Delaware River, 11, 63, 102, 162, 285
democracy, perceived excesses of, 70–72, 74, 77–80, 88, 114
Dickinson, John, 63, 68, 162, 254; as delegate to Constitutional Convention, 88, 119, 142; positions at Constitutional Convention of, 123–34, 128–31, 145, 165
Dutch, 67
East River, 286
economic development, limits to, 61, 74–76
electors, presidential, 164–65, 170, 236, 247–48; choice of, 247–53, 271–75; counting votes of, 265, 282; voting by, 265, 276–78
Elizabethtown (New Jersey), 286
Elk River, 178
Ellis, Joseph, 293
Ellsworth, Oliver, 132, 150, 158
enumerated powers, 131–32
Episcopal Church, 44, 69, 107, 117, 264, 268, 288, 295
Epple’s Tavern, 153
Erie Canal, 52, 61
Europe, xiv, 6–7, 50
Evening Herald, 136
executive power, 81, 142–47, 178, 202; proposals for stronger, 65, 91–94, 106, 115, 247–48; unitary, 143–45, 175, 202, 318n26. See also presidency, U.S.
Fabius Maximus, Washington as, 104, 274–75
faction, 114; perceived danger from, 69, 87, 94–95, 301; rise of, 171, 298–302
Federal Gazette, 272, 276
Federal Hall, 281, 288, 291–94
federalists, 94, 171; and first federal election, 224–47, 250–65, 272–75; as formal political party, 300–2; and ratification, 191–94, 210–11, 221–23, 226, 228. See also nationalism
Federalist (ship), 218
Federalist, The (essays), 207, 219, 227–28, 263
Ferling, John, 37
Finkelman, Paul, 159
fireworks, 26, 153, 284, 295
Fisher, David Hackett, xiii
Fitzsimons, Thomas, 117–18, 187, 190, 194
Fleming, Thomas, 6
Flexner, James Thomas, xii, xiii, 79, 224
Fort Necessity, 41
Fort Pitt, 24, 46
France, 27, 41, 51, 67, 69, 92, 117–18, 140, 204–5; relations with America, 297, 300–2; during Revolutionary War, 8, 12, 108, 118, 153, 281
Franklin, Benjamin: on constitutional reform, 108–9, 188; as delegate to Constitutional Convention, 87, 121; influence of, 105–6, 180, 218, 330n89; observations of, 75, 122, 126, 140, 142–45, 174; as president of Pennsylvania, 34, 70, 107, 119, 187; during Revolutionary War, 12, 153–54; and slavery, 103; and Washington, 60, 70, 95, 108–9, 172, 195
Fraunces, Samuel, 27, 290, 353n95
Fraunces Tavern, 27–28, 290
Freeman, Douglas Southall, xii
French and Indian War, 11, 39–42, 44, 46, 51
frontier, western: settlers of, 40–45, 48, 52–55; Washington’s view of, 39–55, 298–99
Fugitive Slave Clause, 159–60
Gates, Horatio, 6, 12, 14, 30
Gazette of the United States, 281, 291
George III, King of England, 6, 136, 143, 246, 278
Georgetown (Maryland), 40, 283
Georgia, 12, 102; at Constitutional Convention, 121, 123, 130, 159–60, 176; first federal election in, 250, 256, 260–61, 273–74, 277; ratification of Constitution by, 195–97, 201
Germantown, Battle of, 12, 28
Gerry, Elbridge, 171, 212, 245; at Constitutional Convention, 123–24, 127–29, 142–44, 152–58, 238; opposes Constitution, 175–76, 202–3, 227
Giles (slave), 101, 269
Gorham, Nathaniel, 125, 132, 182–83, 212–13
Grand Committee, 152, 155–57
Grayson, William, 220–24, 258
Gray’s Ferry, 107, 177
Great Barrington (Massachusetts), 79
Great Falls of the Potomac, 40, 57
Great Kanawha River, 46–47, 53, 55
Great Lakes, 21, 47–48
Great Meadows, 41
Greene, Nathanael, 12, 24
Gulf of Mexico, 52
Hamilton, Alexander, 18–19, 161, 230, 309n33; in Congress, 13–18, 23; correspondence with Washington of, 17–20, 185, 243–45, 275; as delegate to Constitutional Convention, 88, 90, 121, 151; and first federal election, 251–56, 260; as nationalist, 63–65, 109, 131–32, 297–301; policies at Constitutional Convention of, 151, 161, 169, 175–76; on ratification, 180, 191, 207, 226–30; as Treasury Secretary, 297–300; as Washington’s aide, 19, 28, 31, 252–54, 293
Hamlet, 84
Hancock, John: as governor, 35, 81–83, 245; and ratification, 180, 202, 212–14; and vice presidency, 253, 255
Harrison, Benjamin, V, 36, 55, 57, 219, 243–45
Hartford Wits, 269
Harvard College, 151, 253
Harve de Grace (Maryland), 101
Hazard, Ebenezer, 229
Henry, Patrick: and Constitutional Convention, 85, 106, 135; and first federal election, 238–39, 247, 250–53, 258–64, 272–75, 345n100, 348n14; on ratification, 185–87, 197, 202–4, 219–24, 227, 336n75, 337n81
Hessian soldiers, 20, 285
Heyward, Thomas, 274
Hirschfeld, Fritz, 160
Holton, Woody, 80
House, Mary, 108, 144
House of Burgesses, 182, 208
House of Lords, 131, 140, 161
House of Representatives, U.S., 140, 155–59, 176, 300; first federal, 247, 257–65, 278, 280, 282–88, 291–92
Hudson River, 28, 286–87
Hudson valley, 9, 12, 19, 26, 67, 102
Humphreys, David, 3, 30, 107, 267–71, 282–83, 290–91, 295; correspondence with Washington of, 80, 83, 88–92, 181, 184, 191, 205
imposts, 13, 16, 19, 72, 202–3
Independence Day, 152–55, 230
Independent Gazetteer, 154, 191–92
Indian Queen, 144
inflation, 74–78
interstate commerce, 62–65, 106, 132, 137, 300
Irish, 102, 106, 117
Irving, Washington, 292
Izard, Ralph, 292
Jackson, William, 120, 181
James River, 54–55, 58
Jay, John, 67–68, 117, 161, 253, 301; correspondence with Washington of, 69–72, 76, 78, 87–94, 112, 127, 215, 229–30, 235, 243; as Foreign Secretary, 64, 68–69, 206; as nationalist, 69, 90, 226; on ratification, 207, 227–29
Jefferson, Thomas, 4–7, 26, 30, 198, 224, 261; correspondence with Washington of, 33, 37–38, 51–52, 56, 197, 204, 291, 231; on government, 68, 114, 137, 289; as Secretary of State, 297–300; as vice presidency, 302
Johnson, Thomas, 51, 217
Johnson, William Samuel, 169, 182, 186
judiciary, national, 94, 106, 130, 202, 291, 298–99, 322n90
Kentucky, 223–24, 300
King, Rufus, 112, 126, 129, 160, 164, 169, 174, 182–83, 186, 212–14
King’s College, 18, 67
Knox, Henry, 107, 254; correspondence with Washington of, 34, 47, 82, 88–96, 112, 159, 184–85, 231, 243, 255, 259–60, 275–76, 280; as Secretary of War, 81, 253, 286, 298
Lacour, Peter, 292
Lafayette, Marquis de, 106–7, 118; letters from Washington to, 8, 24, 35, 38, 84, 133, 177–79, 197–98, 232–33, 245–46, 265, 271, 276; letters to Washington from, 205, 240
Langdon, John, 176, 215–16
Lansing, John, Jr., 90, 129, 135–36, 173, 186
Laurens, Henry, 274
Lear, Tobias, 269, 281, 290–91, 295, 302
Lee, Arthur, 115–16, 253
Lee, Charles, 203–4
Lee, Henry, III, 81, 83, 203–4, 220–23, 303
Lee, Richard Henry, 113, 220, 253–54; correspondence with Washington of, 49, 51; on ratification, 182–87, 196–97, 202–6, 227; as senator, 258, 281–82, 292
Lee, William, 101, 351n58
Le Moyer, Jean Pierre, 92
L’Enfant, Peter Charles, 281, 350n52
Lexington, Battle of, 11, 71
Lincoln, Benjamin, 82–83, 209–13, 238–45, 255–57, 274, 277
Little Falls of the Potomac, 40, 51
Livingston, Robert R., 231, 240,
288, 291–95
London (England), 8, 108, 110
Long Island, Battle of, 11
Loyalists, 18, 26, 27, 68, 80, 96, 139
Lutheran, 264
Lynchburg (Virginia), 54
Maclay, William, 257, 287–88
Madison, James, 26, 51, 81, 137, 102; on amendments to Constitution, 186, 263, 294, 299; at Annapolis Convention, 62–65; in Congress, 5, 23, 30, 182–83, 259, 263; Constitutional Convention notes of, 123–24, 137, 142, 177, 299; as delegate to Constitutional Convention, 85, 108–12, 121, 178; in first federal election, 251, 256–59, 262–65; in House of Representatives, 288, 299; letters from Washington to, xii, 58, 86, 93, 172, 184–85, 196, 107–9, 236–39; letters to Washington from, 83–86, 93–95, 184–85, 197, 206–8, 212–14, 223–24, 236–37, 240, 243, 245, 255, 262, 277, 281–82; on paper money, 76–78; political theories of, 93–95, 114–15, 247; positions at Constitutional Convention of, 103–33, 146–47, 152, 156–60, 165, 247–48; role in Washington administration of, 267–71, 289–90, 297–98, 353n95
Maine, 212, 334n31
Maier, Pauline, vi, 184, 227
Manchester (England), 50
Martin, Luther, 129–30, 161, 186, 202, 260
Marshall, John, 220
Maryland, 3, 7, 51–65, 75–77, 116–17; delegates to Constitutional Convention from, 101, 110, 119, 129; first federal election in, 250–52, 260, 272–73; positions at Constitutional Convention of, 147, 150, 161; ratification of Constitution by, 186, 215–17; Washington in, 28, 40, 101, 283–84
Maryland Chronicle, 105
Maryland Journal, 264
Maryland Gazette, 272
Mason, George: on Bill of Rights, 171, 186, 222, 259; as delegate to Constitutional Convention, 85, 112–22, 156, 160, 165, 238; on Constitution, 172–76, 179, 182, 185–91, 197, 202–6, 220–24, 227; on presidency, 144, 175
Mason, George, Jr., 113–17
Massachusetts, 116–17, 245; debtor insurrection in, 78–84, 124; delegates to Constitutional Convention from, 90, 121, 125; first federal election in, 250, 259–60, 274, 342n65; state constitution of, 143, 164, 257; ratification of Constitution by, 180, 187, 205–15, 222, 235, 298
Massachusetts Centinel, 180, 210, 275–76
Massachusetts Gazette, 212
McClurg, James, 178
McHenry, James, 7, 30, 101, 208, 217, 243
McKean, Thomas, 46
Meredith, Samuel, 172
Mifflin, Thomas, 4–6, 30, 87, 107, 187, 284
Miles, Samuel, 107
militias, state, 9, 20–21, 79–81, 94
Miller’s Run (Pennsylvania), 43–47
Mississippi River, 21, 47–49, 51, 63–64, 68, 223, 301
monarchism, 68–69, 76, 114–15, 131, 136, 143–46, 163, 174, 193–94
Monmouth, Battle of, 12, 28
Monroe, James, 5, 30, 78, 220–25, 262–64
Morris, Gouverneur: as Assistant Superintendent of Finance, 13–14, 17, 115; as delegate to Constitutional Convention, 87, 121; positions at Constitutional Convention of, 127–28, 146, 151–52, 156–60, 164–70, 175–76; on ratification, 180–81, 190–91; and Washington, 109–11, 161–62, 177, 180–81, 195, 240, 244–47
Morris, Mary, 126, 138–39
Morris, Robert, 56, 254; as delegate to Constitutional Convention, 87, 119–21, 151; and Pennsylvania politics, 114–15, 194, 257; as Superintendent of Finance, 13–14, 17, 287–88; and Washington, 29, 102, 108, 125, 162, 173, 177, 196, 285
Morton, Eliza, 292–93
Mount Vernon, 50, 102–4, 160, 148–49, 237, 273, 299; images of, 65, 234; meetings at, 62, 93; Washington at, 30–38, 55, 92, 96–97, 177–79, 184–85, 190–91, 203–25, 235–36, 240–41, 248–49, 261–62, 266–69, 274–83, 301–3; Washington’s view of, xi–xv, 6–8, 35, 116
Mount Vernon Compact, 62–65
Moustier, Comte de, 261
nationalism: at Annapolis Convention, 64–65; in Confederation Congress, 13–15, 17–19, 72; and Constitutional Convention, 69, 78, 88–92, 105–6, 226, 124–33, 149–52, 167–70, 325n14; and Washington, 62, 124–28, 270–71, 283–95. See also Washington, George, as nationalist
“necessary and proper” clause, 132, 169, 175, 202, 300
New Brunswick (New Jersey), 29, 286
Newburgh (New York), 9, 23–24, 92
Newburgh conspiracy, 9, 12–20, 28, 122
New England, 11, 22, 83, 88, 102–3, 113, 126, 197, 239, 254, 289, 298. See also specific states
New Hampshire, 75, 106; delegates to Constitutional Convention from, 129, 176; first federal election in, 250, 259, 274, 342n65; ratification of Constitution by, 215–17, 224–25, 229, 236, 257
New Hampshire Gazette, 105
New Jersey, 11, 153–54; at Constitutional Convention of, 147, 150, 161; first federal election in, 250, 273–74; politics in, 68, 75, 78, 80, 103; ratification of Constitution by, 185, 191, 195–97; as small state, 124; Washington in, 28–29, 162, 285–86
New Jersey Journal, 196
New Jersey Plan, 131–32
newspapers: partisan, 191–92, 205, 300–1; predictions of electoral vote count in, 275–77; ratification discussed in, 179–81, 184, 187, 190–94, 205–6, 210; reports in, 15–16, 22, 136, 276–77, 283–88, 293; Washington hailed in, 86, 104–8, 154, 178, 193, 217–18, 272, 291, 302–3. See also specific newspapers
New York, 7, 52, 63, 71, 80, 83, 275; delegates to Constitutional Convention from, 88, 90, 112, 135, 173; first federal election in, 239, 249–53, 260–61, 265; politics in, 18–19, 67–69, 75, 103, 117, 143, 226–28, 245–53; ratification of Constitution by, 184–85, 187, 197–98, 201–3, 206, 209, 215–17, 225–32, 235, 238; during Revolutionary War, 11–17, 22–28; state legislative election in, 90, 94–109, 116, 124–25, 132, 164, 185, 201; votes at Constitutional Convention of, 129, 147, 149–51, 161; Washington in, 11–28, 286–95
New York City, 67, 103, 117, 161; British evacuation of, 9, 20, 22–27; and Constitution, 185, 230; occupation of, 8–9, 11, 25–27, 226, 294; as seat of government, 181, 236–37, 280–83, 291–95
New-York Daily Gazette, 288
Nichols, George, 220
Norfolk (Virginia), 242
North Carolina, 77: and Constitutional Convention, 110, 119, 159–60; ratification of Constitution by, 202, 215, 232, 249, 278, 300
Northampton (Massachusetts), 79
Northwest Ordinance of 1785, 49
Northwest Territory, 21, 46–51
Notes of the Federal Convention, 177
officers, American army, 10–17, 21, 27, 153, 162, 277; pensions for, 10, 16, 25, 81. See also Cincinnatus, Society of
O’Flynn, Patrick, 107
Ohio country, 46–51, 299, 301
Ohio River, 21, 46–57, 197, 279
paper money: congressional issuance of, 74, 95, 114; state issuance of, 72–82, 95, 113, 124, 171
Paris (France), 8, 12, 77–78, 137–40, 204–5, 278, 297
Paris (slave), 101
Parliament, British, 8, 114–15, 131, 292
Patterson, William, 124, 129, 149–52, 158, 167
Peale, Angelica, 284
Peale, Charles Willson, 134, 154–55, 284
Pendleton, Edmund, 220
Pennsylvania, 11–12, 63; delegates to Constitutional Convention from, 87, 109–12; first federal election in, 239, 250, 257–58, 272–73; politics in, 70, 74–77, 108, 114–17, 143, 174, 185–95, 329n80, 330n83; positions at Constitutional Convention of, 112–13, 130, 247; ratification of Constitution by, 179, 187–95, 201, 209–10; State House, 100, 108–10, 116, 155, 187; Washington in, 28–29, 36–46, 161–62, 284–85
Pennsylvania Gazette, 179, 190
Pennsylvania Herald, 86–87, 107
Pennsylvania Packet, 79, 190
Peter (slave), 269
Petersham (Massachusetts), 82
Philadelphia, 11–13, 16, 56, 103, 273, 277; as seat of government, 3, 23, 237, 303; as site for Constitutional Convention, 65, 84–85, 90, 96–97, 101, 119, 121, 151, 161; as site for
ratifying convention, 190–91, 195; social life in, 115–16, 126, 137–40, 144–45, 152–55; Washington in, 29, 104–9, 126, 137–40, 147–49, 153–55, 172–77, 235, 284–85
Pierce, William, 121, 123
Pine, Robert Edge, 172
Pinckney, Charles, 217; at Constitutional Convention, 119, 127, 146; on slavery, 103, 157–59
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 185, 217, 275; at Constitutional Convention, 122, 127; on slavery, 103
Pointer, George, 60
political parties, 188, 227–28, 300–1. See also antifederalists; faction; federalists; Republican Party
Polish, 118, 141
pope, 137, 141, 248
Potomac Company, 59–61, 279
Potomac River, 40, 54–57, 218, 237, 283; navigation of, xiii, 50–61, 237, 279; Washington’s view of, xi, 21, 36
Poughkeepsie (New York), 26, 68, 228, 230
Powel, Elizabeth and Samuel, 138–40, 154, 162, 172, 195
Presbyterian, 117
presidency, U.S., 302; conception of, 140–47, 162–65, 170, 193–94, 245, 319n36; impeachment process for, 146; regal title for, 287–88, 352n89; selection process for, 142, 146–47, 161, 163–65, 247–50, 323n99; as unifying institution, 283–95, 302; veto power for, 146
Preston’s Tavern, 154
Princeton (New Jersey), 23, 285
Princeton, Battle of, 11
Proclamation of 1763, 47
Progressive Seating, 48
property rights, 44, 69, 76–78, 81–84, 95, 171, 201
proportional representation, 112, 149–52
Provoost, Samuel, 295
Publius, 207
Pulaski, Casimir, 118
quasi-war, 302
Rakove, Jack, 140–41
Randolph, Edmund: as Constitutional Convention delegate, 85–86, 108–11, 238; correspondence with Washington of, 85–86, 95; opposes Constitution, 173–76, 179, 197, 202; positions at Constitutional Convention of, 93, 124–27, 132–33, 144, 158–60, 163; supports Constitution, 185, 219–22, 298; as Virginia governor, 63, 93, 258
Ratification, of Constitution, 170–71, 177, 179–232, 297. See also individual states
Read, George, 119, 121, 129
Reformed Calvinist Church, 153
religion, 95, 116–18, 263–64
Republican Party, 300–2
requisitions, 72–73, 81
Revolutionary War, 10–12, 35, 68–72, 80, 298; Washington’s role in, xii, 3, 7, 9–17, 285, 294
The Return of George Washington Page 41
