51
Hall, p.513.
52
An alb was an ecclesiastical vestment, a long-sleeved linen tunic worn over a cassock but beneath a chasuble or cope by a priest or bishop.
53
A tippet was a short shoulder cape.
54
Hall, pp.513 – 14.
55
Among the knights chosen the next day was Sir Henry Marney.
56
Singer, p.79. The grounds of the house – an orchard and twelve separate pleasure gardens – stretched down to the Thames. The site is occupied today by Salisbury Square and Dorset Street.
57
In February, Sir Andrew Windsor, Keeper of the Great Wardrobe, was authorised to deliver ‘for the use of our nursery, God willing’ crimson cloth of gold to cover the baby’s cradle, and to provide ‘pillows, sheets, [counter]panes, swaddling bands, including beds for mistress nurse and the two rockers’ and hangings for the chamber of the Lady Mistress of the Nursery – probably Elizabeth Denton again, considering her recent preferments (LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.178). The following month, payment was made for red say (a fine twill cloth) to cover the steps of a font, and six ells (seven and a half yards or 6.86 m) of linen for ‘aprons and napkins for four gentlemen and the sergeant of our vestry, according to the old use and custom’ of a christening (LP Henry VIII, ibid., p.184).
58
In mid-February, the Venetian ambassador reported Henry’s thanks for the Signory’s congratulations on the queen’s pregnancy (LP Henry VIII, ibid., p.167).
59
Also known as St Peter of Verona (1206 – 52), a thirteenth-century preacher in Lombardy, Italy. He was canonised by Pope Innocent IV 337 days after his martyrdom, the quickest recorded progression to sainthood. Before the new calendar of saints was introduced in the twentieth century, his feast day was 29 April, which may suggest that this was the date that Katherine was in labour.
60
She was listed as a member of Katherine’s household in 1500 (see CSP Spain, vol. 1, p.246) and wanted to become a nun of the Franciscan Order.
61
The nunnery, founded in 1293, had become impoverished. In 1515, twenty-seven of the nuns died from plague (‘Greyfriars Chronicle’, p.29), probably leaving only eight alive, and shortly afterwards the nunnery was destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt in the 1520s but dissolved less than twenty years later.
62
Queen Katherine to Ferdinand; Greenwich Palace, 27 May 1510 (CSP Spain, vol. 2, p.38; LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.285).
63
Caroz to Ferdinand; London, 29 May 1510 (CSP Spain, vol. 2, p.44).
64
CSP Spain, Supplement to vols. 1 and 2, pp.42 – 4.
65
Ibid.
66
Loades, p.22.
67
They were married in December 1509. Henry gave an offering of 6s 8d at the wedding. It was Anne’s second marriage; she had wed Sir Walter Herbert in March 1503 but he died in September 1507 and there were no children.
68
Emphasis mine. Caroz’s words have a flavour almost of the hunting field.
69
His creation as Earl of Wiltshire is described in BL Harley MS 6,074, f.54.
70
Anne and George Hastings clearly kissed and made up: they went on to have eight children.
71
Hart, p.25.
72
CSP Spain, Supplement to vols. 1 and 2, pp.42 – 4. As we have seen, the confessor and Caroz did not get on. In December 1514, the confessor was urging Katherine to ‘forget Spain and everything Spanish in order to gain the love of the King of England and of the people’, which would not have endeared him to a Spanish ambassador (CSP Spain, vol. 2, p.248; Caroz to Friar Juan de Eztuniga, Provincial of Aragon).
73
Signed on 23 March 1510. For its content, see LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp.33ff.
74
It was signed on 17 November 1510.
75
Caroz to Ferdinand; London, 29 May 1510 (CSP Spain, vol. 2, pp.39 – 40).
76
Caroz to Ferdinand; London, 29 May 1510 (CSP Spain, vol. 2, p.44).
77
Hall, p.515.
78
Ibid., pp.515 – 16.
79
Brodie, pp.150 – 1.
80
Harrison, pp.86 – 92.
81
Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, appendix 2, vol. 3, London, 1852, p.227. His will, which was never proved, is printed in LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp.326 – 7. By his second marriage to Elizabeth – sister and eventually heir of John Grey, Fourth Viscount Lisle – contracted some time in 1501 – 4, Dudley had three sons. John, the eldest, inherited his maternal grandfather’s title in 1542 and rose to become Duke of Northumberland, a power in the government of Henry VIII’s son Edward VI, and was executed on Tower Hill on 22 August 1553. John Dudley was the father of the Elizabethan grandees Robert, Earl of Leicester, and Ambrose, Earl of Warwick. See Gunn, ‘Edmund Dudley’, p.68 and David Loades, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, London, 1996, p.269.
82
Henry paid £17 16s to hire horses to take Empson to Northampton in October 1509 (LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.1,444).
83
From the Old French legal term meaning ‘to hear and determine’.
84
Chrimes, pp.315 – 16.
85
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.106.
86
Ibid., p.133.
87
BL Cotton MS Galba B III, f.3.
88
TNA SP 1/3/75.
89
BL Cotton MS Galba B III, f.4. Spinelly wanted cash to purchase the sequestered Scottish cannon and Henry VIII promised him £500 to buy them. See Anglo, Great Tournament Roll, vol. 1, introduction, p.12, fn.
90
The Gentlemen of the King’s Chapel were paid £6 13s 4d for praying ‘for the queen’s good deliverance’.
91
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.670.
92
BL Add. MS 6,113, f.79v.
93
The Prior of Christchurch, Canterbury, was paid £4 for his servants carrying the font to and from Richmond.
94
Anglo, Great Tournament Roll, vol. 1, introduction, p.51; Ellis, 2nd ser., vol. 1, pp.180 – 3.
95
TNA E 36/217, f.41.
96
Thomas & Thornley, p.369.
97
Ibid., p.370.
98
Anglo, Great Tournament Roll, vol. 1, introduction, pp.54 – 5; BL Harley Charters 83 H.1; Harley MS 6,079, f.36v.
99
Hall, p.519 ; TNA E 36/217, f.68; Thomas & Thornley, p.374.
100
Hall, p.520.
101
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.400.
102
Hall, p.519.
CHAPTER 7: THE PURSUIT OF MILITARY GLORY
1
CSP Spain, vol. 2, p.165.
2
Patterson, p.15.
3
Vergil, p.161.
4
Henry commissioned a translation of the life of Henry V in 1513 by Titus Livius who urged the king to emulate his predecessor (see First English Life of King Henry the Fifth . . . , Charles Kingsford (ed.), Oxford, 1911, p.4). In December 1509, the Doge and Senate of Venice, in vainly urging Henry to attack France while her troops were devastating Venetian possessions on the Italian mainland, pointed out that an English invasion would be ‘so great an opportunity for the conquest of a crown whose title he bears’ and that an expedition against ‘his capital and natural enemy, the King of France’ would win him ‘as much praise and glory as have ever fallen to the lot of any other King of England’ (CSP Venice, vol. 2, p.24).
5
Vergil, p.161.
> 6
BL Cotton MS Titus B I, f.104v; reprinted in Allen & Allen, Letters of Richard Fox, p.54.
7
Allen & Allen, ibid., p.54.
8
Hughes & Larkin, no. 61, pp.83 – 4. Its preamble referred to the ‘peace which, blessed by Jesus, has long continued in this his realm’ and acknowledged that Englishmen ‘be not so well appointed and provided with horse, harness [armour] and weapons convenient for the war as they have in the time past’.
9
Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p.28.
10
TNA SP 1/2/40v.
11
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.400.
12
TNA SP 1/2/40. Letter from Warham to Darcy, 24 March 1511.
13
Hall, p.522. Ferdinand met some of the cost of the expedition and Henry forgave a loan of £1,000 to Darcy, but he was still financially embarrassed. In January 1514, he complained to Wolsey of his penury, saying that the Spanish expedition and his subsequent military service in France had cost him £4,000 and he was forced to sell his lands and plate ‘but only the king [and Wolsey] shall know it’. Loyally, he volunteered for more military service: ‘I was never so meet [ready] for any business and in my life my purse never so weak’ (TNA SP 1/7/80).
14
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.449. The papal galleys carrying over this cargo were to collect English tin with which to roof St Peter’s in the Vatican.
15
‘Sanuto Diaries’, vol. 5, xiv, pp.334ff.
16
Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp.29 and 326.
17
Henry hired German mercenaries to stiffen his forces. In March 1512, one of his Spears, Guyote de Heull, was paid £13 6s 8d for ‘retaining Almains [Germans] for the war’; the soldiers were paid four pence a day and their two captains four shillings. Payments of £40,000 were made to John Daunce, treasurer, for ‘the wars’ in February 1513 and a further £51,000 for the ‘victualling and conveying over sea of the army’.
18
From the thirteenth century, the Church taught that those who died without sin – predominantly saints – were believed to enter Heaven immediately after dying. Those who died in mortal sin went straight to Hell. Unbaptised souls were held in Limbo. The souls who still had sins to atone for were held in Purgatory until Judgement Day, unless they worked out their penance in the interim, in which case they too entered Heaven. Indulgences promised a reduced time in Purgatory, normally measured in days and months.
19
‘Sanuto Diaries’, vol. 5, xiv, p.239.
20
Ibid., p.300.
21
William Knight to Wolsey, King’s Almoner; ‘from our pavilions beside Reinteria, Ipusqua, 14 June 1512’ (LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.362).
22
Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 29. Wolsey reported to Fox in August 1512 that a Spaniard – ‘a man full of words’ – had ‘lately come to the king … excusing [Ferdinand] his master that his army has not joined with [Henry’s] army hitherto, alleging that the danger of Navarre … [was] the cause of this long delay’ (see Allen & Allen, Letters of Richard Fox, p.57).
23
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp.571 – 2.
24
Fuentarrabia, a city and port on the mouth of the River Bidassoa, near the French frontier.
25
Thomas, Lord Howard, to Wolsey; 8 July 1512 (TNA SP 1/2/119).
26
‘The flux’ was dysentery, which is spread through food contaminated with human faeces and was common in areas of poor sanitation.
27
Hall, p.529.
28
Ibid., pp.530 – 1.
29
John Stile to Henry VIII; 5 August 1512 (BL Vespasian CI, ff.65 – 77).
30
Dr William Knight to Wolsey; Fuentarrabia, 5 August 1512 (BL Vespasian C I, f.79).
31
Dr William Knight to Wolsey; San Sebastian, 4 October 1512 (BL Vespasian CI, f.81).
32
J. S. Brewer, vol. 1, p.20.
33
The Guyenne region corresponds to the modern département of Gironde.
34
CSP Spain, vol. 2, pp.68 – 9.
35
Poynings to Henry VIII; Brussels, 14 October 1512 (BL Galba B III, f.51).
36
Henry VIII to Poynings and other ambassadors, November 1512 (BL Galba B III, f.54).
37
Martin de Muxica to Ferdinand of Spain; London, 19 November 1512 (BL Add. MS 32,091, f.92).
38
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.578.
39
Hall, p.525; Hutchinson, House of Treason, p.7.
40
Mary Rose, 600 tons, and her sister ship Peter Pomegranate, 450 tons, were laid down in January 1510 and completed in the summer of the following year. They were the first English warships to be fitted with gun ports (Moorhouse, p.106).
41
St Lawrence was a priest who was martyred by the Roman Emperor Valerian in AD 258, traditionally by being roasted on a gridiron.
42
A carrack was a large merchant ship armed for naval operations.
43
Moorhouse, p.74.
44
Hutchinson, House of Treason, p.8.
45
Allen & Allen, Letters of Richard Fox, p.58.
46
Ibid.
47
Three days later, Howard’s body was recovered from the sea by the French. It was disembowelled, embalmed and buried nearby. His gold whistle also washed up and was found. It was sent to the French queen, Anne of Brittany, in Paris and his armour given to Princess Claude as a war trophy. In his will, Howard had left the whistle to Henry VIII.
48
BL Cotton MS Caligula D VI, ff.106 – 7.
49
Ibid., f.104.
50
BL Cotton MS Caligula B IV, f.76 and Doran, p.74.
51
BL Cotton MS Caligula B IV, f.83.
52
Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p.33.
53
‘Sanuto Diaries’, vol. 5, xv, p.305; London, 18 September 1512.
54
A first payment of 35,000 crowns (£8,750) was due to Maximilian within one month of his declaration of war on France and a similar amount fell due once he began hostilities. A further 30,000 crowns were payable after three months of fighting (LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.940).
55
CSP Spain, vol. 2, pp.79 – 82. The treaty cementing the attack plans is in BL Cotton MS Vespasian C VI, f.375.
56
Allen & Allen, Letters of Richard Fox, p.70.
57
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.637.
58
BL Stowe MS 146, f.24.
59
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.919.
60
Hughes & Larkin, nos.65 – 8, pp.94 – 101.
61
BL Cotton MS Vitellius B II, f.34.
62
‘Sanuto Diaries’, vol. 5, xviii, p.445.
63
Hughes & Larkin, no.69, p.101. The previous August, Sir Edward Poynings (who had succeeded Henry as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports) was ordered to muster forces ‘when required’ to defend against the ‘expected invasion of the French’ and to erect warning beacons and maintain watches along the Channel shoreline (TNA SP 1/2/146).
64
CSP Milan, p.384.
65
There was no trial, although the earl had been attainted in 1504.
66
BL Cotton MS Faustina E VII, f.6. Stowe MS 692, f.12 provides the names of the commanders of the three divisions.
67
CSP Milan, p.388.
68
Grafton, vol. 2, p.269.
69
Hatfield House MS CP 147/1.
<
br /> 70
BL Cotton MS Cleopatra B V, f.64. The gunfire was heard across the Channel in Dover, twenty-two miles (35.41 km) away.
71
Hall, p.539.
72
Carew (1464 – 1513) was another of Henry VII’s loyalists who fought with him at Bosworth (where he was knighted) and drove Perkin Warbeck from Exeter in 1497.
73
BL Cotton MS Cleopatra BV, f.64.
74
A contemporary sketch of Calais can be found in BL Cotton MS Augustus I III, f.70.
75
Hall, pp.539 – 40.
76
Cruickshank, p.25.
77
BL Cotton MS Cleopatra B V, ff.64 – 95.
78
Hughes & Larkin, no.73, pp.106 – 21.
79
Bill men were armed with a variety of long pointed, hooked, spiked and bladed staff or hafted weapons, including partisans, glaives, gisarmes, lugged spears and halberds, some of which were probably developed from agricultural tools. They were particularly useful for infantry in defending against cavalry attacks, but were equally efficacious in hand-to-hand combat on foot.
80
BL Lansdowne MS 818, f.2v. As the troops were falling in, some of the cavalry’s horses stampeded and the Captain of the Royal Guard, Sir Henry Marney, had his leg broken when his horse kicked out. Several other gentlemen were hurt.
81
BL Cotton MS Cleopatra B V, ff.64 – 95.
82
Shakespeare, Henry V, Act 4, prologue, line 47.
83
BL Cotton MS Caligula D VI, f.92.
84
Hall, p.542.
85
Cruickshank, p.37.
86
Hall, p.545.
87
BL Harley MS 2,252, f.41.
88
BL Cotton MS Cleopatra B V, ff.64 – 95.
89
BL Harley MS 787, f.58.
90
Hall, p.549. Specific rules were laid down for the camp before Thérouanne governing the relations between English and German soldiers. The king ‘strictly charged and commanded that no Englishman intermeddle or lodge themselves within the ground assigned to the [Germans] for their lodgings or to give them any reproach or unfitting language or words by the which noise or debate might ensue, upon pain of imprisonment’ (BL Arundel MS 26, ff.56v – 57v).
91
‘Sanuto Diaries’, vol. 5, xvii, p.76.
92
Ibid., vol. 5, xvii, pp.16 – 17.
93
BL Cotton MS Caligula D VI, f.94.
94
BL Cotton MS Vitellius B II, f.51.
95
‘Sanuto Diaries’, vol. 5, xvii, p.78.
Young Henry: The Rise of Henry VIII Page 38
