by Jung Chang
11 –534 10 million condemned: Liu, X. p. 115. 3.5 million arrested: Schoenhals 1996b, p. 367. Binyang County: Zheng Yi, pp. 8–12 (E: id., pp. 9ff). 100,000 lives: Song Yongyi, pp. 239, 254; cf. Sutton, p. 137. 76 names: Zheng Yi, p. 96 (E: id., p. 101). “human flesh banquets”: ibid., pp. 68–9 (E: id., p. 13).
12 86-year-old: ibid., pp. 38–40 (E: id., pp. 48–9). Anhui executions: interview with the eyewitness, 15 Oct. 2002.
13 Inner Mongolia: Woody, pp. 3, 30–1; Sneath, pp. 422–6; Jankowiak, pp. 274–6; Sun in Walder & Gong 1993, pp. 15–17; Tu & Zhu. Yunnan: Ding & Ting, pp. 6, 339; cf. Schoenhals 1996b, pp. 368, 370. Assassination: Wang Kexue, pp. 4–13.
14 9th Congress delegates: unpublished memoirs of a key member of the congress staff; Zhang, Y. 1993, pp. 66–9.
15 Death estimates: Ding Shu 2001; cf. Walder & Su, pp. 86–99; Leitenberg, pp. 11–12; Margolin, p. 513. 100 million: Ye Jianying, 13 Dec. 1978, in Wang Nianyi, p. 623.
CHAPTER 51 A War Scare
1 Mao chose Zhenbao: Li & Hao, pp. 319–20; Yang Kuisong 1999, pp. 492–3 (E: id. 2000, p. 27); cf. Wishnick, p. 26. Clashes: Burr 2001, pp. 80–6; Kulik 2000, pp. 450–4. Casualties: Drannikov, p. 5; Ryabushkin, p. 151. “moonscape”: Gates, p. 36; cf. Kapitsa 1996, p. 80 and interview. Mao orders stop fighting: Yang Kuisong 1999, p. 493 (E: id. 2000, p. 30).
2 –538 Kosygin phones: interview with Kudashev, Kosygin’s interpreter who made the calls, 19 June 1996; Kudashev, pp. 199–200; Wang Taiping 1998, p. 273. Ready to negotiate: Mao 1987–98, vol. 13, p. 21. 9th Congress secrecy: unpublished memoirs by a key member of the congress staff; Antonkin, pp. 105–6; Galenovich 2001, p. 159.
3 “Pile up some mountains”: Li & Hao, pp. 256–7.
4 –539 Mao’s “mountains”: Schlesinger interview, 2 May 1995; Zhang Yunsheng, pp. 293–5 (E: id., pp. 55–7). Nuclear strike sounding: Burr 2001, pp. 86–95; Bundy, pp. 102–6; Helms interview, 7 Apr. 1995; conversation with Kissinger, 1 July 1998. Chou — Kosygin meeting: interviews with three Russian participants, including Kapitsa, Kosygin’s no. 2 at the meeting; Kapitsa 1996, pp. 81–92; Elizavetin (note-taker); Antonkin, p. 112. Chou — Kosygin letters: CWB no. 11, pp. 171–2 (Chou letter, 18 Sept. 1969); Goncharov & Usov, p. 112 (Kosygin reply, 26 Sept.). Victor Louis: New York Times, 18 Sept. 1969. Fear of Russian plane: Zhang Yunsheng, pp. 316–20 (E: id., pp. 57–9); Pang & Jin, p. 1563.
5 Chou and Mme Mao in Western Hills: Yang Kuisong 1999, pp. 502–3, 508 (E: id. 2000, p. 41, 47); Yang Yinlu, p. 163. Red alert: Li & Hao, pp. 124–5; cf. Teiwes & Sun 1996, pp. 111–15.
6 –540 Giant shelter: multiple interviews with Mao’s personal staff; Deng Li, pp. 188–9; Zhang Zuoliang, p. 331. Greets Soviet delegate: Galenovich 2001, pp. 220–1 (Chinese minutes); Wang Taiping 1999, pp. 208, 211; this was Mao’s last meeting with a Russian.
7 Investment in nuclear program: China Today 1987, p. 77. Per capita income: Marer et al. (World Bank), p. 46; Li Rui 1996, p. 36. Calories: Rummel, p. 215. Lin Biao and coterie: proposal in June 1969, ZDZ vol. 41, p. 212; cf. Huang, J., pp. 317–18. Boss of Jiangxi: Chen Yun 1995, pp. 252–3. Mood and energy: interview with a member of Mao’s personal staff, 19 Apr. 1999; Chen & Zhao, pp. 126–30.
CHAPTER 52 Falling Out with Lin Biao
1 Mao solitary among top five: Jin Chongji et al. 1998, pp. 1016–17.
2 –542 Lin announced proposal: ibid., pp. 1017–18. Head of Praetorian Guard: Wang Dongxing 1997a, p. 44; Xin Ziling 2002, p. 622. “the Cobra”: interview with an insider in Lin’s coterie, 31 Oct. 2000; Xin Ziling 2002, p. 621; Ye Yonglie 1996a, pp. 81, 91–7; Wang Nianyi, pp. 385, 388. Mao gave Lin the nod: Chen Boda, in Ye Yonglie 1990, p. 441; Xin Ziling 2002, p. 620; Jin, p. 123.
3 –543 “atom bomb”: Ye Yonglie 1990, pp. 454, 466. Lin refuses self-criticism: Xin Ziling 2002, pp. 627–30; Jin p. 131. Old age set in: interview with a member of Mao’s personal staff, 24 Oct. 1995.
4 –544 Lin letter to Mao: Xin Ziling 2002, p. 628; Li Wenpu, in Chi & Ming, p. 12. Plan to flee to Hong Kong: Ming & Chi, pp. 351–66. Tiger: ibid., pp. 20–7; interviews with his fiancée, sister, brother-in-law, and a friend, 6 May, 14 & 20 Oct. 1995, 7 Sept. 1997; Zhang Ning, p. 157; cf. Jin, pp. 155–61.
5 “Project 571”: text in WDYZ vol.2, pp. 650–7 (E: Kau 1975, pp. 81–90). Tiger dubbed Mao B-52: interview with Tiger’s fiancée, 6 May 1995.
6 Left copy with Lin: Li Weixin confession, in Xin Ziling 2000, pp. 637–8. Mao sent Chou to Lin: Li Desheng, p. 409; Jin Chongji et al. 1998, pp. 1033–4. May Day night: Du interview, 17 Oct. 1995; Zhang Zuoliang, p. 242.
7 Tiger checks out Hong Kong route: Ming & Chi, pp. 351–4. Ceau?escus: ibid., pp. 358–9; Xiao Sike, p. 85; Du interview. Another recce of Hong Kong border: Ming & Chi, pp. 361, 366. Mao remarks about Lin: Kau 1975, p. 59 (“Summary of Mao’s Talks”); cf. Jin, pp.190–3.
8 –547 Get Tiger planes: interview with the dispatcher of planes, 8 Sept. 1997. Lin Biao role: Ming & Chi, pp. 386, 407–9, 412–13, 422. “I won’t incriminate you”: interview with Tiger’s fiancée, 6 May 1995.
9 “breaks the net”: Lu Min, in YHCQ, 1998, no. 1, p. 16. Lin wrote to Chief of Staff: Ming & Chi, pp. 407–8. Suicide attack: one volunteer’s confession, ibid., pp. 422–3. Mao unaware of plot: interviews with members of Mao’s personal staff, 24 Oct. & 4 Nov. 1995, 22 Oct. 2000; Chen & Zhao, pp. 164–7; Wu De, in An Jianshe, pp. 136–8; Li Desheng, pp. 414–15.
10 Dodo: interview with Dodo and a friend, 20 Oct. 1995; Shao Yihai, p. 282; Ming & Chi, pp. 386, 442, 448–52; cf. Jin, pp. 153–4.
11 Petrol on board, crash-landing: Guang Xin, pp. 27–8. Heavily sedated Mao: interview with the servant who woke up Mao, 22 Oct. 2000; Qi Li, pp. 129–30; Wang Dongxing 1997a, p. 208. Mao given one option: Li Desheng, p. 421; Shao Yihai, p. 298; Liu Yan, in Chi & Ming,p. 367.
12 Chou letter to Mao, night of 13 Sept.: text in Gao Wenqian, pp. 352–3; Zagvozdin: interview, 16 June 1995.
13 In Suite 118: interviews with Mao’s personal staff, 21 Sept. 1994, 24 Oct. 1995, 22 Oct. 2000, 12 & 14 May 2001; Chen & Zhao, pp. 170–1. Learned plot: interview with a plotter, 7 Sept. 1997; Xiao Sike, p. 528; Li Desheng, p. 427.
14 –551 Mao very ill: interview with a member of Mao’s intimate staff, 22 Oct. 1993; SMMM, pp. 37–8; Li, Z., pp. 542–61. Ethiopia’s Emperor: Wu De, in An Jianshe, p. 150. Warning to Guard chief: Zhang Yaoci, pp. 122–6. Jumped to death: Ming & Chi, p. 481. Languishing in prison: interview with Yeh’s son-in-law who was in prison, 2 Nov. 1993.
15 “What Chairman Mao?”: interview with the deputy chief, 17 Sept. 1994.
16 Chen Yi funeral: Gao Wenqian, p. 366; Chen & Zhao, pp. 175–83; Zhang Yufeng 1989 (E: id., pp. 17–19); Xiang, L., pp. 202–3; Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 1053.
17 Brink of death: Lin Ke et al., pp. 168–9.
CHAPTER 53 Maoism Falls Flat on the World Stage
1 Mao to Hill: 28 Nov. 1968, CWB no. 11, pp. 159–61.
2 –554 27 Oct. 1966: China Today 1992a, vol. 1, 252. Catastrophe likely: Dong Sheng, p. 593; Zhang Yunyu, in ZH editorial board, pp. 234–41; Lewis & Xue 1988, pp. 202–3. Subsequent tests failed: Gu Xiqiang, in ZH editorial board, pp. 229–32.
3 Meissner, p. 162 (East German ambassador Bierbach to Berlin, 10 Jan. 1967); Heikal interview, 18 Jan. 1997; interview with Dan Grove, then FBI agent in Hong Kong, 6 Oct. 2002.
4 –555 Entire missile arsenal: Zhou 1997, vol. 3, p. 101. Mao speech 7 July: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, pp. 376–7. Russian aid essential: Lewis & Xue 1988, p. 199. “central task”: Wang Taiping 1998, p. 11. “shining beacon”: RR, 2 July 1967.
5 “Openly support the Burmese CP”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, pp. 376–7. Chou summoned Burmese: Yang Meihong, p. 69. Selecting Chinese wives: ibid., pp. 74–7. Promoting Mao: ibid., pp. 31–2, 230–40. Secret camps: interview with Belgian former trainee, 12 Nov. 1994.
6 “colonialists’ latrine”: Khrushchev speech, 12 Dec. 1962, in Floyd, p. 329. Mao to Somali: 9 Aug. 1963, Mao 1994, p. 502 (E: Mao 1998, pp. 383–4). Kashmir Princess: Chou “Intelligence no. 1 to Ho
ng Kong Authorities,” 15 May 1955, says Peking knew assassination plot in Mar., Xiong Xianghui, p. 130; and Peking knew it involved a bomb on the Kashmir Princess, as Mao said Chou should change route and not take the plane: Tao Siju 1996, p. 153; as a result, Chou settled on Burma route by 28 Mar.: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 459. Chou received details on 7 Apr. of how the bomb was going to be placed on the Kashmir Princess, a full four days before the explosion: Cheng Yuangong, pp. 158–9. Peking withheld information: telephone interview with Peter Mahta, Air India’s Hong Kong office director at the time, 21 Apr. 2000; NA, FO 371/115133–4, 115137–41; Tsang. Hong Kong expels Taiwan agents: Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 2, pp. 146–7; Xiong Xianghui, pp. 151–2; NA, FO 371/115139; Trevelyan1971, p. 159.
7 150 tons of gold: Dong Sheng, pp. 322, 326. “unconditional surrender”: Ran & Ma, pp. 22, 26, 33–5, 42. Urged Hong Kong radicals: Zhou Yi, pp. 225–7, 251–5, 260. Mao’s real line: Ran & Ma, pp. 35, 46. “Those who kill”: RR, 5 July 1967. Chou infiltrated soldiers: Ran & Ma, pp. 45–6; Zhou Yi, pp. 264–5.
8 –558 Torching British mission: interviews with 4 trapped staff; cf. Petri in Schoenhals 1996b, p. 172; Grey, pp. 60–75. Official sanction: Ran & Ma, pp. 5, 10–13, 22; Petri, cit., pp. 169–72. Mao apology to Kim: Lankov 2002, pp. 106–7; Il Ponte vol. 37 (1981), nos. 11–12, p. 1170 (Liu to Gomulka, Nov. 1960). “Kim Il Sung should be overthrown”: AQSh, f. 14, 1967, d. 7, p. 15 (Kang to Kapo, 22 Jan. 1967).
9 Sartre: Sartre, p. 13. 1968 “new phenomenon”: CWB no. 11, pp. 159 (to Hill, 28 Nov. 1968), 156 (to Balluku, 1 Oct. 1968). Sent European Maoists back: interview with one of them, 12 Nov. 1994; cf. Horne, p. 233. “Big, big”: Yun Shui, p. 186.
10 AQSh, f. 14, 1967, d. 20, p. 15 (Mao, 12 Oct. 1967).
11 –560 African radicals: ibid., p. 198. Sally to Mobutu: Mobutu interview, 28 Oct. 1994; Yun Shui, pp. 204–5. Offer to Nasser: Heikal, p. 283; Heikal interview; Harris, pp. 121–2; CQ no. 31 (1967), p. 217. Retreat to Khartoum: Elizavetin 1993, p. 64 (according to Chou to Kosygin, 11 Sept. 1969). No Arab condolences: Harris, p. 114. Latin American CPs’ visit: Anderson, pp. 616, 620; Johnson, pp. 162–3; Balanta, 32; Wang Taiping 1998, p. 497; Wang Li 1993, p. 144. Castro — Mao abuse: Feltrinelli, p. 300; Wang Taiping 1998, pp. 497–8; Mao CCRM, vol. 7, p. 92.
12 Subverting Cuban army: Dominguez, p. 161. Mao — Guevara: Pang Bingan, pp. 169, 185–8; cf. Anderson, p. 620; Johnson, pp. 155–6. China refuses radio: Burr 1999b (Chou to Kissinger, 13 Nov. 1973). Kang on Guevara: AQSh, f. 14, 1968, d. 7 (to Balluku, 5 Oct. 1968).
13 Gorriti, pp. 131, 76.
14 Chou re pressure on France: proposal to Mao, Feb. — Mar. 1954, in Jin Chongji et al. 1998, pp. 155–6; Pei Jianzhang, pp. 317–18. Mao halts Vietnam offensive for Korean War: cable, 16 Oct. 1950 in Zhang 1995, p. 70; cf. id. 1992, pp. 176–8; Qian Jiang, pp. 375–6. Navarre Plan: Qian Jiang, p. 395; Zhai, p. 45. Dien Bien Phu: interviews with two North Vietnamese officers present: Lieutenant General Uoc (then regimental political commissar, artillery unit), 17 Sept. 1996; Colonel Bui Tin, 28 Sept. 1996; cf. Zhai, pp. 45–9. “must have a settlement”: Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 155. Mao to military adviser: Yang 2002, p. 4; Qian Jiang, p. 578.
15 Chou’s deal with French: Jin Chongji et al. 1998, pp. 171–2; Joyaux, pp. 239–44. Pressure on Vietnamese: Zhai, pp. 55–63; Viet Nam, pp. 18–23. Le Duan recalled: CWB nos. 12–13, pp. 279–80, 286. Moscow ups aid to Hanoi: Gaiduk, pp. 27, 35ff. Mao — Kosygin: interviews with three Russian participants; Childs Papers, Box 2, Folder 1, p. 4 (Russian briefing); Troyanovsky, pp. 351–3. In western direction: Deng, in Brezhnev, p. 103.
16 Chinese wife for Ho: interview with Zeng Zhi (she and her husband Tao Zhu had a lot of dealings with Ho), 24 Sept. 1994. Chou against Soviet aid: in Westad et al., pp. 89–90 (9 Oct. 1964). Blames Hanoi for M. L. King murder: in ids., pp. 124–5 (13 Apr. 1968). Against Hanoi — US talks: ids., pp. 140–54 (Mao — Dong, 17 Nov. 1968). Too busy to receive: Zhou 1997, vol. 3, p. 262; Li Danhui, pp. 144–5.
17 Chen Jian 2001, pp. 221–9; Zhai 2000, pp. 179–80; Tucker, p. 345.
18 –564 Splashing out aid: Li Danhui, pp. 146–7. Red Laotians: China Today 1989a, p. 560; BNC, 2000, no. 7, pp. 16–24. Third World Communists: interview with Nouri Abdulrazak, 1 Sept. 2000. Mao model no threat: Burr 2001, p. 77. “we are isolated”: Yang 2000, p. 43 (22 Mar. 1969). Plotting against Sihanouk: Sihanouk 1974, pp. 68–9; CQ no. 32 (1967), p. 224; CQ no. 34 (1968), p. 191.
19 –565 Indochina summit: Tian & Wang, pp. 151–6; cf. Sihanouk 1974, pp. 201–2. Princely tastes: Fallaci, p. 86 (Sihanouk interview); Sihanouk 1990, pp. 52, 112. Mao — Sihanouk: Chen Xiaodong, p. 194; SMMM, p. 43; Wang Taiping 1999, p. 74; Sihanouk 1974, pp. 207–10; id. 1990, p. 84. Pol Pot: Tian & Wang, pp. 166–71. London Times: 28 Apr. 1970. “Hanoi’s designs”: Kissinger 1979, p. 505. Satellite: Tian & Wang, p. 156; New York Times, 26 Apr. 1970; Li Mingsheng, pp. 50–1.
20 –566 Lin misreads: Zhang Yunsheng, pp. 332–3; Sihanouk 1990, p. 84; text: Mao 1998, pp. 444–5. Nixon — Kissinger reaction: Summers, pp. 371–2; Kissinger 1979, pp. 695–6, 509. “stinking scholar”: in Westad et al., p. 177 (23 Sept. 1970). Mao — Dong exchange: ibid.
21 Tucker, p. 519, n. 25.
CHAPTER 54 Nixon: The Red-baiter Baited
1 Only in June 1970: Kissinger: “by the end of June, we had received unmistakable signals from the Chinese that they were willing to reopen contacts with us” (Kissinger 1979, p. 509). Urgent invitation to Snow also in June: telephone interview with Lois Snow, 25 Apr. 2000; Yin Jiamin, pp. 205–6.
2 Invitation to Nixon: Kissinger 1979, pp. 701–4.
3 Invites American Ping-Pong team: Wu Xu-jun, in Lin Ke et al., pp. 306–10; Zhuang & Sasaki, pp. 274–83. “dazzling welcome”: Kissinger1979, p. 710.
4 –570 One commentator: Tyler, p. 91. “Nixon was excited”: Kissinger 1979, p. 711. US offer re Taiwan: Burr 2002, Doc. 34 (9 July), pp. 12, 13; Doc. 35 (10 July, afternoon), p. 16; Doc. 38 (11 July, last talk), p. 10; Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 2, p. 40; cf. Holdridge conversation, 3 June 1998; Mann, pp. 32–5. Get Peking into UN: Burr 2002, Doc. 35 (10 July), p. 17. Dealings with Russia: Burr 2002, Doc. 35 (10 July), pp. 28–9; Burr 1999, p. 49.
5 Kissinger 1979, p. 749; International Herald Tribune, 1 Mar. 2002, p. 4; Holdridge conversation.
6 “mesmerised at”: Holdridge, p. 76; Mann, pp. 35–6. Indochina: Burr 2002, Doc. 34 (9 July), pp. 17, 18, 15, 33, 25–6, 30, 34. “10,000 miles”: Burr 2002, Doc. 34 (9 July), pp. 17, 27. Pull out of Korea: ibid., p. 38. Not asking China to stop aid to Vietnam: Burr 2002, Doc. 35 (10 July), p. 26. Chou hectoring: Burr 2002, Doc. 34 (9 July), pp. 26, 27; Doc. 35 (10 July), p. 7; China not “aggressive,” US “cruelties”: Burr 2002, Doc. 34 (9 July), pp. 42, 26. Kissinger to Vietnamese: Walters 1978, pp. 518–19. “very moving”: Burr 2002, Doc. 35 (10 July), p. 14.
7 America as “monkey”: Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 2, p. 41. Chou: Nixon loose woman: Barnouin & Yu 1998, p. 108. “Britain, France … all become Red Guards”: Xiong Xianghui, p. 347. US still enemy no. 1: ibid., p. 348. Nixon’s arrival helped restore Mao: interviews with members of Mao’s personal staff, 22 Oct. 1993, 24 Oct. 1995, 19 Apr. 1999; Zhang Yufeng 1989 (E: id., pp. 30–1).
8 See Nixon straightaway: interviews ibid.; Lin Ke et al., p. 216; Kissinger 1979, p. 1057; Nixon, p. 560.
9 Mao — Nixon conversation: Burr 1999a, pp. 59–65.
10 Joint communiqué, Mao dictated: on 23 Oct. 1971, Foreign Ministry 1990ff, vol. 3, p. 67 (E: Web/NSA, pp. 7–8).
11 conversation, 2 Mar. 1999.
12 –574 Hoxha letter: AQSh, f. 14, 1971–1972, d. 3, pp. 48–66 (6 Aug. 1971); Hoxha 1979, p. 578; Wang Taiping 1999, pp. 259–61; conversation with Fagu. Le Duan: Viet Nam, p. 43. Sihanouk on Chou: id. 1990, p. 58. Aid to Vietnam peak: Wang Taiping 1999, p. 51; Li Danhui, p. 147. From 31 to 66: China Today 1989, pp. 55–7. Mintoff: Carrington, p. 246. Mobutu: interview, 28 Oct. 1994.
13 Staggering aid level: China Today 1989, p. 68.
14 Hungriest years
: Fu Shanglun et al., p. 9. Nixon in Shanghai: Ji Wei, p. 26.
15 Nixon de-demonized Mao: Nixon to Cabinet, 29 Feb. 1972; Kissinger briefing to White House Staff, 19 July 1971 (Nixon Project, President’s Office Files, Memoranda for the President, Box 88, File Beginning 27 Feb. 1972, p. 10; Box 85, File Beginning 18 July 1971, p. 4); Judis, p. 338; Graham, p. 79). Echeverria: Anguiano interview, 23 Nov. 1992. Australian ambassador: FitzGerald interview, 22 Jan. 1993. Tanaka: Nikaido interview, 23 Feb. 1993. Trudeau: Trudeau, p. 209. “Napoleon’s methods”: Nouvel Observateur, 13 Sept. 1976, p. 24 (Mao, 12 Sept. 1973). Heath: Heath, p. 632; Heath interview, 5 Jan. 1993.
16 –576 Australian premier: Whitlam, p. 60. “philosopher”: Kissinger 1997, pp. 28, 31. “The only objective”: CWB nos. 14–15, p. 60 (Kim to Honecker, 31 May 1984). Mao on military alliance: Burr 1999a, pp. 112 (Kissinger memo to Nixon, 2 Mar. 1973), 94 (Mao, 18 Feb. 1973); Kissinger 1982, p. 47; Wang Taiping 1999, p. 367.
17 To be led by America: Kissinger 1982, p. 55. Real thinking about “Soviet threat”: Burr 1999a, p. 99 (Mao, 18 Feb. 1973). Mutual enemy: Hanoi: Kissinger 1982, p. 57. Mao re women: Burr 1999a, pp. 92–5.
18 –578 Nixon secret letter to Mao: Tyler, p. 158. Kissinger’s “very secret group”: Burr 1999a, p. 144 (Kissinger to envoy Huang Zhen, 6 July 1973). US nuclear weapons to China: Tyler, p. 163 (Odeen memo for Kissinger, 8 June 1973); Odeen to authors by phone, 16 Feb. 2003. To his close circle: Burr 1999a, p. 149. “I have talked to the French”: Burr 1999a,p. 144.
19 Burr 1999a, pp. 48–57.
20 Decrepit aircraft: Hoxha 1979, p. 700; AQSh, f. 14, 1972–73, d. 11, p. 32 (Chou to Balluku, 1 Dec. 1972); CCP Archive Study Office 1991, pp. 209–20. Rocket chiefs involved: Zhou 1997, vol. 3, p. 543. Selling nuclear technology: Tyler, p. 164. Brezhnev warned Nixon: Burr 1999a, p. 143. Mao envoy in Western White House: Tyler, p. 162; Yin Jiamin, pp. 295–8. “We have told no one”: Burr 1999a, p. 143 (Kissinger to Huang Zhen, 6 July 1973).
