by John McPhee
Marianas Trench
marijuana growers, California
Marina district, San Francisco: and earthquakes
Marin Headlands Terrane
Marion 8200
Marshall, James Wilson
Martini (Louis) winery
Martinsburg formation
Mason, Col. Richard
Massachusetts: impact of glaciation Walden Pond
Massif Central, France
Mathews, Asa
Matterhorn
Matteson, Edward E.
Matteson, Jane, see Love, Jane Matteson
Matthews, Drummond
Mauna Kea volcano
Mauna Loa volcano
McBirney, Alex
McKenna, Malcolm
McKenzie, Dan
Mead, Lake
meandering streams
medical effects of geology
Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming and North Platte River
Mediterranean Sea: geologic history see also Tethys Ocean
melting points: and flow vs. fracture of materials
menaccanite
Menard, H. W.
Mendocino trend
Meramecian time
mercury
Mesozoic era: characteristics of in eastern United States framed by extinctions Wyoming snapshot
metal deposits in California Coast Ranges on Cyprus and hot springs Precambrian see also gold; mining; uranium
metamorphic rock: blue-gray true unfading slate contact metamorphism dating defined by James Hutton language of marble as process of quartzite as significance of conodont color slate as see also gneiss; marble; quartzite; schist; slate
meteor impacts
meteorites: Apollo Object
Mexico: and California gold rush
Mexico, Gulf of: as geosyncline
Michigan Basin
microplates see also exotic terranes
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
midcontinent: basins in drilling into gathering magnetic and gravity data glaciation in paucity of roadcuts Van Schmus as Precambrian specialist see also cratons; Midcontinent Rift; names of states
Midcontinent Rift: crossing on I–80 drilling into magnetic and gravity analysis map of overview stopping of
mid-ocean ridges: Deffeyes’ research defined and earthquakes gradual rise map of Mid-Atlantic Ridge paleomagnetic research pattern of see also rises; spreading centers
Midwest, see midcontinent
Miller, Eli
Miller, Ernest C.
millions vs. billions
Mills, Gardner
mineral deposits: depletion of resources finding in shield rock see also hydrothermal activity
Mineral Lands Leasing Act
mineral soap
miners: view of geologists
mining: methods for removing oil from Wyoming shale Moores’ family background registry of claims silver see also gold mining
Minisink
Minnesota: Boundary Waters Area
Minsi, Mt.
Minsi Indians
Miocene epoch: Basin and Range faulting beginning of continental splitting in Great Basin flood basalts fossil finds
Mississippian period: characteristics of naming of subdivisions of transcontinental physiographic time line
Mississippi River: delta site in Mississippian period site in Pennsylvanian period
Missouri: drilling into
Missourian time
Mogi’s doughnut
Mohn, Daniel
Moho: defined in ophiolitic sequence petrologic vs. geophysical
Mojave Desert: discontinued basin-and-range faulting in mountain ranges in
mollusks
Montreal, Canada
moon: and anorthosite creation of solid-earth tides
Moore, Ryan
Moores, Eldridge: in Athens background of on Cyprus and Deffeyes described education of environmental views and Geological Society of America in Great Central Valley and introduction of plate tectonics in Macedonia McPhee introduction to: mining family background and Smartville Block at University of California at Davis view of mining
Moores, Judy
Morel, Patrick
Morgan, W. Jason
Morley, L. W.
Morrison formation oil in
Mother Lode
mountains: and angular unconformities Archean as aspect of Basin and Range as aspect of Great Basin cycles of rising and falling deroofing of erosion of exhumation of the Rockies formation of gaps in(see also Delaware Water Gap); importance of stratigraphy Laramide Orogeny Old Geology theory of formation and plate tectonics Precambrian roots rising from the plains turtlebacks what they are made of is not what made them see also Appalachians; Sierra Nevada; names of other specific mountain rangers
Mowry shale
Mt. Leidy Highlands
Muir, John
Murchison, Sir Roderick
Muskrat Creek, Wyoming: Love Ranch
Mussel Rock
MX missile
Napa Valley, California
Nashville Dome
Nasser Aftab’s House of Carpets
National Park Service, see Yellowstone National Park
natural gas: formation of
natural resources: in Wyoming
nature: messiness of
Nauru Basin
Nazca Plate
Nebraska: in Cambrian period crustal comparison with Colorado drilling into elevation of in Mississippian period in Ordovician period in Precambrian time in Triassic period
neodymium, see samarium/neodymium dating
Neptune City, Nevada
neptunism vs. plutonism
Netherlands: and sedimentologists
Netherlands Antilles
Nevada: approaching Winnemucca in Cambrian period Carlin Canyon conodonts in history of silver mining in Mississippian period in Ordovician period as part of Basin and Range and Sierra Nevada as site of predicted western seaway in Triassic period
Never Summer Mountains, Colorado
Newark Basin, New Jersey in Triassic period
New England: glaciation in mountain building
New England Seamounts
New Geology: defined vs. Old Geology
New Guinea creation of
New Hampshire: granite in hot spots under
New Helvetia, California as section of modern Sacramento
New Jersey: Border Fault Great Valley of the Appalachians Hackensack Valley Hammer Creek Conglomerate impact of glaciation map of Martinsburg formation in Mississippian period Newark Basin origin of red rock in Palisades Sill relationship to African continent in Triassic period in Wisconsinan time zeolites in
New Jersey Highlands
New Madrid, Missouri
New York City: Brooklyn geology Coney Island beach impact of glaciation Manhattan geology
Niagara Falls: creation of
Nimitz Freeway, Oakland, California: and earthquake danger and Loma Prieta earthquake and McPhee
Nishenko, Stuart
Noah’s Flood
noble metals see also gold; silver
North America: and Antarctica Archean cratons in Archean Eon Cambrian physiographic time line contemporary physiographic time line creation of continents docking of Sonomia Eocene physiographic time line future splitting of impact of glaciation map of and microplate tectonics Midcontinent Rift Mississippian physiographic time line mystery of 1450 plutons oldest rocks Ordovician physiographic time line Pennsylvanian physiographic time line perforation Precambrian physiographic time line in Proterozoic Eon. Silurian physiographic time line Triassic physiographic time line see also Canada; eastern North America; United States; western North America; named places and features
North American Plate and accretionary wedges and Eurasian Plate and Juan de Fuca Plate and Pacific Plate and Smartville Block triple junction with Farallon Plate and Pacific Plate
North Platte River, Wyoming
Northridge earthquake
Norton, Char
les Eliot
Nubian-Arabian Craton
Nugget formation: oil in
Nussbaum, Ernest
obduction
ocean basins, see oceans
ocean crust: age of boundary with mantle in Caribbean vs. continental crust and converging trenches Cyprus example extent of formation of inaccessibility of oldest rock and ophiolitic sequence and plates pyroxene in research leading to plate-tectonic theory thickness of see also seafloor
oceanographic research: Deffeyes’ work in Eltanin Glomar Challenger JOIDES Resolution post-World War II work role of Harry Hess use of Fathometer
oceans: ancient Atlantic Farallon Iapetus : measuring vertical sequence of lithosphere and origin of iron Tethys variations in sea level see also seafloor
ocean trenches, see trenches, ocean
office geologists see also black-box geology; laboratory geology
Ogalalla formation
Ohio: Cuyahoga Valley in Devonian period on I-80 impact of glaciation Kelleys Island map of in Mississippian period in Ordovician period in Pennsylvanian period roadcuts in in Silurian period in Triassic period
Ohio River: impact of glaciation
oil: characteristics of finding first commercial U.S. oil well formation of in Frontier sandstone and geological exploration in Overthrust Belt in Pennsylvania resource issues seepage in Wyoming in Yellowstone
Oil City, Pennsylvania
oil companies: David Love at Shell geological studies by geologists as visitors at Love Ranch government leases Houston geologists interest in conodonts Precambrian drilling
Oil Creek, Pennsylvania
oil rush, Pennsylvania
oil sands
oil shale
Oklahoma: drilling into
oldest rocks seafloor and zircon dating
Old Faithful geyser
Old Geology: and education of Eldridge Moores importance of geosynclinal cycle vs. New Geology orogenic forces vs. plate tectonics and Schooley Peneplain
Old Red Sandstone formation
Oligocene epoch
Olympus, Mt. (Cyprus)
Olympus, Mt. (Greece)
oolites
ophiolites: Asian in Coast Ranges cowcatcher analogy on Cyprus defined early skepticism and eastern-seaboard orogenies East Taiwan Ophiolite emplacement debate expanded description of sequence in Greece and Harry Hess in Macedonia measuring vertical sequence and Mid-Atlantic Ridge missing in Andes origins of overview and plate tectonics and research leading to plate-tectonic theory in Sierra Nevada and Smartville Block in South America and supercontinents
ophiolitic sequence: defined see also ophiolites
Oquirrh Mountains, Utah
Ordovician period: characteristics of Martinsburg formation naming of transcontinental physiographic time line
ore deposits, see metal deposits
Oregon: flood basalts seamounts off coast
Oregon Trail
orogenies: Acadian Alleghenian Antler Caledonian creation of Appalachians Grenville Laramide map of orogenic belts overview plutons and batholiths prior to plate-tectonic theory Taconic Trans-Hudson
Ortelius, Abraham
osmotic shock
outwash plains vs. terminal moraines
Overland Trail
Overthrust Belt creation of described oil and gas in resource issues silence in
Owl Creek Mountains, Wyoming and Wind River
oxygen: changes in atmosphere and ferrous iron and red rock formation
Oyster Club
Ozark Plateau
Pacific Ocean: map of North Pacific floor see also Pacific Plate
Pacific Plate: and accretionary wedges characteristics of and future western seaway geologic history and hot spots and North American Plate north of Australia in Pliocene epoch triple junction with Farallon Plate and North American Plate
Painted Desert: origin of red rock in
Paiute Indians
Pajaro Valley, California
Paleoasian Ocean
Paleocene epoch: North American Plate in
paleomagnetism: magnetic-field reversals polar wander and seafloor research significance of
paleontology: and Cincinnati area research on diversity of marine invertebrates vertebrate see also conodonts; fossils
paleosol
Paleozoic era: characteristics of in eastern United States periods in
Palisades Sill in Triassic period viewing with Deffeyes viewing with Kleinspehn
Panama: origins of
Pangaea
Parker, Robert L.
Parkfield, California
Parthenon
Passaic, Lake
Passaic Valley, New Jersey
Paterson, New Jersey: founding of viewing roadcuts near
peat, creation of
pediments: Arlington, Wyoming, example
Peirce, Benjamin
Penn, Thomas
Penn, William: view of Lenape
Pennsylvania: conodonts in in Devonian period first geological survey on I-80 impact of glaciation map of in Mississippian period oil in in Ordovician period in Pennsylvanian period in Silurian period in Triassic period water gaps
Pennsylvanian period: characteristics of Missourian time naming of oxygen in atmosphere Pennsylvania in Strathearn formation transcontinental physiographic time line
Penrose Conference
Pequop Mountains, Nevada
peridotite: Alpine Appalachian defined Feather River Hess studies in Macedonia in ocean crust in ophiolitic sequence in Sierra Nevada
Permian Extinction
Permian period: naming of oxygen in atmosphere
Perth Amboy, New Jersey: in Wisconsinan time
Peru-Chile Trench
Petrified Forest: origin of red rock in
petroleum, see oil
Phanerozoic time
Philippine Plate
Philippines
Phillips, William
Phinney, Robert
photosynthesis
physiography: California cross section Cambrian transcontinental time line characteristics of Appalachians contemporary transcontinental time line Eocene transcontinental time line Mississippian transcontinental time line Ordovician transcontinental time line Pennsylvanian transcontinental time line Precambrian transcontinental time line Silurian transcontinental time line Triassic transcontinental time line
phytoplankton
Picture, the, see Big Picture
piggyback drilling
Pikes Peak, Colorado
Pilarcitos Fault
pillow lava: on Cyprus defined near Golden Gate in ophiolitic sequence in San Francisco in Smartville roadcuts at Timbuctoo
Pilot Range, Nevada: and emigrants
Pine Bluffs, Wyoming
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: geology of
placer: defined
plagiogranite: in ocean crust in ophiolitic sequence
plateaus: Allegheny Plateau Colorado Plateau Deccan Plateau, India Ozark Plateau Pocono Plateau in Rocky Mountains Tibetan Plateau
plate boundaries: and Basin and Range and compression described Eurasian Plate Judy Moores’ description map of Mid-Atlantic Ridge North American and Pacific plates and San Andreas Fault types of volcanism at see also spreading centers; subduction zones; transform faults
plates: and hot spots map of measuring plate motions and ocean crust overview rigidity of spreading vs. sliding vs. colliding thickness of types of boundaries viewing movement at Mussel Rock and volcanism see also plate tectonics
plate tectonics: acceptance of theory and Appalachians Archean precursor Archean-Proterozoic transition aspects of and conodont paleontology development of theory and eastern United States and formation of basins future of gathering seismic data and geology education vs. geosynclines global Judy Moores’ explanation map of plates metaphysical aspects vs. Old Geology and ophiolites as outgrowth of continental-drift hypothesis overview in Pliocene California in Proterozoic Eon questions raised by relationship to stratig
raphy research leading to theory and Rocky Mountains role in assembling of California role of Alfred Wegener role of Cold War role of Harry Hess role of proposal by Abraham Ortelius role of proposal by Thomas Dick role of Vine and Matthews role of W. Jason Morgan and sea-level variations significance of summary of theory and supercontinents triple junctions views of Anita Harris and volcanism
Playfair, John and James Hutton
Pleasant Valley, Nevada and 1915 earthquake hot springs in
Pleistocene epoch: characteristics of glaciation vs. Holocene epoch impact of ice on Scotland volcanic-ash fall
Plinian eruptions
Pliocene epoch: characteristics of Pacific Plate in
plutonists
plutons: across North American continent in Colorado defined see also batholiths
Pocono Mountains, Pennsylvania
polar wander
pool tables
potassium/argon dating
Powder River, Wyoming
Powder River Basin, Wyoming uranium in
Powell, John Wesley
Powell, Lake
Precambrian time: Africa in anorthosite and Appalachians argot for dates characteristics of Colorado in drill-core data fossils in geologic study of gravity data measurements iron deposits learning from metal deposits ; precision in dating rock-dating methods transcontinental physiographic time line Van Schmus as specialist Wyoming in see also Archean Eon; cratons; Hadean Eon; Proterozoic Eon
precision vs. accuracy
Preston, Samuel
Princeton University
principle of least astonishment
Principles of Geology
prominent restraining bends
Promontory Mountains, Utah as part of Basin and Range
Proterozoic Eon: changes in island arcs life-forms in placing in geologic time plate tectonics in transition from Archean Eon Van Schmus as specialist on
proto-Atlantic Ocean
proton-precession magnetometers
Protopangaea see also Rodinia
Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
puddingstone
Puerto Rico Trench
pull-apart basins map of
Pumpernickel Valley, Nevada
Putah Creek, California
pyroxene
quartz: association with serpentine as “blossom” at Sutter’s Mill cryptocrystalline gold-bearing use by Minsi Indians see also chert
quartzite: durability of as the hubs of Hell in Kittatinny Mountain in Precambrian Colorado transforming sandstone into
Quaternary period: characteristics of
