“The little boy who had been taken”: Ibid.
“Clearly, the warnings I had been given”: Dr. Stella Chess, “Images in Psychiatry: Lauretta Bender, M.D.,” American Journal of Psychiatry (March 1995), 436. Also, “Remembering Lauretta Bender,” Annals of Dyslexia (1987), 1–9.
“we were extremely cautious”: Jeff Sigafoos, “Flashback to the 1960s: LSD in the Treatment of Autism,” Developmental Neurorehabilitation (January–March 2007), 75–81.
“became gay, happy, laughing frequently”: Lauretta Bender, “LSD and UML Treatment of Hospitalized Disturbed Children,” Recent Advances in Biological Psychology (1963), 84–92.
“beneficial results”: American Druggist (1962), 33.
“the preeminent woman psychiatrist”: Gwendolyn Stevens and Sheldon Garner, The Women of Psychology (1982).
“Their violent attacks and even lawsuits”: Thomas, “History of Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital,” 118–19.
“With appropriate checks and safeguards”: Gary Walters, “Electroconvulsive Therapy on Young People and the Pioneering Spirit of Lauretta Bender,” Acta Neuropsychiatrica (2010), 253–54.
“We consider it the treatment”: Interview with Dr. Dennis Popeo.
Chapter 16: Survival
“Just about everything”: Yale Enson and Mary Chamberlin, “Cournand and Richards at the Bellevue Cardiopulmonary Laboratory,” Columbia Magazine (Fall 2001).
“Might I ask that [we] be consulted”: Dean Lambert to Bellevue Board of Trustees, January 26, 1916, Dean’s Files: Affiliated Hospitals, Bellevue, Box 317, Health Services Library, Columbia University.
“At least six clinical studies”: “Plans for a Service for Chronic Lung Diseases at Bellevue Hospital,” May 6, 1933, in ibid.
“If you succeed”: André Cournand oral interview, in Allen Weisse, Heart to Heart (2002), 24–38.
“Richards introduced me”: Ibid.
“I was convinced”: Lawrence Altman, Who Goes First (1998), 41. Also, Werner Forssmann, Experiments on Myself (1974).
“extensive metastases”: Cournand oral interview, Heart to Heart.
“Well, he did it on other people”: Ibid.
“We had…a surgical resident on call”: Ibid.
“the technique”: Richards to Dean Willard Rappleye, Dean’s Files, April 17, 1947.
“One rubbed neurons”: Enson and Chamberlin, “Cournand and Richards at the Bellevue Cardiopulmonary Laboratory.”
“I don’t know if it has anything to do”: Cournand oral interview, Heart to Heart.
“Women always fared better”: Dr. Joseph Dancis interview; Dr. Donna O’Hare interview; both in Archives of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
“earned enough”: Joseph Dancis interview.
“Well, actually I had a little lesion”: Dr. Edwin Kendig interview, Archives of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
“the first effective antibiotic”: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1952, NobelPrize.org.
“came from low socioeconomic backgrounds”: Edith Lincoln, Tuberculosis in Children (1963), 1–5.
“Word soon spread”: Donna O’Hare interview.
“I feel obliged to complain”: Richards to William Van Glahn, Dean’s Files, June 20, 1947.
“We all wore masks”: Dr. Roberta Goldring interview.
“Dear Dick, I will tell you”: Dean Willard Rappleye to Richards, in ibid.
“I can win the Nobel Prize”: New York Times, February 9, 1957.
“just walk in and take a look”: New York Times, May 8, 1957.
“Ring Up For Down”: Gerald Lowenstein, The Midnight Meal (2005), 114.
“chicken/rule out tuna”: Interview with Dr. Loren Greene.
“If a patient needed privacy”: William Nolen, “Bellevue: No One Was Ever Turned Away,” American Heritage (February–March 1987).
“It seems to us a sorry reflection”: Richards et al. to William Jacobs, n.d., Dean’s Files, 1948–50.
“NOBEL WINNER SEES BELLEVUE”: New York Herald Tribune, May 8, 1957.
“For the sake of decency and pride”: New York World Telegram, May 8, 1957.
“Bellevue is more than a city hospital”: Sandra Opdycke, No One Was Turned Away (1999), 129.
“the current uproar”: Arthur and Barbara Gelb, “The Plus Side of Bellevue,” New York Times Magazine (June 2, 1957).
“Contrary to popular belief”: Salvatore Cutolo, Bellevue Is My Home (1956), 121, 128–29.
“referring their medical derelicts”: Richards to Dean Willard Rappleye, Dean’s Files, March 9, 1951.
“The Department of Hospitals”: Elizabeth Kramer, The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (1977), 55–56.
“Double billing and false time sheets”: Charles Morris, The Cost of Good Intentions (1980), 41.
“a few million dollars or so”: Kramer, The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation: Issues, Problems, and Prospects, 60.
“Just top of the list”: Randall Woods, LBJ: Architect of American Ambition (2006), 569.
“perhaps the biggest single governmental operation”: Ibid., 573.
“[We] cannot be restricted by decisions”: Ira Rutkow, Seeking the Cure (2010), 259.
“were whatever hospitals and physicians”: Woods, LBJ, 573.
“The chronic underfunding”: J. B. Mitchell, “Medicaid Mills: Fact and Fiction,” Health Care Financial Review (Summer 1980), 37–49.
“New York City launched a blitz”: Opdycke, No One Was Turned Away, 141.
“in a bad light”: Ibid., 138.
“was largely and traditionally populated”: Lewis Thomas, The Youngest Science (1983), 112.
“What better solution”: Harry Dowling, City Hospitals (1982), 185.
“The most important reason”: Lawrence Hutchison, The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation: Panacea or Placebo? (1970), 4.
“leather-lunged loner”: New York Times, January 22, 1967.
“not related to their illnesses”: Ibid.
“competent medical authority”: Ibid., January 13, 1967.
“Hire More Workers”: New York Times, June 6, 1971.
“FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD”: New York Daily News, October 30, 1975.
“I resolved that”: Joseph Blumenkranz, Bellevue Behemoth (1984), 193.
“The corridors are clean”: Gerald Weissmann, “Bellevue: Form Follows Function,” Hospital Practice (August 1981), 21.
“a spectacular building”: Thomas, The Youngest Science, 134–35.
“She resists improvements”: Opdycke, No One Was Turned Away, 168.
Chapter 17: AIDS
“We were floored”: Interview with Dr. Fred Valentine.
“I suddenly began to take sexual histories”: Ronald Bayor and Gerald Oppenheimer, AIDS Doctors: Voices from the Epidemic (2000), 53–54.
“Rare Cancers Seen in 41 Homosexuals”: New York Times, July 3, 1981.
“opportunistic infections”: CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 1981, 305–8.
“I once caught him coming out of a gay bathhouse”: Bayor and Oppenheimer, AIDS Doctors, 61.
“The variable most strongly associated”: Marmor, Friedman-Kien, and Lauberstein, et al., “Risk Factors for Kaposi’s Sarcoma in Homosexual Men,” The Lancet (May 1982), 1083–87.
“amyl nitrate”: Fred Valentine, “Surveillance Notes,” copy in author’s possession.
“Great was the reproach”: Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year (1722), 238.
“to face the danger”: American Medical Association, Code of Medical Ethics (1847).
“free to choose whom to serve”: AMA, Revised Code (1957).
“alternative arrangements for the care of the patient”: AMA, Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, Statement on AIDS (1986).
“private doctors won’t take people”: New York Times, April 23, 1990.
“In refusing to deal with such patients”: B. Friedman, “Health Profes sions, Codes, and the Right to Refuse HIV
Infectious Patients,” Hastings Center Report (April–May 1988), 20.
“It had no name”: Abigail Zuger, “AIDS on the Wards: A Residency in Medical Ethics,” Hastings Center Report (June 1987), 16.
“They’d say, ‘You’re going to get AIDS’ ”: Seymour Shubin, “Caring for AIDS Patients: The Stress Will Be on You,” Nursing (October 1989), 44.
“JUNKIE AIDS VICTIM WAS HOUSEKEEPER”: New York Post, June 14, 1983.
“In an instant, all I could feel”: New York Times, December 23, 1985.
“By the speed of the buzz”: Richard Ostreicher, “On Medical Residents,” Laubenstein, Tales of Linda (2013), 54.
“She took wonderful care of her patients”: Bayor and Oppenheimer, AIDS Doctors, 121.
“Someone suggested it might be because”: Laubenstein, Tales of Linda, 10.
“She’d better clip her damn nails”: Ibid., 33.
“the part of Dr. Emma Brookner”: Ibid., 10.
“Over and over [they] mentioned to me”: Zuger, “AIDS on the Wards,” 19.
“a substantial degree of concern”: Nathan Link, “Concerns of Medical and Pediatric House Officers About Acquiring AIDS from Their Patients,” American Journal of Public Health (April 1988), 455–59.
“There was a lot of talk going around”: Interview with Dr. David Goldfarb.
“I’ve never seen this before”: Newsday, September 15, 1985.
“The AIDS patient who never quite gets visited”: Zuger, “AIDS on the Wards,” 19.
“I mean this is a place”: Newsday, September 15, 1985.
“Every third admission seemed to be a patient”: New York Times, July 27, 2012.
“AIDS is so very complicated”: New York Times, December 23, 1985.
“One woman has rampant diabetes”: Michael Pillinger, “The Bellevue Experience,” NYU Physician (Spring 1985), 33.
“They all die on you”: New York Times, December 23, 1985.
“AIDS had saturated our training”: Danielle Ofri, “Pas De Deux,” in Lee Gutkind, ed., Becoming a Doctor (2010), 10. Also, “The Impact of AIDS on Medical Residency Training,” New England Journal of Medicine (1986), 177–80.
“Thank you for this very nice lecture”: Bayor and Oppenheimer, AIDS Doctors, 96.
“We know how involved and dedicated you are”: Ibid.
“Almost everything in San Francisco”: Interview with Dr. Robert Holzman.
“We came in about 47th out of 50”: New York Times, May 31, 1988.
“no AIDS crisis”: Charles Perrow and Mauro Guillen, The AIDS Disaster (1990), 35.
“single men without dependents”: New York Times, August 7, 1989.
“Over 60 percent of our [AIDS] patients are drug abusers”: R. Holzman et al., “Bellevue Hospital’s Administrative Response to the AIDS Epidemic,” copy in author’s possession.
“It wasn’t just a ‘better safe than sorry thing’ ”: Holzman interview.
“Imagine sombody completely miserable”: Source wished to remain anonymous.
“I can’t blame her”: Edward Ziegler and Lewis Goldfrank, Emergency Doctor (1987), 247.
“a nurse’s disease”: Shubin, “Caring for AIDS Patients,” 44.
“THE ONLY THING BETWEEN THIS PLACE”: New York Times, December 23, 1985.
“It’s different from other diseases”: New York Times, October 4, 1987.
“The situation could resolve itself”: Evans v. Bellevue, New York Law Journal, decision rendered July 28, 1987.
“He wanted to die with dignity”: New York Times, July 16, 17, 28, 1987.
“reasonable expectation of recovery”: Ibid., July 17, 1987.
“There is nothing more precious than human life”: Evans v. Bellevue. Also, Anthony Di Somma, “Evans v. Bellevue,” Library Law Journal: Issues in Law and Medicine (1988), 235–38.
“living will”: Governor’s Task Force on Life and Law, Life Sustaining Treatment: Making Decisions and Appointing a Health Care Agent (1987).
“Airway Team”: Interview with Dr. Nathan Thompson.
“This wasn’t cowboy medicine”: Source wishes to remain anonymous.
“Man of the Year”: Time (December 30, 1996).
“I have begun to believe”: Andrew Sullivan, “When Plagues End,” New York Times Magazine (November 10, 1996).
“all dying, some rapidly, most slowly”: “Saying Goodbye to Bellevue Virology,” Infection Disease Division Newsletter (2012), NYU Langone Medical Center, 1.
Chapter 18: Rock Bottom
“A GREAT HOSPITAL IN CRISIS”: New York Times, February 21, 1988.
“She was tough”: Ibid., January 23, 1989.
“thin needle biopsy”: Ibid., April 5, 1988.
“There ain’t nobody there”: Ibid., January 9, 1989; New York Daily News, January 9, 10, 1989.
“Ratman”: Newsday, February 6, 1989.
“He took great joy”: New York Times, January 10, 1989.
“Can I talk to you for a minute?” New York Times, January 13, 1989; Walt Bogdanich, The Great White Lie (1991), 12–30.
“On a typical day in 1989”: New York Daily News, January 27, 1989.
“The Beast of Bellevue”: Bogdanich, The Great White Lie, 20.
“at least three reports”: Johnson v. New York City HHC (June 1998).
“hopeless paralytic”: New York Times, May 28, 1919.
“taking a banana”: Dr. Alexander Thomas, “History of Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital” (1982), unpublished manuscript in author’s possession. Thomas was the longtime chief of psychiatry at NYU Medical School.
William Morales: For information on the Morales case, see Bryan Burrough, Days of Rage (2015), 471–75; New York Times, September 16, 1984; Susan Reverby, “Enemy of the People,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine (2014), 403–30.
“She was so loved”: Newsday, February 9, 1989.
“We thought he was faking”: New York Times, October 31, 1989.
“not require a hospital security system to be flawless”: People v. Smith (N.P. App. Div. 1994); Johnson v. New York City HHC.
“toy cops”: New York Times, March 27, 1989.
“Bellevue security sucks”: Bogdanich, The Great White Lie, 20.
“Clusters of men”: New York Times, February 3, 1971.
“cold weather alert”: Ibid., September 14, October 30, 1987, April 11, 1988.
“With our traditional sensitivity”: Thomas, “History of Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital”; H. Richard Lamb, A Report on the Task Force of the Homeless Mentally Ill (1992).
“after some cajoling”: Jennifer Toth, Mole People, 56–57.
“These people”: Ibid., 155.
“Noises arise in the darkness”: New York Times, January 12, 1992.
“Wintertime was the worst”: Danielle Ofri, “Pas de Deux,” in Lee Gutkind, Becoming a Doctor (2010), 10.
“An acrid smell of cheese”: Michael Pillinger, “The Bellevue Experience,” NYU Physician (Spring 1985), 34.
“scabrous and pocked”: Ibid.
Social work studies in Philip Weiss, “The Story of Bellevue Hospital and Bellevue Social Workers” (2005), unpublished manuscript in author’s possession.
“[We’ve] changed from a receiving hospital”: Thomas, “History of Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital.”
“I hate to put it this way”: New York Times, September 20, 1983.
“the choo-choo train of drunks”: “Bellevue’s Emergency,” New York Times Sunday Magazine, February 11, 1996.
“We treat all the problems of society”: New York Times, November 24, 1992.
“Our security stinks”: Newsday, February 26, 1989.
“The risk of working in a place”: Ibid., February 6, 1989. Also, New York Times, January 13, 1989.
“an unshaven derelict”: Gerald Weissmann, Darwin’s Audubon (2001), 265.
Chapter 19: Sandy
“It’s hard for me to believe”: “The Bellevue Murder: Could It Happen in Your Hospital?” Hospital Security and Safety Managemen
t (May 1989).
“large numbers of homeless”: Ibid.
“We work hard”: Newsday, March 6, 1989.
“the flagship of public hospital care”: “Privatizing HHC,” City Journal (Spring 1993).
“[We’re] a big institution”: New York Times, March 7, 1995.
“I can’t tell you now with a straight face”: Ibid.
“little to do with the needs”: Ibid.
“who are sicker, more difficult to manage”: United Hospital Fund, The State of New York City’s Municipal Hospital System (1989).
“We’ve had more Bellevue heads”: New York Amsterdam News, June 21, 1997.
“I will only run a hospital”: New York Times, May 31, 1988.
“I don’t need to subject myself”: Ibid., December 6, 1988. Also, Walt Bogdanich, The Great White Lie (1991), 15.
“the city should remain”: Jeremiah Barondess, “Municipal Hospitals in New York City—A Review of the Report of the Commission to Review the Health and Hospitals Corporation,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine (Summer 1993), 15.
“a nice thing, a good thing”: Sandra Opdycke, No One Was Turned Away (1999), 184.
“This is war zone medicine”: New York Times, November 4, 1990.
“She was in a state of profound shock”: Salvatore Cutolo, Bellevue Is My Home (1955), 123. Also, New York Daily News, July 25, 1945.
“put back together”: Cutolo, Bellevue Is My Home, 125.
“Oxygen tanks were piled”: Katherine Finkelstein, “Bellevue’s Emergency,” New York Times Sunday Magazine, February 11, 1996.
“It’s gonna be a big one”: Los Angeles Times, September 5, 2011.
“the hospital shifted gears”: Ibid.
“The second tower falls”: Mack Lipkin, “Medical Ground Zero,” Annals of Internal Medicine (May 2002), 704–7.
“I’ve been thinking about something like this”: New York Times, September 18, 2001; Boston Globe, September 14, 2001.
“Thousands of medical workers”: Los Angeles Times, September 5, 2011.
“The center zone is death on impact”: Ibid.
“Police cars barreled up”: Tony Dejer, “Lessons Learned: New York Downtown Hospital and 9/11,” Health Leaders Magazine (October 5, 2006).
“We took heads, arms, legs”: Marilyn Larkin, “New York Physicians Respond to the Terror, Tragedy, and Trauma,” The Lancet (September 22, 2001), 940.
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