Pappas, George. To the Point: The United States Military Academy, 1802–1902. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1993.
Pascoe, Peggy. What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.
Perdue, Theda. Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South. Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press, 2003.
Perry, Adele. On the Edge of Empire: Gender, Race, and the Making of British Columbia, 1849–1871. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 2001.
Petersen, Larry Len. The Call of the Mountains: The Artists of Glacier National Park. Tucson: Settlers West Galleries, 2002.
Peterson, Jacqueline, and Jennifer S. H. Brown, eds. The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Métis in North America. 1985; Winnipeg: Univ. of Manitoba Press, 2001.
Philbrick, Nathaniel. Last Stand: Custer, Sitting Bull, and the Battle of the Little Bighorn. New York: Viking, 2010.
Phillips, Paul C. The Fur Trade. 2 vols. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1961.
Philp, Kenneth R. John Collier’s Crusade for Indian Reform, 1920–1954. Tucson: Univ. of Arizona Press, 1977.
———. Termination Revisited: American Indians on the Trail to Self-Determination, 1933–1953. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1999.
Podlecki, Anthony J. Perikles and His Circle. New York: Routledge, 1998.
Podruchny, Carolyn. Making the Voyageur World: Travelers and Traders in the North American Fur Trade. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2006.
Podruchny, Carolyn, and Laura Peers, eds. Gathering Places: Aboriginal and Fur Trade Histories. Vancouver: Univ. of British Columbia Press, 2010.
Price, Kenneth M. To Walt Whitman, America. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2004.
Priest, Loring Benson. Uncle Sam’s Stepchildren: The Reformation of United States Indian Policy, 1865–1887. 1942; Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1969.
Prucha, Francis Paul. The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians. 2 vols. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1984.
Radke-Moss, Andrea G. “Learning in the West: Western Women and the Culture of Education.” In The World of the American West, edited by Gordon Morris Bakken, 387–417. New York: Routledge, 2011.
Ray, Arthur J. Indians in the Fur Trade: Their Role as Trappers, Hunters, and Middlemen in the Lands Southwest of Hudson Bay, 1660–1870. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1974.
Robinson, Doane. “A Comprehensive History of the Dakota or Sioux Indians.” South Dakota Historical Collections. Vol. 2. Pierre, S.D.: State Historical Society, 1904.
Rockefeller, David. Memoirs. New York: Random House, 2002.
Ronda, James P. Astoria and Empire. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1990.
———. Lewis and Clark among the Indians. 1984; Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2002.
Rorabaugh, W. J. The Alcoholic Republic: An American Tradition. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1979.
Rosier, Paul C. Rebirth of the Blackfeet Nation, 1912–1954. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2001.
———. “Joseph W. Brown: Native American Politician.” In The Human Tradition in the American West, edited by Benson Tong and Regan A. Lutz, 117–35. Wilmington, Dela.: SR Books, 2002.
Ruggles, Eleanor. Prince of Players: Edwin Booth. New York: Norton, 1953.
Sandoz, Mari. The Beaver Men: Spearheads of Empire. 1964; Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2009.
Saunt, Claudio. Black, White and Indian: Race and the Unmaking of an American Family. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2005.
Scheick, William J. The Half-Blood: A Cultural Symbol in 19th-Century American Fiction. Lexington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1979.
Schenck, Theresa. “Border Identities: Métis, Halfbreed, and Mixed-Blood.” In Gathering Places: Aboriginal and Fur Trade Histories, edited by Carolyn Podruchny and Laura Peers, 233–48. Vancouver: Univ. of British Columbia Press, 2010.
Schlissel, Lillian, Vicki Ruiz, and Janice Monk, eds. Western Women: Their Land, Their Lives. Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1988.
Schultz, James Willard. The Starving Blackfeet Indians. Los Angeles: National Association to Help the Indian, 1921.
———. Signposts of Adventure: Glacier National Park as the Indians Know It. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1926.
———. Blackfeet and Buffalo: Memories of Life among the Blackfeet. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1962.
Scriver, Mary Strachan. Bronze Inside and Out: A Biographical Memoir of Bob Scriver. Calgary: Univ. of Calgary Press, 2007.
Sellers, Charles. The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815–1846. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1991.
Shaffer, Marguerite S. See America First: Tourism and National Identity, 1880–1940. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001.
Simonsen, Jane. Making Home Work: Domesticity and Native American Assimilation in the American West, 1860–1919. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 2006.
Skaggs, David Curtis, and Larry L. Nelson, eds. The Sixty Years’ War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814. East Lansing: Michigan State Univ. Press, 2001.
Skarsten, M. O. George Drouillard: Hunter and Interpreter for Lewis and Clark & Fur Trader, 1807–1810. 1964; Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2005.
Sleeper-Smith, Susan. Indian Women and French Men: Rethinking Cultural Encounter in the Western Great Lakes. Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 2001.
Smith, Shannon D. Give Me Eighty Men: Women and the Myth of the Fetterman Fight. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2008.
Smith, Sherry L. Reimagining Indians: Native Americans through Anglo Eyes, 1880–1940. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000.
———. Hippies, Indians, and the Fight for Red Power. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2012.
Smits, David D. “‘The Squaw Drudge’: A Prime Index of Savagism.” Ethnohistory 29, no. 4 (1982): 281–306.
———. “‘Squaw Men,’ ‘Half-Breeds,’ and Amalgamators: Late Nineteenth-Century Anglo-American Attitudes toward Indian-White Race-Mixing.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 15, no. 3 (1991): 29–61.
Sneider, Allison L. Suffragists in an Imperial Age: U.S. Expansion and the Woman Question, 1870–1929. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2008.
Spence, Clark C. “The Territorial Officers of Montana, 1864–1889.” Pacific Historical Review 30, no. 2 (May 1961): 123–36.
———. Territorial Politics and Government in Montana, 1864–89. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1975.
Spence, Mark David. Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of the National Parks. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999.
Stampp, Kenneth M. Indiana Politics during the Civil War. 1949; Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1978.
Starita, Joe. “I Am a Man”: Chief Standing Bear’s Journey for Justice. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008.
Stein, Mark. How the States Got Their Shapes. New York: Collins, 2008.
Stoler, Ann Laura. Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2002.
St. Onge, Nicole, Carolyn Podruchny, and Brenda MacDougall, eds. Contours of a People: Metis Family, Mobility, and History. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2012.
Stout, Tom. Montana, Its Story and Biography: A History of Aboriginal and Territorial Montana and Three Decades of Statehood. Chicago: American Historical Society, 1921.
Sully, Langdon. No Tears for the General: The Life of Alfred Sully, 1821–1879. Palo Alto, Calif.: American West Publishing, 1974.
Sunder, John E. The Fur Trade on the Upper Missouri, 1840–1865. 1965; Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Swagerty, William R. “Marriage and Settlement Patterns of Rocky Mountain Trappers and Traders.” Western Historical Quarterly 11, no. 2 (April 1980): 161–80.
———. “A View from the Bottom Up: The Work Force of the American Fur Company on the Upper Missouri in the 1830s.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 43, no. 1 (Winter 1993): 18–33.
Taliaferro, John. Charles M. Russell: The Life and Legend of America’s Cowboy Artist. Boston: Little, Brown, 1996.
Taylor, Alan. The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, & Indian Allies. New York: Knopf, 2010.
Thomas, William G., III. The Iron Way: Railroads, the Civil War, and the Making of Modern America. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 2011.
Thompson, Erwin N. Fort Union Trading Post: Fur Trade Empire on the Upper Missouri. Williston, N.D.: Fort Union Association, 2003.
Thorne, Tanis C. The Many Hands of My Relations: French and Indians on the Lower Missouri. Columbia: Univ. of Missouri Press, 1996.
Titone, Nora. My Thoughts Be Bloody: The Bitter Rivalry between Edwin and John Wilkes Booth That Led to an American Tragedy. New York: Free Press, 2011.
Tong, Benson, and Regan A. Lutz, eds. The Human Tradition in the American West. Wilmington, Del.: SR Books, 2002.
Tonkovich, Nicole. The Allotment Plot: Alice C. Fletcher, E. Jane Gay, and Nez Perce Survivance. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2012.
Toole, K. Ross. Montana: An Uncommon Land. 1959; Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1984.
Turvey, Dana. “The Man Who Talks Not.” Flathead Living, July/Aug. 2007, pp. 46–49.
Turvey, Joyce Clarke. “Helen Piotopowaka Clarke.” In History of Glacier County, Montana, edited by Joy MacCarter, 87. Cut Bank, Mont.: Glacier County Historical Society, 1984.
———. “Clarke History.” In Trails and Tales of the Highwoods, edited by Highwood Woman’s Club, 84–86. Highwood, Mont.: Highwood Woman’s Club, 1988.
Two Worlds at Two Medicine. DVD. Directed by Dennis Neary. Browning, Mont.: Going-to-the-Sun Institute and Native Pictures, 2004.
Tyrrell, Ian R. Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800–1860. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979.
Ulrich, Roberta. American Indian Nations from Termination to Restoration, 1953– 2006. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 2010.
Unrau, William E. White Man’s Wicked Water: The Alcohol Trade and Prohibition in Indian Country, 1802–1892. Lawrence: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1996.
Vanderhaeghe, Guy. The Englishman’s Boy. New York: Picador, 1996.
VanderVelde, Lea. Mrs. Dred Scott: A Life on Slavery’s Frontier. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.
Van Kirk, Sylvia. Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur Trade Society. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1980.
Walker, William. “A Living Exhibition: The Smithsonian, Folklife, and the Making of the Modern Museum.” Ph.D. diss., Brandeis Univ., 2007.
Wallace, Anthony F. C. Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1999.
Walter, Dave. Montana Campfire Tales: Fourteen Historical Narratives. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press, 1997.
Waltmann, Henry G. “The Interior Department, War Department, and Indian Policy, 1865–1887.” Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1962.
———. “Circumstantial Reformer: President Grant & the Indian Problem.” Arizona and the West 13, no. 4 (Winter 1971): 323–42.
Ward, Geoffrey C. The West: An Illustrated History. Boston: Little, Brown, 1996.
Weber, David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1992.
———. Bárbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 2007.
Weist, Katherine M. “Beasts of Burden and Menial Slaves: Nineteenth-Century Observations of Northern Plains Indian Women.” In The Hidden Half: Studies of Plains Indian Women, edited by Patricia Albers and Beatrice Medicine, 29–52. Lanham, Md.: Univ. Press of America, 1983.
Welch, James. Fools Crow. New York: Penguin, 1986.
Wessel, Thomas R. “Historical Report on the Blackfeet Reservation in Northern Montana.” Indian Claims Commission, Docket Number 279-D: 1975.
The West. DVD. Directed by Stephen Ives. Arlington, Va.: PBS Home Video, 1996.
West, Elliott. The Way to the West: Essays on the Central Plains. Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1995.
———. The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado. Lawrence: Univ. Press, of Kansas, 1998.
———. The Last Indian War: The Nez Perce Story. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009.
White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991.
Wilmeth, Don B., and Christopher Bigsby, eds. The Cambridge History of American Theatre. Vol. 2. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999.
Wilson, Wesley C. “The U.S. Army and the Piegans: The Baker Massacre on the Marias, 1870.” North Dakota History 32, no. 1 (Winter 1965): 40–58.
Winter, William. Life and Art of Edwin Booth. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968.
Wischmann, Lesley. Frontier Diplomats: Alexander Culbertson and Natoyist-Siksina’ among the Blackfeet. 2000; Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2004.
Wishart, David J. The Fur Trade of the American West, 1807–1840: A Geographical Synthesis. 1979; Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1992.
———. An Unspeakable Sadness: The Dispossession of the Nebraska Indians. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1994.
Wissler, Clark. “Material Culture of the Blackfoot Indians.” Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 5, pt. 1. New York: Published by Order of the Trustees, 1910.
———. “The Social Life of the Blackfoot Indians.” Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 7, pt. 1. New York: Published by Order of the Trustees, 1912.
———. “The Sun Dance of the Blackfoot Indians.” Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 16, pt. 3. New York: Published by Order of the Trustees, 1918.
———. Indian Cavalcade; or, Life on the Old-Time Indian Reservations. New York: Sheridan House, 1938.
Wood, Charles R. Lines West: A Pictorial History of the Great Northern Railway Operations and Motive Power from 1887 to 1967. Seattle: Superior Books, 1967.
Woods, Karen M. “‘A Wicked and Mischievous Connection’: The Origins of Indian-White Miscegenation Law.” In Mixed Race America and the Law: A Reader, edited by Kevin R. Johnson, 81–85. New York: New York Univ. Press, 2003.
Wylie, Paul R. The Irish General: Thomas Francis Meagher. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2007.
Yarbrough, Fay A. Race and the Cherokee Nation: Sovereignty in the Nineteenth Century. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
Acknowledgments
Although it has taken me far longer to complete than I originally anticipated, I have loved writing this book, and I hope that my fascination with the Clarkes shows on every page. As I have told friends and colleagues on numerous occasions, the raw material for the book is a historian’s dream; I leave it to the reader to determine whether I have done it justice.
Many, many people helped me along the way, and I welcome this opportunity to acknowledge their assistance, beginning, appropriately, with Joyce Clarke Turvey. Joyce fielded a telephone call from me in June 2006 in which I told her of my preoccupation with her family’s history and asked whether she would be willing to help me with my research. She has, time and again, by sitting for interviews, generously providing me with invaluable photos and family memorabilia, and giving me broad latitude in writing the story of the Clarkes. I owe her a tremendous debt, one that I hope is repaid—at least partially—with the completion of this book, which she has waited on most patiently. Joyce’s daughter, Dana Turvey, herself a writer, stepped in at a key moment in the later stages.
Of course, I might never have found Joyce—or at least not so early on—without the help of Kirby Lambert at the Montana Historical Society, who first put us in touch. I met Kirby and his colleagues at the MHS during a glorious one-month stay in Helena as the James H. Bradley Fellow, generously underwritten by the MHS to use its superb collections. I remain incredibly grateful for
the expert assistance and tremendous personal kindness shown to me by Rich Aarstad, Ellie Arguimbau, Ellen Baumler, Jodi Foley, Kate Hampton, Becca Kohl, Martha Kohl, Molly Kruckenberg, Jeff Malcolmson, Lory Morrow, George Oberst, and Brian Shovers. It was a special treat to work with Molly Holz, editor of Montana: The Magazine of Western History, on an article about Helen P. Clarke that developed from my research at the MHS (and which appears in this book in different form). Thanks also to her assistant editor, Christy Goll, and the other members of Molly’s staff. I feel privileged to have met Dave Walter before his untimely death in 2006.
Other Montanans showed me wonderful hospitality as well, none more than a handful of individuals on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation who consented to be interviewed about Piegan history and culture. My book is far better for the insights provided by Darrell Robes Kipp, Carol Murray, Darrell Norman, Marvin Weatherwax, and Lea Whitford. Thanks also to Donald Pepion, who grew up on the reservation but now lives in the Southwest, for visiting the University of Nebraska to present his own research on the Marias Massacre and to sit for an interview with me. I am grateful also to the following Treasure State residents: Stan Hayne, for speaking with me about his study of the Marias Massacre site; Lyndel Meikle, park ranger at the Grant-Korhs Ranch National Historic Site, for information on Johnny Grant; Bob Morgan, former curator of collections at the MHS, who corresponded with me about his relationship with John Clarke; Ripley Schemm, for hosting me on an early visit to Missoula and introducing me to Lois Welch (and to Ripley’s niece, Ariadne Schemm, for putting me in touch with her aunt); to Charles M. Stone, for sharing his knowledge about the Bar X Six Ranch; Dick Thoroughman, for information about Fort Shaw; and especially Mary Scriver, editor of an indispensable blog about Montana’s past and present (among other subjects), who cheerfully fielded numerous inquiries from me.
I offer my heartfelt thanks to archivists, librarians, and volunteers at a range of institutions: the American Antiquarian Society, especially Ashley Cataldo; the Archdiocese of Milwaukee, especially Shelly Solberg; the Bridgeman Art Library, especially Kajette Solomon; the C. M. Russell Museum; the Cumberland County (Pennsylvania) Historical Society, especially Barbara Landis and John Slonaker; Fort Union National Historic Site; the Gallaudet University Library, Deaf Collections and Archives, especially Michael Olson; the Glacier County (Montana) Historical Society; the Glenbow-Alberta Institute, especially Jim Bowman and Doug Cass; Historic Fort Snelling, especially Nancy Cass, Matthew Cassaday, and Tom Lalim; the Joslyn Museum, especially Anne Crouchley; the Milwaukee Public Library, especially Audrey Barbakoff and Jennifer Heidel; the Minnesota Historical Society, especially Eileen McCormick and Eric Mortenson; the Missouri History Museum, especially Jaime Bourassa and Amanda Claunch; the Montana State University Library, Merrill G. Burlingame Special Collections; the Museum of Nebraska Art, especially Gina Garden; the National Anthropological Archives, especially Daisy Njoku; the National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, D.C., especially Mary Frances Ronan and Barbara Rust, and the NARA regional branches in Fort Worth and Kansas City, especially Stephen Spence; the North Dakota School for the Deaf, especially Carmen Suminski; the Oklahoma History Center; the Overholser Research Center and Schwinden Library at Fort Benton, especially Bob Doerk, Bruce Druliner, and, most of all, Ken Robison, who answered countless questions and supplied me with critical citations and documents; the Texas General Land Office, especially John Molleston; the Southern Methodist University Libraries; the United States Military Academy Archives, especially Suzanne Christoff and Casey Madrick; the University of Montana Library, K. Ross Toole Archives; and the University of Nebraska Libraries.
The Red and the White: A Family Saga of the American West Page 34
