VII, pp. 76–82.
For the death of Yolande and the rise of Agnès Sorel, see Vale, Charles VII, pp. 91–3.
For Henry VI, see J. Watts, Henry VI and the Politics of Kingship (Cambridge, 1996), chs 4 and 5.
For negotiations led by the earl of Suffolk in 1444–5, see Watts, ‘Pole, William de la’, ODNB; Harriss, Shaping the Nation, pp. 576–7; Barker, Conquest, p
p. 316–19, 323–37.
For the collapse of the English position and the French advance, see Harriss, Shaping the Nation, pp. 577–83; Barker, Conquest, chs 22–5.
For Cherbourg, see Barker, Conquest, pp. 398–9.
For the text of the letter from the council at Rouen in 1441, see Stevenson (ed.), Letters and Papers, II, part II, pp. 603–7.
For the surrender of the town of Rouen on 16 October, and the surrender of Beaufort in the castle on 29 October, see Barker, Conquest, pp. 390–1.
For the king’s entry into Rouen, see Godefroy (ed.), Le Cérémonial françois, pp. 659–63.
For Joan’s ashes being thrown into the river, see the ‘Chronicle of the Cordeliers’ in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 238.
12: SHE WAS ALL INNOCENCE
‘It seemed to the Greeks an impossible thing’: see Bertrandon de la Broquière, Le Voyage d’outremer, ed. C. Schefer (Paris, 1892) p. 165.
For celebrations on 8 May at Orléans, and the Mystère du siège d’Orléans, see, for example, Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 79–82, 285–99.
For Gilles de Rais and his extravagant expenditure on the play, see E. Bossard, Gilles de Rais, maréchal de France, dit Barbe-Bleue (1404–1440) (Paris, 1886), pp. 94–116; J. Benedetti, Gilles de Rais (London, 1971), pp. 128, 132–3; E. Odio, ‘Gilles de Rais: Hero, Spendthrift, and Psychopathic Child Murderer of the Later Hundred Years War’, in L. J. A. Villalon and D. J. Kagay (eds), The Hundred Years War (Part III): Further Considerations (Leiden/Boston, 2013), pp. 167–8, and, for de Rais’s later career, 170–85.
For all documents relating to the career of ‘Claude des Armoises’, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 321–36 (quotation from the accounts of the town of Orléans, p. 331); Journal, pp. 354–5 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 337–8). See also V. de Viriville (trans. and ed.), Procès de condamnation de Jeanne d’Arc (Paris, 1867), pp. lxix–lxxi; and Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, pp. 242–7.
For the king’s letter to Guillaume Bouillé, 15 February 1450, see Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, pp. 33, 35, and English translation in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 259–60.
For Bouillé, see Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, p. 58.
De la Pierre said ‘the English’ threatened to throw him into the Seine, while Duval named the earl of Warwick: Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, pp. 36–7, 46–7.
For testimony concerning English pressure on the trial process, see Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, pp. 36–7 (de la Pierre), 40–1 (Jean Toutmouillé), 42–5 (Lavenu), 46-7 (Duval), 48 (Manchon), 54 (Massieu).
For Manchon’s testimony concerning Loiseleur the spy, see Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, p. 48. Note that Loiseleur was present among the clerics in many of the hearings at which Joan appeared (see Hobbins, Trial, pp. 57, 63, 70, 77, 178), so that, unless he was in deep disguise when he visited her cell (as was later, rather implausibly, suggested, for which, see pp. 241, 303–4), she must have known that he was involved in the trial process.
‘Farewell! It is done’: Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, pp. 42–3. De la Pierre (pp. 36–7) also mentioned this comment, but gave Cauchon’s words as ‘Farewell! Farewell! Be of good cheer. It is done.’
For testimony concerning Joan’s resumption of male clothing, see Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, pp. 36–7 (de la Pierre), 40–1 (Toutmouillé), 44–5 (Lavenu), 54 (Massieu).
For testimony concerning Joan’s death, see Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, pp. 38–9 (de la Pierre), 51 (Manchon), 55–6 (Massieu).
For testimony concerning the executioner, see Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, pp. 38–9 (de la Pierre), 44–5 (Lavenu).
For the testimony of Jean Beaupère, see Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, pp. 56–7.
For Bouillé’s treatise, see Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, pp. 65–119, and, for his keenness to exonerate Joan, pp. 66–9.
For Raoul Roussel, see Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, p. 11; Vale, Charles VII, p. 61; Godefroy (ed.), Le Cérémonial françois, pp. 661–3.
For d’Estouteville, his commission from the pope, and reopening the inquiry, see Vale, Charles VII, pp. 62–3; Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, p. 151.
‘greatly concerns your honour and estate’: Vale, Charles VII, p. 63; Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 260–1.
For Jean Bréhal, see Vale, Charles VII, pp. 63–4.
For the articles of accusation drafted in 1452 (first twelve, then twenty-seven), see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 177–9, 191–6 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 167–9, 181–5; the twenty-seven articles trans. English in Pernoud and Clin, Joan of Arc: Her Story, pp. 152–5).
For the witness statements of 1452, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 181–90, 196–244 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 170–9, 185–232).
For de la Pierre’s story of the English soldier, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 224–5 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, p. 212).
For testimony defending the reliability of the trial transcript, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 197, 199 (Nicolas Taquel), 207 (Massieu), 215, 217 (Manchon), 223 (de la Pierre), 228 (Richard de Grouchet), 232–3 (Pierre Miget), 234 (Lavenu), 243 (Jean Fave) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 187–8, 196, 203, 205, 211, 216, 219–20, 222, 231).
For testimony that Joan answered well, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 198 (Taquel), 208 (Massieu), 213 (Guillaume du Désert), 216 (Manchon), 229 (Grouchet), 239 (Thomas Marie), 241 (Riquier) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 187, 197, 201, 204, 217, 227, 229).
For testimony that Cauchon was of the English party (though note that explicit statements to this effect came in response to one of the twelve articles which asked the question explicitly in that form; the twenty-seven articles were worded differently, asking about English threats and pressure, and therefore received more nuanced answers), see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 181 (Manchon), 184 (Miget), 185 (de la Pierre), 189 (Lavenu), 203 (Nicolas de Houppeville), 214 (Manchon again), 221 (de la Pierre again) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 171, 173, 175–6, 178, 192, 203, 209).
For Cauchon standing up to the English cleric at Saint-Ouen, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 200 (Pierre Bouchier), 227 (André Marguerie), 231 (Miget) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 189, 215, 219).
For Nicolas Caval remembering very little, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 211–12 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 199–200).
For Bréhal gathering expert opinions, see Duparc, Nullité, II, ch. 8 (a collection of texts which includes Gerson’s De mirabili victoria and Bouillé’s treatise of 1450).
For Talbot, Castillon, and the English loss of Gascony, see A. J. Pollard, ‘Talbot, John, first earl of Shrewsbury and first earl of Waterford (c.1387–1453)’, ODNB; Harriss, Shaping the Nation, pp. 584–5.
For Roussel’s death, see Tisset, Condamnation, II, p. 422; for d’Estouteville’s appointment as archbishop of Rouen, see Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, p. 263.
Charles as le roi très-victorieux: see Doncoeur and Lanhers (eds), L’Enquête ordonnée par Charles VII, pp. 68–9, for Guillaume Bouillé addressing the king in 1450 as ‘rex victoriosissimus’. See also the inscription on his portrait, plate section.
For the sack of Constantinople, see E. Zachariadou, ‘The Ottoman World’, in Allmand (ed.), New Cambridge Medieval History VII, pp. 824–5.
For Bréhal’s journey to Rome and the papal letter of 1455, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 18–20 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 16–18; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 262–4); Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, p. 264. For the advice of Jean de Montigny that J
oan’s family should act as plaintiffs, see Duparc, Nullité, II, p. 312.
For the ceremony of 7 November 1455, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 8–11 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 7–10; Isabelle’s petition in English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 264–5).
For Isabelle living at Orléans, see Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses, p. 264.
For the crowd gathering, and the family’s discussion with the commissioners, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 11–16 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 10–14).
For the hearing in the episcopal court on 17 November and the commissioners’ decision to proceed, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 16–41 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 14–36).
Appointment of promoter and notaries: Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 64–6 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 58–9).
Scrutiny of Manchon’s French minute of the trial and the investigation of 1452: Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 67–70 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 61–3).
For the 101 articles, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 111–50 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 103–44).
Most of the articles of inquiry on which the witnesses were to be examined do not survive, apart from those for the investigation in Joan’s home region, for which see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 250–1 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 238–9; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 255–6).
For the older villagers remembering Joan as dutiful and hardworking ‘Jeannette’, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 252–4 (Jean Morel, her godfather, whose comment is on p. 253), 257–8 (Béatrice, widow of Estellin), 259–60 (Jeannette, wife of Thévenin), 261–2 (Jean Moen), 263–4 (Jeannette, widow of Thiesselin), 266–7 (Thévenin le Royer), 267–8 (Jaquier de Saint-Amant), 269 (Bertrand Lacloppe), 270–2 (Perrin Drappier), 278–9 (Gérardin d’Épinal) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 240–2, 245–6, 247–8, 249–50, 251–2, 254–5, 255–6, 257, 258–9, 266–7; Morel and Béatrice in English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 267–9).
