by Jung Chang
22 CCP rejected United Front: CCP declaration, 30 Sept. 1930, ZZWX vol. 7, pp. 426–30. “defending the Soviet Union”: CCP declaration, 22 Sept. 1930, ibid., pp. 416–21. Red state size: Ma Qibin et al., pp. 448–9; Xia & Chen, pp. 235–6; Ma Juxian et al., p. 55.
23 CCP Organization Department, pp. 25, 89.
24 First person to use “Chairman Mao”: Fan Hao, pp. 98, 109.
CHAPTER 9 Mao and the First Red State
1 Sites of Red government: visit to Ruijin and conversations with locals, Apr. 1996.
2 Grand celebration: Chen, Xiao et al., pp. 457–8; Smedley 1934, p. 307. Moscow had considered Mao for head of military: Far Eastern Bureau to CCP, 10 Nov. 1930, in VKP vol. 3, pp. 1008–09; Mao 1993b, vol. 1, p. 360.
3 Village committees: Mao 1983, pp. 297–300. Web of control: Mao 1983, pp. 300, 326.
4 –103 Hsu En-tseng, et al., pp. 171–4 (E: Hsu, U. T., pp. 70–1); DSYJ, 1980, no. 4, pp. 76–8; ZDY, 1989, no. 3, pp. 1–2; interview with an old underground worker, 3 Sept. 1998.
5 –104 “relied entirely on”: resolution under Chou, 7 Jan. 1932, ZZWX vol. 8, p. 19. “burned on the spot”: Chen, Xiao et al., p. 225. “Relaxing about purges”: report, May 1932, Jiangxi Archive & CCP Jiangxi Committee, vol. 1. pp. 480–8. Tungsten, trade: Shu Long, pp. 72–7; Chen, Xiao et al., pp. 380–95.
6 Hand over silver hairpins: Mao, “Changgang Investigation,” Nov. 1933, Mao 1983, p. 324; Ruijin County Chronicle Committee, p. 783; “Communists’ bonds worse”: Reds’ own report, 18 May 1934, GS vol. 5, p. 345; Hsu, K., pp. 285–93, 291; Mao orders re bonds, Mao 1993c, pp. 59–65 (E: MRTP vol. 4, pp. 357–60); bonds, HZ, passim, a summary in Wen & Xie, pp. 189–91. “lend grain”: Mao, 1 Mar. 1933, Mao 1993c, p. 62; (E: MRTP vol. 4, pp. 402ff, 408ff). Most men of working age: Gong Chu, p. 414. Women main labor force: Mao 1983, pp. 280, 302,311–12, 325, 343.
7 Meetings “rest time”: ibid., p. 308 (E: MRTP vol. 4, p. 603). Hospital moved to Ruijin: Mao 1993b, vol. 1, p. 394. His own mug: Chen, Xiao et al., p. 450. Sand Islet: the well is turned into a Mao-cult shrine, presenting him as a source (associated to “well”) of benevolence to the people. Visit to the well and conversations with locals, Apr. 1996; Zeng & Yan, pp. 239–40. Education in Ruijin: Mao 1983, pp. 317–18, 326; Gong Chu, pp. 419–21; visit to Ruijin and interviews with local museum curators, Apr. 1996; Snow 1973, p. 186.
8 –106 Uncover “hidden landlords”: this drive was called “Land Investigation Campaign [chatian yundong].” Mao orders, from June 1933, GS vol. 5, pp. 284–306. “limitless forced labour”: 10 Oct. 1933, ibid., p. 333. “Confiscate every last single”: ibid., p. 298. Buffalo sheds: interview with a local Party historian, 8 Apr. 1996. Authorities reported: Sept. 1933, GS vol. 5, pp. 321–5.
9 Gong Chu story: Gong Chu, pp. 421–5.
10 “find counter-revolutionaries”: Liu Ying, pp. 48–9. Cai Dun-song: Chen, Xiao et al., pp. 487–91.Manager tried to flee: HZ, 18 Feb. 1934. Old-timers recalled: Chen, Xiao et al., pp. 495–6.
11 President acknowledged: interview with an official present, 1 Apr. 1996. Back to Mainland: First Front Army History Committee, p. 631.
12 –108 “Suicides are the most shameful”: Qingnian shihua (Honest Words for the Youth), Ruijin periodical, vol. 2, no. 13. Yang Yue-bin: visit to Ruijin and conversations with local museum curators, Apr. 1996; First Front Army History Committee, pp. 248–9. Escapes, rebellions: report, Sept. 1933, GS vol. 5, p. 323; Wang Qisen et al., pp. 223–5, 238, 244–5; ZDZ, no. 21, p. 142; Chen, Xiao et al., pp. 504–6. “killed together with the visitor”: Chen, Xiao et al., p. 496. Death toll: Ma Juxian et al., pp. 54–6; Fu & Chen, p. 40.
13 Ma Juxian et al., p. 54.
14 “not one member of the CCP”: “Report on Mission … byS. Tikhvinsky,” 26 Jan. 1950, AVPRF, 0100/43/302/4, p. 79 (interview with CCP chief of Jiangxi, Shao Shiping, 3 Jan. 1950); the Russian Foreign Ministry Archive declined to let this page be photocopied; cf. Kulik 1994, p. 117.
CHAPTER 10 Troublemaker to Figurehead
1 Mao accused of “kulak line”: Political Resolution, First Party Congress of the Central Soviet Area, 1–5 Nov. 1931, ZZWX vol. 7, pp. 448–63; Fan Hao, pp. 97–100, 106. Mao unseated, “sick leave”: Mao 1993b, vol. 1, pp. 365–6. In Buddhist temple: Wang Xingjuan 1987, pp. 167–8; Fan Hao, pp. 116–17.
2 –110 “recantation notice”: Shun Pao, Shanghai newspaper, 20 Feb. 1932; Jin Chongji et al. 1990, pp. 248–9. Mao to crisis meeting: Wang Xingjuan 1987, p. 169; Mao 1993b, vol. 1, p. 367; Red Army Political Dept. order, 17 Mar. 1932, ZDJC vol. 15, pp. 164–6; Fan Hao, pp. 103–4; cable from Chou, Wang Jia-xiang, Ren Bi-shi and Zhu De to Shanghai (forwarded to Moscow, arrived 3 May 1932), RGASPI, 495/19/217a, p. 82.
3 –111 Chou gave Mao two-thirds of army: Mao 1993b, vol. 1, p. 368; Zhou 1991, p. 218; Chou et al. cable (arrived 3 May 1932), RGASPI, 495/19/217a, p. 82. Mao changed route to coast: Military Council’s order of routes, 18 Mar. 1932, in Jin Chongji et al. 1993, p. 284; but Mao: Mao 1993b, vol. 1, pp. 368–9; Fan Hao, p. 104; Mao 1993a, vol. 1, pp. 263–8; Ningdu meeting bulletin, 21 Oct. 1932, ZZWX vol. 8, p. 528; cable from Chou et al. (arrived 3 May 1932), cit. cf. Titov, vol. 1, pp. 376–7 and later report by Mao Tse-min to Comintern defending Mao Tse-tung’s actions, cited ibid.
4 Sent colleagues press cuttings: Mao 1993b, vol. 1, p. 374. Ewert stressed to Ruijin: Ewert to Moscow, Oct. 1932, cited in Titov, vol. 1, pp. 381–2; cf. Ewert to Piatnitsky, 8 Oct. 1932, VKP vol. 4, pp. 193–4. Private fortune in cave: Salisbury, pp. 49–50; interview with a local Party historian, 23 May 1997; Shu Long, pp. 234–5.
5 Party leadership “utterly wrong”: Mao, 3 May 1932, Mao 1993a, vol. 1, pp. 271–2 (E: MRTP vol. 4, p. 217). Had to return to Jiangxi: Mao 1993b, vol. 1, pp. 375–8; Gong Chu, pp. 324–5; Chen, Xiao et al., pp. 332, 346.
6 Zhang Xuexin et al., p. 227; Xiao Jingguang, pp. 112–16; Chen, Xiao et al., pp. 334–8.
7 MRTP vol. 4, p. 207; intra-CCP communications, e.g. Mao to Chou, 22 Apr. 1932, Mao 1993a, vol. 1, pp. 269–70. (E: MRTP vol. 4, pp. 215–16).
8 “right opportunism”: cable from Chou et al. (arrived Moscow 3 May 1932), original in English, RGASPI, 495/19/217a, p. 82. Keep Mao on board: CCP cable to Comintern, 27 May 1932 (“concerning relation to Mao … perfectly agree”), RGASPI, 495/19/217a, p. 97; and Ruijin to Shanghai, 9 June 1932 referring to “Comintern directive” of 15 May 1932, RGASPI, 495/19/217a, p. 109. 25 July: DDWX, 1990, no. 2, pp. 31–3. Mao chief political commissar: ZDJC vol. 15, p. 168.
9 Mao sat for a month: Mao cables and orders, Sept. 1932, Mao 1993a, vol. 1, pp. 284–307; Mao 1993b, vol. 1, pp. 382–8. Moscow strategy: DDWX, 1990, no. 2, p. 39. Mao wait and see: Mao, 26 Sept. 1932, Mao 1993a, vol. 1, pp. 298–304. “extremely dangerous”: DDWX, 1990, no. 2, p. 38. “Sometimes arguments”: in Zhang Xuexin et al., p. 245. Ningdu meeting: Shanghai to Ruijin, 30 Sept. 1932, RGASPI, 495/19/217a, p. 248; Shanghai to Ruijin, 7 Oct. 1932, RGASPI, 495/19/217a, p. 253; Ewert to Piatnitsky, 8 Oct. 1932, VKP vol. 4, pp. 193–4; cf. Shanghai to Comintern, 16 Oct. (ibid., p. 197); Wang Ming to Soviet Party at Comintern, 2 Nov., ibid., p. 199; Shanghai to Comintern, 11 Nov., RGASPI, 495/19/217a, p. 276; Titov vol. 1, pp. 377–85; bulletin, 21 Oct. 1932, ZZWX vol. 8, pp. 528–31; report, 12 Nov. 1932, Zhang Xuexin et al., pp. 244–5. Po Ku infuriated: Mao 1993b, vol. 1, p. 389.
10 Suggestion to expel Mao: Mao mentioned this, 1 Aug. 1959, in Li Rui 1989, p. 231; and 24 Oct. 1966, CLG vol. 1, no. 4 (1968–69), p. 97. “temporarily returning”: 12 Oct. 1932, DDWX, 1990, no. 2, p. 39. Moscow told: Shanghai to Moscow, 11 Nov. 1932, RGASPI, 495/19/217a, p. 276. Mao cabled twice: Po Ku told Ewert (Titov, vol. 1, p. 385). Ewert: Ewert letter cited in Titov, vol. 1, pp. 381–2, cf. Ewert to Piatnitsky, 8 Oct. 1932, VKP vol. 4, pp. 192–6. “Regarding your differences”: Shanghai to Ruijin, 16 Oct. 1932, RGASPI, 495/19/217a, p. 233; similar language in Comintern directive to CCP, 19–22 Mar. 1933, VKP vol. 4, p. 295 (E: Web/Dimitrov); DDWX, 1990, no. 2, pp. 40–1, 55. Stalin’s view asked: Wang Ming to Soviet Party at Co
mintern, 2 Nov. 1932, VKP vol. 4, p. 200. Chou’s gentle handling praised: Zhou1991, pp. 233–4.
11 Hospital of the Gospel: visit, Apr. 1996. Mao ran competing HQ: Lo Fu, 18 Feb. 1933, in Hsiao Tso-liang, pp. 666–7 (E: précis in id., 1961, pp. 236–7); Mao 1993b, vol. 1, p. 391; article, 6 May 1933, ZZWX vol. 8, pp. 491–502. “quick and subtle”: Snow 1968, p. 15.
12 “nasty character” etc.: Titov, vol. 1, pp. 385, 386. Had to work with Mao: Titov, vol. 1, p. 386. Mao’s brother Tse-min later told the Comintern that Po was like “Trotskyists,” which was tantamount to requesting a death sentence (Mao Tse-min Report, 6 Dec. 1939, RGASPI, 514/1/1044, p. 102); cf. Titov, vol. 1, p. 389. Mao followers retained posts: ZR vol. 48, pp. 381–3; Reminiscences about Tan Zhenlin, pp. 72–4; Mao 1993, p. 320.
13 Lepin: Mirovitskaya 1975, pp. 94–9. “impetus … from me”: Braun 1982, p. 35. “tolerance and conciliation”: Titov, vol. 1, pp. 392–5 (Po Ku reporting Ewert); cf. Comintern directive to CCP, 19–22 Mar. 1933, VKP vol. 4, p. 295; Far Eastern Bureau to Ruijin, 28 Mar. 1933, ibid., p. 298.
14 “I really stank”: Wang Dongxing 1997a, p. 116; Wang Xingjuan 1987, p. 172. Not on Moscow list: Herbert (Comintern Shanghai) to Piatnitsky, 27 Dec. 1932, VKP vol. 4, p. 243; cable exchanges, Po Ku and Moscow, ZDC, 1987, no. 5, p. 15. “diplomatic disorder”: Braun 1982, p. 49. “Old Mao is”: Li Weihan, p. 353.
CHAPTER 11 How Mao Got onto the Long March
1 “shrink gradually”: Peng 1981, p. 188.
2 –120 Stern: Krymov, pp. 308–19, 339; Brun-Zechowoj, pp. 62–4, 156–7 (Stern letter to Stalin from the gulag, Oct. 1952). Braun: Litten 1997. “stay inside my house”: Braun 1982, pp. 34–5. “She had to be big”: Kang Keqing, p. 104; Zhu Zhongli 1989, p. 56. According to Mrs. Zhu De: Kang Keqing, p. 104. Mao cracked a joke: Zhu Zhongli 1989, p. 56. Braun and CCP leaders: Braun 1982, pp. 54–5; Wu Xiuquan 1992, pp. 97–100.
3 –121 On 25 Mar.: Comintern to Ewert and CCP CC, NA, HW 17/3, cable 063; this is one of a number of transmissions between Moscow and China intercepted by British intelligence in 1934; the transmissions were in French; some of the same documents since released from Russian archives are in VKP vol. 4 (in Russian); this one pp. 583–4; cf. Comintern to Voroshilov, Mar. 1934, Mirovitskaya 1975, p. 97. 27 Mar.: Shanghai to Piatnitsky, VKP vol. 4, p. 585. 9 Apr.: Comintern to Ewert, VKP vol. 4, p. 586; following on Comintern meeting, 3 Apr., ibid., pp. 585–6; cf. Moscow to China, 7 May 1934, NA, HW 17/3, cable 123, which was the first Moscow cable decoded by the British (on 6 June; and the only one re-decoded, on 2 Aug). “My health is good”: Chen, Xiao et al., p. 486. Leave Mao behind: Wu Xiuquan 1992, p. 105. No one wanted to be left behind: Chen Yi, in Chen, Xiao et al., pp. 543–4; Li Weihan, pp. 346–7; Zhang Wentian 1943, p. 78.
4 –122 Mao to southern front: He Changgong, pp. 313–23; Mao 1993b, vol. 1, pp. 426–32; Chen, Xiao et al., pp. 507, 510–16, 524–7. Exit point changed in July: Braun 1982, p. 74; Xiao Ke 1997, pp. 189–92; Mao 1993b, vol. 1, pp. 432–3.
5 Mao squatted in Yudu: visit to the site, Apr. 1996; Chen, Xiao et al., pp. 530–1. Treasure hoard to Po Ku: Shu Long, pp. 234–5; Salisbury, p. 50. Begging Moscow to send money: Mirovitskaya 1975, pp. 96–7; cf. Moscow to Shanghai, 26 May 1934, NA, HW 17/3, cable 156; VKP vol. 4, pp. 598–9. Xiang Ying: Wang Fuyi, pp. 98–101; Dai & Luo, pp. 138–41.
6 Comintern to Shanghai, 1 July 1934, VKP vol. 4, p. 619.
7 Frame Xiang: Panyushkin, p. 122 (“doing away with Xiang”); Titov, vol. 1, p. 370; Chou tries to shrug off accusations in talk in Moscow with the KGB’s Mordvinov, 4 Mar. 1940, RGASPI, 514/1/1006, p. 48. Xiang against taking Mao along, Po Ku optimistic: Braun 1982, pp. 87–8. Troublemaking until July: Chen, Xiao et al., pp. 490–4, 511–16, 524–5; Hu Chi-hsi 1982, pp. 102–5. “very disciplined”: Nie 1991, pp. 188–9 (E: pp. 180–1).
8 Little Mao, other children: Wang Xingjuan 1987, pp. 135–7; 163–7; 186–7, 269; Wang Xingjuan 1993, pp. 108–9, 237–40.
9 –125 Interview with Zeng Zhi, 24 Sept. 1994.
10 Last weeks before departure: Gong Chu, pp. 395–9.
11 Nelson Fu: Fu Lianzhang, pp. 3–12; Li Yong et al., pp. 158–60.
12 “link up with the Soviet Union”: Moscow to China, 3 May 1934, NA, HW 17/3, cables 106–115; Vinarov, pp. 373–4; cf. Mirovitskaya 1975, pp. 44–5: Borodin plan from mid-1927. Decoy of 6,000: Mao and Co. declaration, 15 July 1934, Jiangxi Archive & CCP Jiangxi Committee, vol. 2, pp. 726–9 (E: MRTP vol. 4, pp. 768–9); Mao talk, 31 July 1934, Mao 1993a, vol. 1, pp. 351–5 (E: MRTP vol. 4, p. 776); Su Yu, pp. 110–33; Xiang, L, pp. 24–5; Yang, B. 1990, pp. 82–5.
13 Braun 1982, p. 77; Jin Chongji et al. 1990, p. 277.
14 Executions before evacuation: Gong Chu, pp. 430–2. Expert marksman: Kang Keqing, pp. 121–4. “active shop-assistants”: interview with a local Party historian, 8 Apr. 1996. He made abundantly clear: conversation, 7 Apr. 1996. Mao departure: Wu Jiqing, pp. 168–9; Kang Keqing, p. 131.
CHAPTER 12 Long March I: Chiang Lets the Reds Go
1 Long March numbers: Braun 1982, pp. 81, 84; Zhou 1972, p. 66; Li Weihan, pp.343–8. Mao’s treasure: Li Weihan, p. 345; “The autumn rain”: Liu Ying, pp. 58–9; Guo Chen, p. 27.
2 –129 Cantonese troops: Chen, Xiao et al., p. 526; Mao 1993b, vol. 1, pp. 436–7; cf. Sladkovsky, p. 139. Chiang told prime minister: Chiang, pp. 751–2. A close aide: Yan Daogang, p. 9. Red Army walks through fortified lines: Nationalists’ telegram exchanges in Second Archive & Hunan Archive; Li Weihan, p. 348; Nie 1991, pp. 191–5 (E: Nie, pp. 180ff.); Peng 1981, pp. 193–4 (E: Peng, pp. 359–60); Jin Chongji et al., 1993, pp. 329–31; Yan Daogang, pp. 9–10; Xue Yue, section notes under the heading “Xiangsheng zhuijiao.” Chiang appoints Ho Chien: Second Archive & Hunan Archive, pp. 220–1.
3 Crossing Xiang River: Yan Daogang, p. 13; Nationalist army orders, in Second Archive, pp. 186–91; CCP Guilin Committee, pp. 25–8; Museum of the Chinese Revolution, pp. 20–1; Zhu De cable, 1 Dec. 1934, in Central Archive 1996, p. 46; Tong & Li, pp. 295ff., Li Zongren, pp. 638–41; Pai Chung-hsi, p. 90; Braun 1982, pp. 91–2.
4 –13 °Chiang monitoring: Yan Daogang, p. 12. Ho Chien cable: Military History Bureau MND, p. 861. Chiang plan to conquer southwest: Sichuan as “the base”: Chiang, p. 825.
5 Military History Bureau MND, p. 861; Braun 1982, pp. 91–2.
6 To his secretary: Yan Daogang, p. 15. Nation-building blueprint: Chiang, pp. 776–80. Warlords blamed and praised: Chiang, pp. 762–3; Military History Bureau MND, pp. 971–2; Jin Chongji et al.1993, pp. 329–30.
7 Ching-kuo sole heir of Chiang: Taylor 2000, pp. 7–8; Wang Shichun, p. 20. Ching-kuo to Russia: Chiang Ching-kuo 1937 in Cline, pp. 154–7, and Chiang Ching-kuo, pp. 66ff.; Tikhvinsky 2000, pp. 341–8 (Dossier on Chiang Ching-kuo for Brezhnev, 1969); TsDA, 146/6/1607, p. 5 (Ching-kuo letter to Dimitrov, Dec. 1936); n.a. “Jiang Jingguo in Russia,” p. 179; Yu Miin-ling, pp. 112, 121.
8 –132 Shao Li-tzu was mole: Interview with Shao, July 1956, in YD, pp. 81–3; CPPCC 1985a, p. 241. Shao telegram to Moscow, 23 Apr. 1927, VKP vol. 2, p. 696. Ching-kuo kept in Russia: Chiang Ching-kuo, pp. 179ff. Peggy: Dennis, p. 86. As of 2003 Tim Dennis was still in Russia, where he was a well-known Sinologist, under the name “Timur Timofeyev.” Mme Sun Soviet agent: VKP vol. 4, p. 1100 (Wang Ming cable to CCP, 13 Mar. 1937); cf. NA, HW 17/3 (1934 Moscow cables to CCP intercepted by British).
9 RGASPI, 495/74/281, pp. 34–5 (to “Comrade Wang Ming” for “advise” [sic], 26 Jan. 1937, in English); VKP vol. 4, pp. 1092–3.
10 Proposed hostage swap: Chiang diary, 16 Dec. 1931, in Yang Tianshi, p. 370. Chiang diaries: ibid., pp. 370–4.
11 Death of Shao junior: CPPCC 1985a, pp. 37, 240; “The tragic end of a Chinese who had wounded his lover,” Corriere della Sera, 22 Dec. 1931, p. 8.
12 Shaanxi Red base built: CPPCC 1985a, pp. 34, 114, 240–1; Chiang, pp. 755, 759; Wang Zicheng, p. 25.
13 Wu Changyi, pp. 92–103.
14 –135 Chiang to American emissary: Currie, “Notes on Interview
s with Chiang Kai-shek” (typescript, 17 Mar. 1941), p. 30. Reds steered by radio: Radio Corps History Committee, p. 95; Song Kaifu, in Fourth Front Army Memoirs Collection team, pp. 274–5; Yan Daogang, pp. 12–13. Shanghai radio station shut down: Hsu En-tseng et al., pp. 189–90 (E: Hsu, U. T., pp. 97–9); Radio Corps History Committee, p. 98; Yue Xia, p. 137; NA, HW 17/3, Moscow cables to Shanghai, 5 July 1934 (no. 225), 7 July 1934 (nos. 226, 227); cf. Titov, vol. 2, p. 135. 2 Sept. diary: in Yang Tianshi, p. 375.
15 Chiang absents himself: Chiang, pp. 752–65. Ching-kuo held hostage: Chiang Ching-kuo, pp. 178ff. “family calamity”: Yang Tianshi,p. 375.
CHAPTER 13 Long March II: The Power Behind the Throne
1 Guizhou warlord recalled: Wang Jialie, pp. 85–6, 88. Chiang funnels Reds to Sichuan: Braun 1982, p. 91; Chiang, p. 783; Wang Jialie, pp. 87–8. Mao started active steps: Zhou 1972, p. 67; Zhang Wentian 1943, pp. 78–80; Mao speech, 13 Nov. 1943, in Hu Qiaomu, p. 294; cf. Kampen 2000, pp. 66–77; Braun 1974, pp. 94ff.
2 Lo resentment: Zhang Wentian 1943, p. 78; cf. Titov, vol. 2, pp. 122ff. Designing litter: Liu Ying, p. 56. “lying in a litter”: Mao told staff, 25 Dec. 1960, in Ye Zilong, p. 38. Litter-carriers: Guo Chen, p. 72–3. Plotting on litter: Zhu Zhongli 1995, pp. 54, 60; Cheng Zhongyuan 1993, p. 197; cf. Kampen 1989, p. 708.
3 –138 Pointing a pistol: Nie 1991, p. 206 (E: Nie, p. 198). Zunyi meeting: Chen Yun 1935, pp. 36–41 (E: Chen Yun 1935, pp. 643–8); Braun 1982, pp. 102–4; cf. Kampen 2000, pp. 69–76; Titov, vol. 2, pp. 101–29; Titov 1976; Sladkovsky, pp. 139–43. Mao gets no top Party or army job, but enters Secretariat: Chen Yun 1935, p. 42 (E: Chen Yun 1935, p. 648); Braun 1982, p. 104; Xu Zehao, p. 223.
4 –139 Resolution: Chen Yun 1935, p. 42. Draft: Titov 1976, pp. 100, 103 and 103, n. 15. Final version: ZHW, pp. 3, 21–2; Yang, B. 1986, pp. 262–5. Braun remark: Braun 1982, p. 98. “Helper”: Chen Yun 1935, p. 42 (E: Chen Yun 1935, p. 648). Red Prof job: Xu Zehao, p. 223.
