by Max Boot
105 Bruce: Barbour, The Bruce (“valiant,” “so good”: 103; “endeavour”: 160; “harry”: 81; “such a blow”: 107; “sweat”: 109); John, Chronicles (“raw herbs,” “hiss”: 335); Bain, Calendar, 2.474 (“accomplices”), 2.483 (“traitor”), 2.495 (cages); Bower, History (“art”: 199); Scott, Robert (“moor”: 4); Barrow, Robert (“speed, surprise”: 221); Barron, Scottish War, 260–94; McNamee, Robert, 112–36.
106 “Mishaps”: John, Chronicle, 333.
107 Barbour, The Bruce, 171; Scott, Robert, 139; Sadler, Border Fury, 117–18.
108 Chronicle of Lanercost, 207.
109 Froissart, Chronicles, 47. See also Chronicle of Lanercost, 194–95; John, Chronicles, 341–42; Barrow, Robert, 305–19.
110 Scott, Robert, 193; McNamee, Robert, 217.
111 Campbell, Black Death, 49; Campbell, “Benchmarking.”
112 Barbour, The Bruce, 318.
113 “Heroes”: Hobsbawm, Bandits, 20. “Universal”: 21.
114 Schiller, Thirty Years’ War, 109.
115 “Undisciplined”: Maurice, Strategikon, 96. “Deceit”: 116. “Strategems,” “greedy”: 119.
BOOK II: LIBERTY OR DEATH:
THE RISE OF THE LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARIES
1 Enlightenment warfare: Boot, War Made New, ch. 3; Childs, Warfare (400,000 soldiers: 89); Weigley, Battles, 46–58; Duffy, Military.
2 “Fire”: Ewald, Treatise, 13. “Overrun”: Zimmerman, Popular History, 1567.
3 Russell, “Redcoats,” 631.
4 Duffy, Military Experience, 268.
5 Rogers: Rogers, Journals, 80 (“wood service”), 44 (“flames”), 9 (scalping), 139–44 (St. Francis raid), 82–86 (rules); Brumwell, Devil (“resolute,” “dress”: 101); Ross, Run (“few words”: 2); Cuneo, Rogers (“deceiving”: 60).
6 “Necessary”: Grandmaison, Petite guerre, 6, 8. “New”: Ewald, Treatise, 64.
7 Adams, “Too Dumb”; Spring, With Zeal (“inert”: 254).
8 Anderson, Crucible, 288, estimates that 40–60 percent of military-age men in New England served in the French and Indian War.
9 Lexington and Concord: Peckham, Sources (“crush evils”: 1.129); Percy, Letters (“scattered”: 52; “incessant”: 50; “inevitable”: 54; “men who know”: 53); “Intercepted Letters” (“above ten”: 225; “savages”: 225; “peasants”: 224; “country people”: 225; “properly”: 226); Mackenzie, Diary (“enraged,” “put to death”: 1.20–21); Evelyn, Memoir (“scoundrels”: 53; “cowards”: 53; “incessant”: 54); Gage, Correspondence, 1.396–99; Balderston, Lost War, 29–30; Hudson, Lexington, Appendix (“disperse”: 528; “regulars are coming”: 541); Stiles, Literary Diary, 1.551–52 (“colonist hussars”); Barker, British in Boston, 31–38; Revere, Accounts (“roar of musketry”); Heath, Memoirs (“corpulent”: 1; “obtainable”: 1); Emerson, Diaries (“disorder”: 72); Lister, Concord Fight; Sutherland, Late News; Willard, Letters, 76–95. For secondary accounts see Fischer, Revere’s Ride, 184–266 (1774 raid: 44–45; Gage’s wife: 386–87; “Regulars are coming”: 109; “Indian manner”: 247); Smith, West Cambridge; Birnbaum, Red Dawn, 142–94; Galvin, Minute Men; Tourtellot, Lexington; Ferling, Miracle, 29–33; Middlekauff, Glorious, 270–81.
10 Emerson, “Concord Hymn”: http://www.bartleby.com/102/43.html.
11 “Dirty”: WP/RW: 1.336. “Stupidity”: 1.372. “Proper”: 1.90. “Broken”: 6.396. Also see Ferling, Miracle, 75–78, 208; Kwasny, Partisan War, xi.
12 AP, 3.185.
13 Lee: Lee Papers, 2.383–89 (“European plan”: 384; “impeding”: 388). “Cultivated”: Shy, Numerous, 127.
14 Kwasny, Partisan War, 330–31.
15 120,000 inhabitants: Mitnick, New Jersey, 15. British abuses: Mellick, Old Farm, 322–28; Stryker, Documents, 1.245–47; Fischer, Crossing, 172–81.
16 Muenchhausen, Howe’s Side, 8.
17 “Rascal”: Ibid., 7. “Chances”: 16.
18 Spring, With Zeal, 14.
19 2,500 troops: WP/PR, 8.576. “Annoy”: Fischer, Crossing, 349.
20 “Hornets”: Stryker, Documents, 1.314. Casualties: Fischer, Crossing, 415–19, 536.
21 Clinton, Rebellion, 192.
22 Tarleton, Campaigns, 38–44; Wilson, Southern Strategy, 234; Gordon, South Carolina.
23 “Gentlest”: Wickwire, Cornwallis, 175.
24 “Reconciliation”: Clinton, Rebellion, 8. “Hearts”: “Conversation with Lord Drumond,” Feb. 7, 1776, HCP.
25 Mackenzie, Diary, 1.56.
26 Tarleton: Tarleton, Campaigns, 40 (“irregularities”), 101 (“campaigns”); Scotti, Brutal Virtue, 19 (“cool), 39 (over 500); Atlay, “Tarleton” (“middle height”: 234–35); Bass, Green Dragoon, 11–22; Buchanan, Courthouse, 58–64; Conway, “To Subdue,” 392 (“fire and sword”); Balderston, Lost War, 122 (“soup ladle”); Hoffman, Uncivil, 62 (“stripped”).
27 Bass, Gamecock; Gregorie, Sumter.
28 Waring, Fighting Elder.
29 Marion: Lee, Memoirs, 174 (“small”), 584–85; James, Sketch, 21 (“his frame”); Moultrie, Memoirs, 223 (“active”); McCrady, South Carolina, 1.568–72; CSR; FMP; Rankin, Marion; Bass, Swamp Fox; Horry, Life; James, Sketch; Sims, Life.
30 Moultrie, Memoirs, 223.
31 Marion to Horatio Gates, Oct. 4, 1780, CSR.
32 “Scarcely”: Tarleton, Campaigns, 205; Cornwallis, Correspondence, 1.71; Clinton. Rebellion, 476.
33 Marion to William Moultrie, July 28, 1781, in Year Book 1898, 380.
34 “Swamp Fox”: James, Sketch, 32. For the Parson Weems version, published in 1824 in cooperation with one of Marion’s officers (who complained that Weems had “carved and mutilated” his manuscript with “many erroneous statements”), see Horry, Life, 123. This was probably the inspiration for William Gilmore Simms to use “swamp fox” in his 1844 account: Life, 99.
35 Snow’s Island: James, Sketch (“slept”: 38); Bass, Fox, 104–5, 156–57.
36 “Shadow”: Greene Papers, 7.17. “Strokes”: 7.18. “Keep up”: 6.520.
37 Ibid., 8.168.
38 Cornwallis, Correspondence, 1.80.
39 Ferling, Miracle, 574.
40 8,000 men lost: Ketchum, Yorktown, 246; Ferling, Miracle, 538. 34,000 troops left: Mackesy, War, 525. British population: Conway, British Isles, 28.
41 Fischer, Revere’s Ride, 415.
42 Somerville, Own Life, 187. See also Conway, British Isles, 130–33; Bradley, Popular Politics, 59–89.
43 Great Britain, Parliamentary Register, 2.218.
44 Trevelyan, Revolution, 3.208; Billias, Opponents, 45.
45 Lutnick, Revolution, 59.
46 Davidson, Propaganda, 56–58; Stoll, Samuel Adams, 115–16; Puls, Samuel Adams, 127–29.
47 Fischer, Revere’s Ride, 275.
48 Lutnick, Revolution, 75.
49 Berger, Broadsides, 165–67; Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, 339–40.
50 Lutnick, Revolution, 25.
51 Balderston, Lost War, 33.
52 “Suicide”: Lutnick, Revolution, 108. “Grave”: 168. “Enough”: 121. “Sick”: Conway, British Isles, 129.
53 Casualties: Peckham, Toll, 132–33; Clodfelter, Warfare, 142. Population: http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/pdf/cb10-ff12.pdf.
54 Addington, Patterns, 15.
55 Greene Papers, 7.75.
56 Mansoor, Hybrid.
57 Confusion: Mackesy, War, 20–24, 33, 514; Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 66–78; Gordon, South Carolina, 58–59; Conway, “Subdue America,” 406.
58 Addington, Patterns, 12–14; Mackesy, War, 29, 524–25. In addition, a maximum of 11,000 Loyalists served with the British forces at any one time. The rebels never had more than 35,000 men under arms.
59 Montanus, “Failed.”
60 Vendée: Bell, Total War (250,000: 156); Secher, Genocide (“crushed”: 110); Ross, Banners; Paret, Internal War.
61 Calabria: Finley, Monstrous; Davis, Napoleon; Colletta, Naples.
62 Eyck, Loyal Rebels; Broers, Under Napoleon.
63 Zaragoza: Rudorff, Death (“infernal”: 141; “foaming”: 170; “fury”: 127; “madmen”: 158); Brandt, Legions (“death lurked”: 58); Jacob, Travels, 123 (“feminine”); Vaughan, Narrative (“well bred”: 4; “to the knife”: 23; “enraged populace”: 26); Fraser, Cursed War (“hell opened”: 167); Southey, Peninsular War (“raving,” “knife”: 2.25); Oman, Peninsular War, 1.140–62; Esdaile, Peninsular War; Bell, Total War; Gates, Spanish Ulcer.
64 Bourrienne, Memoirs, 3.123.
65 Esdaile, Peninsular War, 38–40; Tone, Fatal Knot, 49–50; Fraser, Cursed War, 56–71.
66 Napoleon, Correspondence, 1.341.
67 “Guerrilla”: Esdaile, Resistance, 137–60.
68 Tone, Fatal Knot, 53.
69 “Heretics”: Esdaile, Fighting Napoleon, 63. Antichrist: Rudorff, Death, 43.
70 Fraser, Cursed War, 132.
71 Blaze, Captain Blaze, 100.
72 Espoz y Mina: Espoz y Mina, Breve extracto (13,000 men: 35; customs, courts: 39-43); Tone, Fatal Knot (“Lancers”: 208; “little king”: 132; lemon seller: 134; killed 5,500: 140); Fraser, Cursed War (“slightly blond”: 391); Southey, Peninsular War, vol. 5; Esdaile, Fighting Napoleon.
73 Troop levels: Sherer, Military Memoirs, 274; Tone, Fatal Knot, 3–4; Gates, Spanish Ulcer, appendix 2.
74 Suchet, Memoirs, 1.57.
75 Brandt, Legions, 165.
76 Disorganization: Fraser, Cursed War, 422–23; Connelly, Gentle, 148, 168–72, 188.
77 Rocca, Memoirs, 147–48.
78 Lieven, Russia, 218–19; Zamoyski, Moscow, 327–30. Notwithstanding the activities of a few famous partisan leaders such as Denis Davidov, Zamoyski writes (329) that “modern Russian historians are generally agreed that there is no guerrilla that could bear any comparison with the Spanish model, and that the contribution of the peasants was largely confined to opportunistic pillage and murder.”
79 Wellington to Earl of Liverpool, May 28, 1812, Dispatches, 9.191.
80 Espoz y Mina, Breve extracto, 23.
81 Gates, Total War, 280. No exact casualty figure exists. Estimates that included wounded and prisoners range from 240,000 to 600,000. See Fraser, Cursed War, 417.
82 Suchet, Memoirs, 1.44.
83 Wellington, Dispatches, 11.349.
84 “Studied”: Jomini, Art of War, 29. “Terrible”: 26. “Scarcely”: 27. “Chivalrous”: 31.
85 “Fire”: Clausewitz, On War, 777. “Artificial”: 776. “Soul”: 781. In addition to ch. 25 of On War (“Arming the Nation”), Clausewitz worked on a study about guerrilla warfare that was never published and does not survive. See Paret, Internal War, 34–35; Sumida, Decoding.
86 Jomini, Art of War, 31.
87 Start of revolt: Edwards, Survey (“screams”: 68; nailed alive: 74; “field of carnage”: 63; “terror”: 70); Edwards, History Civil, 3.351 (arretez); Hopkirk, Account (infant emblem: 17; sawed in half: 18; “the torch”: 18); Popkin, Revolution (“blameless”: 56; “tatters,” “utensils,” “assassin”: 77); Heinl, Written (“vengeance”: 40; slave punishments: 23–24); Rainsford, Account (“indulgence”: 88); Parham, My Odyssey, 27–45 (“unchained”: 40); Geggus, Studies, 5 (sugar, coffee), ch. 6 (Bois Caiman ceremony); Stoddard, French Revolution (“wall of fire”: 131); Dubois, Avengers (veterans: 109).
88 Louverture, Revolution, 1.
89 Louverture: Geggus, “Toussaint” (“contacts”: 116); Rainsford, Account, 240–45; Bell, Toussaint Louverture, 57–83; Dubois, Avengers, 171–76 (“Black Spartacus”: 172); Geggus, Studies, 16; Popkin, Revolution, 277 (“haughty”).
90 Lacroix, La révolution, 214.
91 “Brigands”: Howard, Haitian Journal, 79. “Ambuscades”: 80. “Lolling”: 43. Drowned: 49.
92 For the constitution’s text see Louverture, Revolution, 45–61.
93 Louverture, Memoir, 324–25.
94 Bell, Toussaint, 293.
95 Rainsford, Account, 252–53.
96 Dubroca, Life, 62–63.
97 “Lash”: Popkin, Racial Revolution, 277. “Splendor”: 279.
98 Chazotte, Black Rebellion, 34.
99 “White and black”: Fraser, Pauline, 67. Affair with Napoleon: 142–44.
100 Napoleon, Correspondance, 7.504.
101 Pachonski, Caribbean Tragedy, 137; Heinl, Written, 111.
102 Lacroix, La révolution, 320.
103 “Word of honor”: Louverture, Memoir, 316. “Surrounded”: 318. “Frightful”: 326.
104 Leclerc, Lettres, 254.
105 Beard, Toussaint, 168.
106 “Inhuman”: Popkin, Revolution, 297. “Tiger”: 345. “Panic”: Chazotte, Black Rebellion, 61.
107 Bourrienne, Memoirs, 2.91.
108 Pachonski, Caribbean Tragedy, 99; Dubois, Avengers, 289.
109 Leclerc, Lettres, 256.
110 Atrocities: Fick, Making, 220–22; Hassal, Secret History, 99 (burned alive); Pachonski, Caribbean Tragedy, 113–14 (dogs); Rainsford, Account, 327 (“putrefaction”); Léger, Haiti, 135–36; Ott, Revolution; Popkin, Revolution, 332 (“fat”); Annual Register (1803), 329 (“atrocious”).
111 Dubois, Avengers, 277, 295; Auguste, L’expedition, 163–65.
112 Popkin, Revolution, 331.
113 Annual Register (1803), 333.
114 Bell, Toussaint, 252; Dubois, Avengers, 269.
115 Méneval, Memoirs, 1.194.
116 Slave revolts: Geggus, Studies, 55; Davis, Inhuman Bondage, ch. 11; Shaw, Spartacus, 12–13.
117 Price, Maroon Societies, 7. See also Zips, Black Rebels, ch. 4; Campbell, Maroons.
118 Annual Register (1803), 334.
119 Fick, Haiti, 15–19; Geggus, Studies, 5.
120 Dubois, Avengers, 172.
121 Casualties: Scheina, Latin America’s Wars, 1.xiii–xiv (“six times”); Auguste, L’expedition Leclerc, 316; Girard, Paradise Lost, 49; Geggus, Studies, 20; Duffy, Soldiers, 328–29.
122 1798 revolt: Kee, Green Flag (“without mercy”: 99; six weeks: 122; 50,000 killed: 123; military was Irish Catholic: 99); Gordon, Rebellion (salt in wounds: 253); Elliott, Wolfe Tone.
123 Slatta, Bolivar’s Quest, 41.
124 “Intelligent, “cowards”: Letters, 34. “Own way”: 28.
125 Péta: “Adventures of a Foreigner—IV” (November 1826) (“regular fire,” “dreadful cries,” “torrent”); Brewer, Greek War, 148–53; St. Clair, Greece, 97–102; Gordon, History, 1.387–94; Finlay, History, 1.326–31; Howarth, Adventure, 93–96.
126 Fireship: Brewer, Greek War, 163–64; Gordon, Greek Revolution, 1.367–69; Finlay, History, 1.316–18; Howarth, Adventure, 44–45.
127 Chios: Argenti, Massacres; Brewer, Greek War, 164–66; Gordon, Greek Revolution, 1.367–69; Finlay, History, 1.311–14, 319–20.
128 Walsh, Residence, 1.385.
129 “Adventures of a Foreigner—I” (August 1826).
130 Trelawny, Recollections, 192.
131 Byron, “On This Day I Complete My Thirty-Sixth Year.”
132 St. Clair, Greece, 66.
133 Green, Sketches, 207.
134 See, e.g., Wellington, Despatches, 3.113–16.
135 NA/ADM; Woodhouse, Battle; Codrington, Memoirs, vol. 2.
136 Letter from Codrington, Oct. 21, 1827, NA/ADM.
137 St. Clair, Greece, 274–75.
138 Bass, Freedom’s Battle, 151.
139 “Rampant”: Roosevelt, Letters, 93. “Humanity”: 122–23.
140 Melena, Recollections, 230; Parris, Lion, 15.
141 Garibaldi, Autobiography, 1.19.
142 Mazzini, Writings (“method”: 1.109; “merit”: 1.374); Hibbert, Garibaldi, 15 (“dangerous”); Mack Smith, Mazzini; Bayly, Mazzini.
143 Macaroni: Ridley, Garibaldi, 46. “Destined”: Hibbert, Garibaldi, 17.
144 Tortured: Garibaldi, Autobiography, 1.45–47; Ridley, Garibaldi, 67–69; Trevelyan, Garibaldi’s Defence, 26. “Chivalrous”: Riall, Garibaldi, 45.
145 Ridley, Garibaldi, 43, 118, 139, 187, 318.
1
46 Garibaldi, Autobiography, 2.23.
147 Ridley, Garibaldi, 178; Mack Smith, Garibaldi, 24.
148 Winnington-Ingram, Hearts of Oak, 93.
149 Anita: Garibaldi, Autobiography, 1.78–79 (“mine”); Ridley, Garibaldi, 85–94; Riall, Garibaldi, 43 (“two years”); Valerio, Anita; Hibbert, Garibaldi, 19–21; Parris, Lion (“wench”: 55).
150 Riall, Garibaldi, 47–58; Scirocco, Garibaldi, 125–30; Parris, Lion, 64.
151 Garibaldi, My Life, 3.
152 Ibid., 9–14; Garibaldi, Autobiography, 1.258–88 (“holy”: 261).
153 Rome and retreat: Garibaldi, Autobiography, 2.19–20 (wanted guerrilla war), 1.2–3 (“scum,” “vice”), 2.22 (“entreaties”), 2.23 (“timidity”), 2.40 (bushes), 2.32 (“suffering”); Forbes, Campaigns, 334 (“Antichrist”); Ossoli, Memoirs, 2.64 (lions); Dandolo, Volunteers, 189–290; Mazzini, Life, 5.192–64; Trevelyan, Garibaldi’s Defence; Ridley, Garibaldi, 308 (“hunger”); Riall, Garibaldi; Mack Smith, Garibaldi; Hibbert, Garibaldi, 45–121.
154 Melena, General Garibaldi, 229.
155 Vecchj, Caprera, 5.
156 Melena, Public, vii.
157 Hibbert, Garibaldi, 171–72; Ridley, Garibaldi, 426–28; Riall, Garibaldi, 180–82.
158 Melena, Public, 26.
159 Ibid., 14.
160 1859 campaign: Trevelyan, ”War-Journals”; Parris, Lion, 152 (“disorganizing”); Times (London), July 26, 1859; Hibbert, Garibaldi, 146–62; Ridley, Garibaldi, 397–415.
161 Trevelyan, Thousand, 226–27; Ridley, Garibaldi, 436–41.
162 Thousand: Riall, Garibaldi, 183–84; Ridley, Garibaldi, 443–44; Mack Smith, Garibaldi, 91–92; Forbes, Campaign, 143 (“religion”).
163 Calatafimi: Garibaldi, Autobiography, 2.165 (“hail”), 2.167 (“immeasurable”); Garibaldi, My Life, 95 (“decrepit”); Abba, Diary (“intoxicated”: 33; “covered”: 37; “miracle: 39; “traces”: 41); Forbes, Campaign, 30–33; Mundy, H.M.S. Hannibal, 86–88; Hibbert, Garibaldi, 211–14.
164 Palermo: Garibaldi, My Life, 101 (“joined us”), 104 (“balcony”); Trevelyan, Thousand, 303 (population, troops); Abba, Diary; Trevelyan, “War-Journal” (“fallen”); Forbes, Campaign (“feints”: 42; “carnage”: 57; “rules”: 93); Mario, Red Shirt; Mundy, H.M.S. Hannibal, 110–85; Times (London), June 18, 1860; Hibbert, Garibaldi, 219–37.
165 Forbes, Campaign, 233.
