by Chasing Gideon- The Elusive Quest for Poor People's Justice (retail) (epub)
CHAPTER 1: DUE PROCESS THEATER
1. Spokane Police accident report dated October 31, 2001, p. 6.
2. Material in this section is drawn from author interview with Judy Rodeen on January 11, 2001, and Judy Rodeen’s witness statement to investigators, “Witness Statement, Judy Rodeen, February 2, 2002,” p. 1.
3. Ibid.
4. Witness statement at scene of accident, “Witness Statement, Yvonne Belcourt, February 18, 2002.”
5. Spokane Police report dated October 21, 2001, p. 113.
6. “Spokane Police/Sherriff Additional Report” dated October 31, 2001, and signed by Bryan Grenon, p. 1.
7. “Spokane Police Department Statement of Investigating Officer—Affidavit of Facts, State of Washington, County of Spokane,” Report # 01-319110, p. 2.
8. “Spokane Police Additional Report # 01-319110,” p. 2.
9. Ibid.
10. Center for the Study of Applied Legal Education, “Report on the 2007–2008 Survey,” 2008, p. 10. www.csale.org/files/CSALE.07-08.Survey.Report.pdf.
11. Laurence A. Benner, “Eliminating Excessive Public Defender Workloads,” Criminal Justice, Summer 2011, pp. 25, 191.
12. The Spangenberg Group for the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, “Keeping Defender Workloads Manageable,” January 2001, p. 7.
13. National Right to Counsel Committee and the Constitution Project, Justice Denied: America’s Continuing Neglect of Our Constitutional Right to Counsel, April 2009. www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/139.pdf.
14. Ibid., p. 2.
15. Ibid.
16. Dan Gralike quoted in Justice Denied, which cites: Dan Gralike, “Living Double in a World of Trouble—The Indigent Criminal Defense Crisis in Missouri,” ESQ., June 3, 2005.
17. Laurence A. Brenner, “Eliminating Excessive Public Defender Workloads,” Criminal Justice, Summer 2011, pp. 24, 190.
18. Washington State Office of Public Defense, “2010 Status Report on Public Defense in Washington State,” January 2011, p. 5.
19. Based on multiple in-person interviews with Carol Dee Huneke during November 2011 and statement submitted in the Superior Court of the State of Washington in and for the County of Spokane, dated March 1, 2004.
20. Affidavit from David A. Carter submitted to Superior Court State of Washington in and for the County of Spokane, Document number 02-1-00721-1, February 27, 2004, p. 2.
21. Affidavit from John Stine submitted to Superior Court State of Washington in and for the County of Spokane, Document number 02-1-00721-1, February 27, 2004, pp. 1–2.
22. Affidavit from Kathleen Moran submitted to Superior Court State of Washington in and for the County of Spokane, Document number 02-1-00721-1, February 27, 2004, pp. 1–3.
23. Affidavit from Carol Dee Huneke submitted to Superior Court State of Washington in and for the County of Spokane, Document number 02-1-00721-1, March 1, 2004, pp. 1–4.
24. Kevin Blocker, “Judge Lays Down the Law to Attorney,” Spokesman-Review, March 2, 2004.
25. Affidavit from Carol Dee Huneke, March 1, 2004, p. 4.
26. Affidavit from Carol Dee Huneke, March 1, 2004, pp. 1–4.
27. Ken Armstrong, Florangela Davila, and Justin Mayo, “For Some, Free Counsel Comes at a High Cost,” Seattle Times, April 4, 2004.
28. Ibid.
29. Complaint: www.aclu-wa.org/sites/default/files/attachments/2004-04-05--GrantComplaint.pdf.
30. Ibid., p. 3.
31. Officer Tom Sahlberg’s accident report dated October 22, 2001 and attached diagram of accident.
32. Memorandum from Joanne Moore, Washington State Office of Public Defense, February 3, 2010.
33. Washington State Bar Association, “Suggested Standards for Indigent Defense.” www.nlada.net/sites/default/files/wa_indigentdefensestandards_proposed_10312011.pdf.
CHAPTER 2: “I HAVE NO COUNSEL”
1. Anthony Lewis, Gideon’s Trumpet. New York: Vintage Books/Random House, 1964, p. 4.
2. Quoted in Lewis, pp. 9–10.
3. U.S. Census Bureau, “Panama City (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau.” http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1254700.html.
4. Quoted in Lewis, p. 10.
5. Bruce R. Jacob, “Memories and Reflections About Gideon v. Wainwright,” Stetson Law Review, vol. 33, no. 181, 2003.
6. From original copy of document dated October 16, 1961.
7. David W. Rintels, Gideon’s Trumpet, film, 1979.
8. Quoted in “Gideon’s Handwritten Response,” Gideon v. Wainwright: A 40th Birthday Party. Dade County Public Defender, Federal Public Defender, S.D. Florida, Federal Bar Association, South Florida Chapter, and Dade-Miami Criminal Justice Council, n.d. www.rashkind.com/Gideon/petition4.htm.
9. Lewis, p. 4.
10. Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., The Common Law. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1881, p. 1.
11. Quoted in Lewis, p. 43.
12. Barron v. Baltimore, 32 U.S. 243, Supreme Court, 1833.
13. U.S. Constitution, Amendment XIV, § 1.
14. “Ozie Powell, Willie Robertson, Andy Wright, and Olen Montgomery v. Alabama; Haywood Patterson v. same; Charley Weems and Clarence Norris v. same,” 287 U.S. 45, Supreme Court, 1932.
15. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, Supreme Court, 1938.
16. Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455, 1942.
17. Lewis, p. 53.
18. Ibid.
19. Wolfgang Saxon, “Carolyn Agger, 87, Lawyer and Widow of Justice Fortas,” New York Times, November 9, 1996. www.nytimes.com/1996/11/09/us/carolyn-agger-87-lawyer-and-widow-of-justice-fortas.html.
20. Laura Kalman, Abe Fortas: A Biography. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990, p. 192.
21. Adam Liptak, “John Hart Ely, a Constitutional Scholar, Is Dead at 64,” New York Times, October 27, 2003. www.nytimes.com/2003/10/27/us/john-hart-ely-a-constitutional-scholar-is-dead-at-64.html.
22. Information on Jacob primarily sourced from “Memories and Reflections About Gideon v. Wainwright.”
23. Jacob, “Memories,” p. 218.
24. Quoted in Lewis, p. 120.
25. Quoted in Lewis, p. 152.
26. Howard Ball, Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 137.
27. Bernard Schwartz, “Justice vs. Justice,” review of Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior, by Howard Ball, New York Times, October 15, 1989.
28. All transcriptions from the Supreme Court oral arguments. See Gideon v. Wainwright, The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, October 21, 2012. www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1962/1962_155.
29. U.S. Constitution, Amendment XIV, § 1.
30. Ibid.
31. Author interview with Bruce Jacob, November 3, 2011.
32. Bruce Jacob, “Letters to the Editor,” Harvard Law Record, vol. 48, April 24, 1969.
33. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 1963.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Lewis, p. 287.
37. See Lewis, p. 227.
38. Jacob, “Memories,” p. 259.
39. All transcriptions from the oral arguments. See Gideon v. Wainwright, 153 So. 2d 299, Fla, 1963.
40. Lewis, p. 239.
41. Quoted in Lewis, p. 70.
42. Ibid, p. 74.
43. Ibid, p. 81.
44. See “Judge Joe Peel and the Chillingworth Murders,” Crime and Investigation Network. www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/crime-files/judge-joe-peel-and-the-chillingworth-murders/crime.html.
45. “Ex-Judge Who Plotted Murder of Other Judge Dies of Cancer,” St. Petersburg Times, July 5, 1982, p. 10.
46. “Peel Placed in Maximum Security Cell,” Ocala Star Banner, August 9, 1963, p. 2. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19630809&id=JAcTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DAUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1284,1650710.
47. Author interview with Bruce Jacob, November 3, 2011.
CHAPTER 3: A PERFECT STORM
1. Death Penalty Infor
mation Center, “State Execution Rates.” www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-execution-rates.
2. Sentencing Project, “Throwing Away the Key: The Expansion of Life Without Parole Sentences in the United States,” October 2011. www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/inc_federalsentencingreporter.pdf.
3. Ibid.
4. Death Penalty Information Center, “Regional Murder Rates 2001–2010.” www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/murder-rates-nationally-and-state#MRord and www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s./2010/crime-in-the-u.s.-2010/tables/10tbl04.xls.
5. Laura Maggi, “New Orleans Homicides Jump by 14 Percent in 2011,” Times-Picayune, January 1, 2012, p. 1.
6. This figure comes from the National Registry of Exonerations but could be somewhat skewed; some suggest the number locating Illinois at the top of the list could simply reflect the Center on Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern University School of Law’s better recordkeeping in its own backyard. Also, the exoneration numbers could be a reflection of the robustness of the innocence movement in that jurisdiction. Still, it’s a rough snapshot of how badly justice fails state by state. See National Registry of Exonerations, “Exonerations in the United States, 1989–2012.” www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Documents/exonerations_us_1989_2012_key_figures.pdf.
7. Trial transcripts from State of Louisiana v. Earl Truvia and Gregory Bright, Criminal District Court for the Parish of Orleans, Section “B,” Case No. 252-514, p. 21 and “Shots in Head Kill Calliope Project Youth,” Times-Picayune, November 1, 1975.
8. Defense Exhibit 7 from trial: copy of Orleans Police Department statement from Sheila Robertson, taken November 10, 1975.
9. Ibid., p. 2.
10. Lindsey Hortenstine, e-mail message to author, June 11, 2012.
11. Pamela R. Metzger, “Doing Katrina Time,” Tulane Law Review, vol. 81, no. 4, 2007, pp. 1191–1192.
12. Ibid., p. 1190.
13. State v. Leonard Peart, Nos. 92-KA-0907, 92-KD-1039, Supreme Court of Louisiana ruling, July 2, 1993.
14. “Left to Die in a New Orleans Prison,” An Interview with Human Rights Watch by Amy Goodman of Democracy Now!, AlterNet, September 27, 2005. www.alternet.org/katrina/26073/.
15. Christopher Drew, “In New Orleans, Rust in the Wheels of Justice,” New York Times, November 21, 2006.
16. Leslie Eaton, “Judge Steps In for Poor Inmates Without Justice,” New York Times, May 23, 2006.
17. Pamela Metzger, “Doing Katrina Time,” Tulane Law Review, vol. 81, no. 4, 2007, pp. 1204–1208. Reprinted with permission.
18. Trial transcripts from State of Louisiana v. Earl Truvia and Gregory Bright, p. 22.
19. Ibid., pp. 32–34.
20. Nicholas L. Chiarkas, D. Alan Henry, and Randolph N. Stone of Bureau of Justice Assistance National Training and Technical Assistance Initiative Project at American University, “An Assessment of the Immediate and Longer-Term Needs of the New Orleans Public Defender System,” April 10, 2006, p. 8.
21. United States District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana Civil Action, transcripts from Earl Truvia v. Frank Blackburn consolidated with Gregory Bright v. Frank Blackburn, May 20, 1982, p. 72.
22. Marc Mauer, Race to Incarcerate. New York: The New Press, 2006, p. 33.
23. United States Sentencing Commission, “Report to Congress: Mandatory Minimum Penalties in the Federal Criminal Justice System,” 2011, pp. 22–24. www.ussc.gov/Legislative_and_Public_Affairs/Congressional_Testimony_and_Reports/Mandatory_Minimum_Penalties/20111031_RtC_Mandatory_Minimum.cfm.
24. Jan Moller, “Attempts at Sentencing Reform Face Tough Opposition in the Legislature,” Day four of eight-day series: “Louisiana Incarcerated: How We Built the World’s Prison Capital,” Times-Picayune, May 16, 2012.
25. John Simerman, “Prison Rips Up Families, Tears Apart Entire Communities,” Day six of eight-day series: “Louisiana Incarcerated: How We Built the World’s Prison Capital,” Times-Picayune, May 18, 2012.
26. United States District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana, Class Action for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief, LaShawn Jones, Kent Anderson, Steven Dominick, Anthony Gioustavia, Jimmie Jenkins, Greg Journee, Richard Lanford, Leonard Lewis, Euell Sylvester, and Mark Walker, on behalf of themselves and all other similarly situated, Plaintiffs v. Marlin Gusman, Sheriff, Orleans Parish, et al., Defendants, April 2, 2012, p. 3.
27. Ibid., pp. 2–3
28. Ibid., pp. 15–16.
29. Laura Maggie, “Orleans Parish Sheriff to Close House of Detention Starting Today,” Times-Picayune, April 10, 2012.
30. Copy of letter from Justice Department’s Special Litigation Section-PHB to Orleans Parish Sheriff Marlin Gusman, April 23, 2012.
31. Richard A. Webster, “Gusman, Orleans Public Defenders Reach Pact on Jail Visitations Between Clients, Inmates,” New Orleans City Business, May 3, 2012. http://neworleanscitybusiness.com/thenewsroom/2012/05/03/gusman-orleans-public-defenders-reach-pact-on-jail-visitations-between-clients-inmates.
32. Orleans Parish Sheriff’s Office. www.opcso.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=145&Itemid=724 and author tour of Orleans Parish Sheriff’s office, May 2012.
33. “Frequently Asked Questions About Pretrial Release Decision Making,” American Bar Association, October 28, 2012. www.americanbar.org/.
34. Author interviews with Gregory Bright, April–June 2012.
35. Author interview with Calvin Duncan, June 12, 2012.
36. United States District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana Civil Action transcripts in Earl Truvia v. Frank Blackburn consolidated with Gregory Bright v. Frank Blackburn, May 20, 1982, p. 23.
37. Ibid., p. 31.
38. James Hearty, “High Court Votes 6-1 for Removal; Haggerty Ouster Ordered,” New Orleans States-Item, November 23, 1970.
39. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division letter to New Orleans Sheriff Marlin Gusman dated April 23, 2012, p. 6.
40. John Simerman, “New Orleans Judge Turns to Private Lawyers as Defender’s Office Struggles,” Times-Picayune, June 10, 2012.
41. Author interviews with Derwyn Bunton, April–July 2012.
42. Per Orleans Public Defenders press release dated December 19, 2010. www.opdla.org/docs/lawsuit.pdf.
43. Author conversations with Derwyn Bunton, April 30, 2012, and June 11, 2012, and John Simerman, “Audit: Indigent Defense Shorted,” Times-Picayune, May 14, 2012.
44. Gregory Bright v. Burl Cain, Amended Application for Post-Conviction Relief, August 20, 2001, p. 16.
45. Criminal District Court for the Parish of Orleans, Criminal Docket Number 252-514 A, Gregory Bright v. Burl Cain, Amended Application for Post-Conviction Relief, p. 17.
46. Ibid., p. 31.
CHAPTER 4: DEATH IN GEORGIA
1. According to Anne Holsinger at the Death Penalty Information Center, no one collects the national numbers on how many death sentences are sought by district attorneys, only the number of death penalty convictions. Per author e-mail exchange with Anne Holsinger on August 4, 2012.
2. The Constitution Project, “Mandatory Justice: The Death Penalty Revisited,” p. 23. www.constitutionproject.org/pdf/30.pdf.
3. “Our Thoughts: What a Tragic Week,” Covington News, February 15, 2012.
4. William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman. New York: Library of America, 1990, p. 931.
5. Equal Justice Initiative, “Illegal Racial Discrimination in Jury Selection,” June 2010. http://eji.org/eji/raceandpoverty/juryselection.
6. Ibid., p. 17.
7. Stephen B. Bright, “Capital Punishment and the Criminal Justice System: Courts of Vengeance or Courts of Justice?” Keynote at The Death Penalty in the Twenty-First Century Conference sponsored by the Criminal Law Society at the Washington College of Law of American University, March 23, 1995. www.schr.org/files/resources/justicesystem3.pdf.
8. Scott E. Sundby, A Life and Death Decision: A Jury Weighs the Death Penalty. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, p. 4.
<
br /> 9. John H. Blue, Sheri Lynn, and Scott E. Sundby, “Competent Capital Representation: The Necessity of Knowing and Heeding What Jurors Tell Us About Mitigation,” Cornell Law Faculty Publications, 2008. http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/172.
10. Scott E. Sundby, “The Capital Jury and Empathy: The Problem of Worthy and Unworthy Victims,” Cornell Law Review, vol. 88, no. 2, January 2003, pp. 343–381.
11. Ibid., p. 358.
12. Ibid., pp. 346–347.
13. Ibid., pp. 358–359.
14. Ronald F. Wright, “Parity of Resources for Defense Counsel and the Reach of Public Choice Theory,” Iowa Law Review, 2004–2005, p. 14. http://wakespace.lib.wfu.edu/jspui/bitstream/10339/15914/2/Wright%20Parity%20of%20Resources%20for%20Defense%20Counsel%20and%20the%20Reach%20of%20Public%20Choice%20Theory.pdf.
15. U.S. Department of Justice, “Improving Criminal Justice Systems Through Expanded Strategies and Innovative Collaborations,” Report of the Symposium on Indigent Defense, Washington, D.C., February 25–26, 1999. www.sado.org/fees/icjs.pdf.
CONCLUSION
1. www.justice.gov/ag/speeches/2009/ag-speech-090624.html.
AFTERWORD
1. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 1963.
2. Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. 353, 1963.
3. In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 1967.
4. Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25, 1972.
5. Halbert v. Michigan, 545 U.S. 605, 2005.
6. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 1966.
7. United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 1967.
8. Coleman v. Alabama, 399 U.S. 1, 1970.
9. Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 748, 1970.
10. Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52, 54-55, 1961.
11. The right to counsel in death penalty cases was established thirty-one years before Gideon in the case of Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 1932.
12. Rothgery v. Gillespie County, 554 U.S. 191, 2008.
13. That is, an arraignment.
14. In other words, a bail hearing.
15. McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 1970.
16. United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 1984.
17. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 1984.
18. See Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45, 1932, the case in which the Supreme Court determined the right to counsel for death penalty cases.
