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Acknowledgments
Like most books, this one could not have been written without the input of many people besides the author. I probably would never have thought of writing a book like this if I had not spent so long in the open-minded atmosphere of Stanford University’s School of Humanities and Sciences, where no one worries too much about traditional academic boundaries. I would like to thank Steve Haber, Ian Hodder, Adrienne Mayor, Josh Ober, Richard Saller, Walter Scheidel, and particularly Kathy St. John for their support, conversation, encouragement, and patience over the years.
Jared Diamond, Constantin Fasolt, Niall Ferguson, Jack Goldstone, John Haldon, Ian Hodder, Agnes Hsu, Mark Lewis, Barnaby Marsh, Neil Roberts, and Richard Saller all read parts of the book while I was writing it, and Eric Chinski, Daniel Crewe, Al Dien, Dora Dien, Martin Lewis, Adrienne Mayor, Josh Ober, Michael Puett, Jim Robinson, Kathy St. John, and Walter Scheidel read the entire manuscript. I am enormously grateful for their comments and advice, and apologetic for the places where I failed to understand it or was too stubborn to take it.
Bob Bellah, Francesca Bray, Mark Elvin, Ian Hodder, Richard Klein, Mark Lewis, Li Liu, Tom McClellan, Douglass North, Walter Scheidel, Nathan Sivin, Adam Smith, Richard Strassberg, Donald Wagner, Barry Weingast, and Zhang Xuelian allowed me to read unpublished or recently published writings, and, in addition to everyone I have already mentioned, conversations with Chip Blacker, David Christian, Paul David, Lance Davis, Paul Ehrlich, Peter Garnsey, David Graff, David Kennedy, Kristian Kristiansen, David Laitin, Geoffrey Lloyd, Steve Mithen, Colin Renfrew, Marshall Sahlins, Jim Sheehan, Steve Shennan, Peter Temin, Lothar von Falkenhausen, Chris Wickham, Bin Wong, Gavin Wright, Victor Xiong, Xiaoneng Yang, Dingxin Zhao, and Yiqun Zhou helped me think through various ideas in the book. Participants in the “Ancient Mediterranean and Chinese Empires” and “First Great Divergence” conferences at Stanford and at talks in Abu Dhabi, Anaheim, Athens (Greece), Austin, Big Sky (Montana), Cambridge (MA and UK), Los Angeles, Medford, Montreal, New Haven, Seattle, Stanford, and Victoria (British Columbia) also listened to parts of the argument and made very helpful suggestions.
Stanford’s School of Humanities and Sciences provided financial support that made it possible for me to see the book through. I would like to thank Michele Angel for drawing the final versions of the maps and graphs and Pat Powell for securing permissions to reproduce pictures and texts previously published elsewhere.
Last but certainly not least, the book would never have been written without the encouragement of Sandy Dijkstra and the team at the Sandra Dijkstra Literary Agency; my editors, Eric Chinski at Farrar, Straus and Giroux and Daniel Crewe at Profile Books; and Eugenie Cha at FSG.
Index
Abelard, Peter, 370–71
Abraham, 351
Abu Hureyra (Syria), 90–91, 94, 97, 104, 122
Achaemenids, 249
Acheulean hand axes, 47–50
Act of Union (Britain, 1707), 472n
Adam, African, 71
Adams, Thomas, 618
Adrianople, battle of, 313
Aeneas, 241, 244
Afghanistan, 249, 271, 604
Soviet invasion of, 548
African-Americans, 71
Agassiz, Louis, 91
agriculture, see farming
Ahhiyawa, 197–98, 218
Ahuramazda, 249, 269
Ai, Marquis, 233
AIDS, 536, 603
‘Ain Ghazal (Jordan), 100, 102, 124
‘Ain Mallaha (Israel), 86, 88, 91, 94, 96, 100
Ainu, 450
Akaiwasha people, 218
Akhenaten, Pharaoh, 261–62
Akkadian Empire (Mesopotamia), 189, 192–94, 209
Albert, Prince, 6, 9–11, 14, 18, 19, 32, 36
Alberti, Leon Battista, 419, 420n
Aleutian Islands, 421
Alexander of Macedon (the Great), 186–87, 268–71, 275, 292
Alexandria (Egypt), 352
Allen, Paul, 542
‘Ali, 357, 358, 361, 444
al-Qaeda, 605
Altamira (Spain), 73–75, 74, 79–80
Alvarez Cabral, Pedro, 430
Amarna (Egypt), 197, 215
America, 160, 428, 482, 486, 519–20, 564
diseases in, 295
European colonization of, 19, 460, 462–67
farming in, 117–18
Ice Age in, 64, 65, 68, 75, 81, 91
native peoples of, 19, 109, 119, 430, 450, 464, 522
oil in, 511
prehistoric, 80, 84–85
Vikings in, 371, 421; see also United States
American Journal of Human Genetics, 111
American Revolution, 260, 488, 490
Amorites, 191, 192, 194, 209, 353
Analects (Confucius), 256
Anatolia, 197, 199, 200, 225, 233n, 250, 311, 352, 366, 372, 401, 444
Anban (China), 125, 126
ancestor cults, 102, 231
Andun, King, 273
Anglo-Saxons, 346
Angola, 535
An Lushan, 355, 356, 375, 424
anti-Semitism, 514
Antonina, 345, 346
Antony, 283, 284
Anyang (China), 212–15, 220–22, 229
Apocalypse Now! (film), 520n
Apollo 11, 182
Apollo 11 Cave (Namibia), 77
Apple computers, 542
Aquinas, Thomas, 371
Arabia, 16, 67, 275, 349
Arabs, 349–52, 360, 362, 370, 377, 427, 566
in China, 342, 407n, 478
lands conquered by, 33n, 350, 352–54, 356–57, 365, 367, 445, 563–64
modern, 535, 548
technologies of, 395–96
Arameans, 218, 220
Archaeology (magazine), 125
Arctic Dryas, 92
Argentina, 464
Arikamedu (India), 274, 2
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