by Tim Severin
Of the writings of four sea captains that provided essential source material, two were rescued from oblivion when republished in the appropriately named Cassell’s Seafarers Library – Captain George Shelvocke’s A Voyage round the World, with notes by W. G. Perrin, and Captain Nathaniel Uring’s Voyage and Travels with notes by Captain Alfred Dewar. Both editions appeared in 1928, as did the third and better-known captain’s narrative when G. E. Mainwaring provided a new edition of Captain Woodes Rogers’ A Cruising Voyage round the World. My edition of the fourth captain’s work was Dampier’s Voyages edited by John Masefield (1906). Of the two surgeons who wrote about their experience as maroons, Lionel Wafer’s A New Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America was meticulously prepared by L. E. Elliott Joyce for the Hakluyt Society (1934). But Henry Pitman’s Relation has never received a modern edition since appearing nearly a century ago in Edward Arber’s quaintly named English Garner (1903).
In the South Sea my main guides were R. L. Megroz, The Real Robinson Crusoe (1939), Ralph Lee Woodward, Robinson Crusoe’s Island (1969), and Professor Glyndwr Williams, The Great South Sea (1997). Both Woodward and Williams have outstandingly good bibliographies. I would also like to thank Tod Stuessy of the Herbarium, Universitat Wien, for help with the identification of Juan Fernández flora, William Lopez Forment for similar expertise about the plants Henry Pitman found on Salt Tortuga, and Hector Maldini of Santiago, Chile for his dogged persistence in pursuing the question of miniature coconuts.
In the Caribbean I was generously given access to the transcripts of interviews with Andrew Powery created and held by the Cayman National Archive. This section of my book, including many of the quoted passages from Andrew Powery, draws heavily on the account of his experiences as recounted in The ’32 Storm (1994), compiled and edited by Heather R. McLaughlin and published by the National Archive.
DHL Worldwide Express were so kind as to provide me, once again, with logistical support on the maritime sector of my travels, and special mention is due to Bernardo and Gabby Meyer for assistance with revictualling Ziska on Margarita Island. Professor Glyndwr Williams and Dr James Kelly, both expert in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Caribbean and Pacific history, generously took time to read through my text, and Nicholas Blake, my desk editor, pointed out lurking errors that required a course correction. But if my text has still hit rocks of historical inaccuracy, this is my responsibility, not the pilots’.
My colleagues on different sectors of my search for Robinson Crusoe have already been met – Kendra McSweeney, Murdo Macdonald, Trondur Patursson and the crew of Ziska. Their excellent company made my journeying very enjoyable as well as instructive.
Index
Adams, John ref 1
Agave cocui ref 1
Aitken, George ref 1
albatrosses ref 1, ref 2
albinos ref 1
Alexander Selkirk Island see Juan Fernández Islands
Anvil ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Arber, Edward ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Archibald, Charles ref 1
Arica ref 1, ref 2
Arosemena, José ref 1, ref 2
Ascensión ref 1
‘Ash’ ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Cayman Islands ref 1
Serrana ref 1, ref 2
Atkins, Jeremiah ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Austin, Thomas ref 1, ref 2
Aves island ref 1, ref 2
Bagwell, Peter ref 1, ref 2
Barbados ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Batchelor’s Delight ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Bell, Charles ref 1
Betagh, William ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Betsey ref 1
‘Big Feet’ ref 1
Bilwi see Puerto Cabezas
blackberry ref 1
boobies ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Bowman, William ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Brooks, Edward ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Browne, John Ross ref 1
Bruce, Sophia ref 1, ref 2
Buckenham, Captain ref 1
cabbage tree ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Carleton, Mary ref 1
Casas, Bartolomé de las ref 1
cats ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Caulfield, Dr David ref 1
Cayman Islands ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Cerro la Pirámide ref 1
Charpentier ref 1
chi chi ref 1, ref 2
chicha ref 1, ref 2
chicha fuerte ref 1, ref 2
Cinque Ports ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Clipperton, Captain John ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Cloise, Peter ref 1
coati ref 1
Coldsea, Mr ref 1
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor ref 1
Columbus, Christopher ref 1
CONAF ref 1
Concepción, La ref 1, ref 2
conger eels ref 1, ref 2
Cook, Captain Edmund ref 1, ref 2
Cooke, Edward ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Cooke, John ref 1, ref 2
Cordón Central ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Costa de Mosquitos ref 1
Courtney, Captain Stephen ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Coxon, Captain John ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Cranston ref 1
crayfish ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Crusoe’s Cave ref 1, ref 2
Crusoe’s Lookout ref 1, ref 2
Cumberland Bay ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Curaçao ref 1
Dampier, William ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Aves ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
book ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
guinea worm ref 1
logwood ref 1
Miskitos ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
portrait ref 1, ref 2
seabirds ref 1, ref 2
striking ref 1
Davenport, Robert ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Davis, Edward ref 1, ref 2
de Lussan, Ravenau ref 1, ref 2
Defoe, Daniel ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
death ref 1
lost list ref 1
new colonies ref 1, ref 2
occupations ref 1
pillory ref 1
pots ref 1
sequels ref 1
turtles ref 1
Delano, Amasa ref 1
Delawafer, Lionel see Wafer, Lionel
D’Estrées, Comte ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Dodd, Thomas ref 1, ref 2
dogs ref 1, ref 2
dolphins ref 1
Dover, Captain Thomas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
drugs ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Duchess ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Duke ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
Dumbarton ref 1, ref 2
Easter Island ref 1
Eendracht ref 1
Eladio ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Elisa ref 1
Exquemelin, A. O. ref 1, ref 2
Fanning, Captain Edmund ref 1
Farewell, Philip ref 1
Fernández, Don Juan ref 1
Fisher, George ref 1
fishing ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
see also Miskitos
langosta ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Selkirk ref 1
Shelvocke’s crew ref 1
Forgotten Indian War ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Frye, Second Mate Robert ref 1, ref 2
Funnell, William ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Galapagos Islands ref 1
García, Captain Sebastian ref 1
Gayny, George ref 1
goats ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
disappearance ref 1
introduction ref 1
Selkirk’s hunting ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Shelvocke’
s crew ref 1
Golden Island ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Gopson, Richard ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Gracias a Dios Cape ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Grenadilloes ref 1
Groves, Earle ‘Early’ ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
guinea worm ref 1
Hamilton, Gilbert ref 1
Hannah, John ref 1
Harris, Captain Peter ref 1, ref 2
Hatley, Simon ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Haughton, Luke ref 1
Henderson, Gilbert ref 1
Hendry, James ref 1
Henry, Mr ref 1
Henshal, George ref 1
Hingson, John ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Hobby, Captain ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Holmes, Admiral Sir Robert ref 1
Honduras ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Hughes, Edward ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Hutchinson, William ref 1
Jamaica discipline ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Jeffery, Captain ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Jeffreys, Judge George ‘Hanging’ ref 1
Jemina ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Jesu Maria ref 1
Johnson, Captain ref 1
Juan Fernández Dorsal ref 1
Juan Fernández humming bird ref 1
Juan Fernández Islands ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Juan Fernández seal ref 1
Kalidonia ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Kendra ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
body movement ref 1
kia walaia ref 1
striking ref 1
kia walaia ref 1
Kidd, Captain ref 1
klar ref 1, ref 2
Kuna ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
kupu ref 1
Lacenta ref 1, ref 2
langosta fishing ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Laporte, Mr ref 1
Le Maire, Isaac ref 1
Le Maire, Jakob ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Lee, William ref 1
Leimus ref 1, ref 2
Leonidas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Leonilla ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
lobsters ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
see also langosta fishing
logwood ref 1
Longman, Thomas ref 1
Lopez, Celtan ref 1, ref 2
Los Cerrillos ref 1
Lynch, Captain ref 1
Magellan Straits ref 1
Malachy ref 1
Man Friday ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
see also Will the Miskito
Managuan ref 1
manatees ref 1, ref 2
maqui bushes ref 1
Marco ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9
Margarita ref 1, ref 2
Más Afuera see Juan Fernández Islands
Más a Tierra see Juan Fernández Islands
mishlaw ref 1
Miskito Cays ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Miskitos ref 1
see also Will the Miskito
greeting ref 1, ref 2
lobster diving ref 1
lucky strikes ref 1
Sandy Bay ref 1, ref 2
striking ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
molas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Moll, Hermann ref 1, ref 2
Montalva, Eduardo Frei ref 1
Moskitos see Miskitos
Mulatupu Sasardi ref 1, ref 2
Murdo ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
and Arosemena ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Puerto Escoces ref 1
Murphy, William ‘Morphew’ ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Murray, Thomas ref 1, ref 2
myrtle ref 1
Nancy ref 1
noddies ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Norman ref 1
Nuthall, John ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Olive Branch ref 1
ozinbrigs ref 1
Los Palanquinos ref 1
pardelas ref 1
Patagonians ref 1
Patursson, Trondur ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
Cayman Islands ref 1
Serrana ref 1
Payne, Olive ref 1, ref 2
pearl diving ref 1
Pearl Lagoon ref 1
pelicans ref 1
Philips, Edmund ref 1
phlebotomy ref 1
Pickering, Charles ref 1
pimento trees ref 1, ref 2
Pitman, Henry ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8
book ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
lizards ref 1
pitpans ref 1
Plantain River ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Playa Caldera ref 1, ref 2
Popplestone, John ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Port Royal ref 1
Powery, Andrew ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Powery, Clarens ref 1, ref 2
Puerto Cabezas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Puerto Escoces ref 1, ref 2
Puerto Francés ref 1
Puerto Inglés ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Puerto Lempira ref 1, ref 2
Raleigh ref 1
rats ref 1
Recovery ref 1, ref 2
Red Cross ref 1
Ringrose, Basil ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Río Coco ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Ritch, Will ref 1, ref 2
Robin the Miskito ref 1
Robinson Crusoe Island see Juan Fernández Islands
Roca Escoces ref 1
Romaine River ref 1
Rosie ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Rowe, Captain Simon ref 1, ref 2
Sacra Familia ref 1
Safel ref 1
sahila ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
St George ref 1, ref 2
St Joseph ref 1
Salt Tortuga ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
San Juan Bautista ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
sandalwood ref 1
Sandinistas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Sandy Bay ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Sawkins, Captain Richard ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Schouten, Willem Cornelius ref 1
Scots ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
scurvy ref 1
seabirds ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
boobies ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
noddies ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
pardelas ref 1
pelicans ref 1
tropic birds ref 1
seals ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
sealskins ref 1
Selkirk, Alexander ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
cats ref 1, ref 2
character ref 1
Cinque Ports sheathing ref 1
Crusoe comparison ref 1, ref 2
death ref 1
goblet ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
sea chest ref 1, ref 2
Serenio ref 1, ref 2
Serrana ref 1, ref 2
Serrano, Pedro ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Sharpe, Captain Bartholomew ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Sharps Bay see Puerto Inglés
Shelvocke, Captain George ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Shine ref 1, ref 2
Siriaku ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Slocum, Joshua ref 1
snake bites ref 1
Somoza, General Anastasio ref 1
Speedwell ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Spratlin, Robert ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Spray ref 1
Steele, Richard ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Steward, Captain ref 1
Stewart, Matthew ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Stradling, Captain Thomas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Success ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5
Tawakha ref 1
Taylor
, John ref 1, ref 2
Taylor, William ref 1, ref 2
Le Terrible ref 1
Tibbetts, Bill ref 1, ref 2
Tierra del Fuego ref 1
Tierras Blancas ref 1
tobacco ref 1
Topaze ref 1
Tortuga islands ref 1, ref 2
see also Salt Tortuga
Tristan ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Cayman Islands ref 1
Serrana ref 1
tropic birds ref 1
Turk’s Heads ref 1, ref 2
turtles ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Juan Fernández ref 1
Miskito Cays ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Salt Tortuga ref 1
Serrana ref 1, ref 2
veda ref 1
Unicorn ref 1
Uring, Captain Nathaniel ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Vea, Admiral Antonio de ref 1
Vega, Garcilaso de la ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Vitello ref 1, ref 2
Wafer, Lionel ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Golden Island ref 1, ref 2
Kuna people ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Walker, Thomas ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Waspam ref 1
Welbe, John ref 1, ref 2
Welfare ref 1
Whicker, John ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
Will the Miskito ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
left behind ref 1, ref 2
Woodall, John ref 1
Woodcock, William ref 1, ref 2
Woodes Rogers, Captain ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6
book ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
booty share-out ref 1
cats ref 1
dogs ref 1
fire ref 1
flaws ref 1
melancholy ref 1
scurvy ref 1
Selkirk’s equipment ref 1
wildlife ref 1
Wordsworth, William ref 1
Wright, Peter ref 1
Yanche, Captain ref 1
Ziska ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7
Cayman Islands ref 1
Serrana ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
List of Plates
1. The Duke and Duchess crossing the Line.
