Like the chronicles, some of these were written long after the events and need careful analysis. Some also present a biased point of view. Historical Memoirs of the Reign of Mary Queen of Scots and a Portion of the Reign of King James the Sixth by Lord Herries, ed. R. Pitcairn (Edinburgh: Abbotsford Club, 1836); Richard Bannatyne, Memoriales of Transactions in Scotland, 1569–73, ed. R. Pitcairn (Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club, 1836); David Calderwood, The True History of the Kirk of Scotland from the Beginning of the Reformation unto the End of the Reign of King James VI, ed. T. Thomson, 8 vols (Edinburgh: Woodrow Society, 1843–49); George Buchanan, The History of Scotland from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, ed. J. Aikman, 6 vols (Edinburgh: Blackie, 1855); Claude Nau, The History of Mary Stewart From the Murder of Riccio until her Flight into England, ed. Joseph Stevenson (Edinburgh: William Paterson, 1883); Patrick, third lord Ruthven, The Death of Rizzi (Edinburgh: Goldsmid, 1890); Robert Lindesay of Pitscottie, The Historie and Cronicles of Scotland from the Slauchter of King James the First to the Ane Thousand Fyve Hundreith Thrie Scoir Fyftein Zeir, 3 vols, ed. A.J.G. MacKay (New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1966); George Barwick, “A Side-Light on the Mystery of Mary Stuart: Pietro Bizari’s Contemporary Account of the Murders of Riccio and Darnley,” Scottish History Review, 21, 1924;John Knox’s History of the Reformation in Scotland, ed. W. Croft Dickinson, 2 vols (Philadelphia, PA: Philosophical Library, 1950); The Memoirs of Sir James Melville of Halhill, ed. Gordon Donaldson (London: Folio Society, 1969); and John Leslie, A Defence of the Honour of Marie Quene of Scotlande, 1569 (Menston: Scolar Press, 1970).
Poetry
The most important poetry associated with the Scottish queen is: Boscosel de Chastelard, Effusions of Love from Chatelar to Mary Queen of Scotland, trans. Samuel Ireland, 2nd edn (London: Crosby, 1808); Songs and Sonnets of Pierre de Ronsard, ed. Curtis Page (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1924); The Bannatyne Manuscript Written in Tyme of Pest, 1568, ed. W. Tod Ritchie, 4 vols (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1928); The Poems of Sir Richard Maitland of Lethingtoun, Knight (New York: A.M.S. Reprint, 1973); George Buchanan, “Epithalamium upon the Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to the Dauphin of France, afterwards Francis the Second,” Renaissance Latin Poetry, ed. I.D. McFarlane (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980).
French documents
The most helpful are: The Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, to Francis the Dauphin of France, MDLVIII, ed. Bernerd Weber (Greenock: Grian-Aig Press, 1969); Lettres de Catherine de’ Medici, ed. H. de la Ferrière-Percy, et al., 11 vols (Paris: Imprimerie National, 1880–1943); Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme, The Lives of Gallant Ladies, trans. Alec Borwn (London: Elek Books, 1961); The French Wars of Religion: Selected Documents, ed. David Potter (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1997); Lettres du Cardinal Charles de Lorraine (1525–1574), ed. Daniel Cuisiat (Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1998). George Buchanan, the Casket Letters, and Darnley’s murder The following are documents cited at the inquiry into whether Elizabeth would return the queen of Scots to her realm in 1568. John Hosack, Mary Queen of Scots and her Accusers, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1870–4); T.F. Henderson, The Casket Letters and Mary Queen of Scots, 2nd edn (Edinburgh: Black, 1890); Samuel Cowan, Mary Queen of Scots, and Who Wrote the Casket Letters? , 2 vols, 2nd edn (London: Low, Marston 1901 ); Andrew Lang, The Mystery of Mary Stuart (New York: AMS Press, 1970, repr. of 1901); Reginald Mahon, Mary Queen of Scots: A Study of the Lennox Narrative in the University Library at Cambridge(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1924 ); The Tyrannous Reign of Mary Stewart: George Buchanan’s Account, ed. W.A. Gatherer (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1958); and M.H. Armstrong Davison, The Casket Letters: A Solution to the Murder of Mary Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley (Washington, DC: University Press of Washington, DC and Community College Press, 1965).
Elizabethan records
Elizabeth’s letters
Letters of Queen Elizabeth and King James VI of Scotland, ed. John Bruce (London: Camden Society, 1849); Elizabeth I: Collected Works, eds Leah Marcus, Janet Mueller, and Mary Beth Rose (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
Mary’s captivity
Illustrations of British History, Biography, and Manners in the Reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth and James I, ed. Edmund Lodge, 3 vols (London: Chidley, 1838); Accounts and Papers Relating to Mary Queen of Scots, ed. Allan Crosby and John Bruce (London: Camden Society, 1867); The Letters and Memorials of William Cardinal Allen (1532–94), intro., Thomas Knox (London: Nutt, 1882); The Last Days of Mary Stuart and the Journal of Bourgoyne, Her Physician, ed. Samuel Cowan (London: Nash, 1907); The Bardon Papers, ed. Conyers Read (London: Royal Historical Society, 1909), which includes documents from the Babington Plot; and The Trial of Mary Queen of Scots, ed. A. Francis Steuart, 2nd edn (London: Hodges, 1951).
Histories concerning Mary Queen of Scots
Recent biographies
Far too many biographies have been published to cite here. These are among the most recent ones: Antonia Fraser,Mary Queen of Scots (New York: Delacorte Press, 1969; New York: Delta, 1993, 2001), which has the best coverage; Jenny Wormald, Mary, Queen of Scots: Politics, Passion, and a Kingdom Lost (New York: Tauris Park, 2001 ); James MacKay, In My End is My Beginning: A Life of Mary Queen of Scots (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 1999); Susan Watkins, Mary Queen of Scots (New York: Thames and Hudson, 2001); and John Guy, The Life of Mary Queen of Scots: My Heart is My Own (London: Fourth Estate, 2004).
Chronology of her early life
Marcus Merriman, The Rough Wooings: Mary, Queen of Scots, 1542–51 (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2000), which discusses the French alliance and the attempts of English armies to capture the young queen, should be read in association with Norman MacDougall, An Antidote to the English: The Auld Alliance, 1295–1560 (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2001). James Stevenson, Marie Stuart: A Narrative of the First Eighteen Years of her Life, Principally from Original Documents(Patterson, 1886); Alphone de Ruble, La Première Jeuness de Marie Stuart (Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale, 1891); David Hay Fleming, Mary Queen of Scots from her Birth to her Flight into England (London: Hodder and Stoughton , 1897); and Jane Stoddard, The Girlhood of Mary Queen of Scots (London: Hodder and Stoughton 1908) narrate her early years. Of interest for French strategies are two articles by Elizabeth Bonner, “The French Reactions to the Rough Wooings of Mary Queen of Scots” and “The Politique of Henry II: De Facto French Rule in Scotland, 1550–1554,” Journal of the SydneySociety for Scottish History, vols 6 and 7, 1998, 1999, respectively.
Her personal rule
David and Judy Steel, Mary Stuart’s Scotland: The Landscapes, Life and Legends of Mary Queen of Scots (New York: Harmony Books, 1987); Edward Furgol, “The Scottish Iteinerary of Mary Queen of Scots, 1542–6 and 1561–8,”Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 117, 1987; and Peter McNeill and Hector MacQueen (eds), Atlas ofScottish History to 1707 (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 1996) recount her travels. A.A. MacDonald, “Mary Stewart’s Entry to Edinburgh: An Ambiguous Triumph,” Innes Review, 42, 1991, identifies the Protestant bias present during the entry. Michael Lynch, “Queen Mary’s Triumph: The Baptismal Celebrations at Stirling in December 1566,” Scottish Historical Review, 69, 1990 and “The Reassertion of Princely Power in Scotland: The Reigns of Mary, Queen of Scots and King James VI,” in M. Gosman, A. MacDonald, and A. Vanderjagt (eds), Princes and Princely Culture, 1450–1650(Leiden: Brill, 2003), discuss her son’s christening and her court culture. Brief comparisons of her rule to her son’s can be found in Julian Goodare and Michael Lynch (eds), The Reign of James VI (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2000) . Gordon Donaldson, All the Queen’s Men: Power and Politics in Mary Stewart’s Scotland(London: Batsford, 1983); and Margaret Sanderson, Mary Stewart’s People: Life in Mary Stewart’s Scotland (Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama, 1987) offer studies of her subjects. Mortimer Levine, Tudor Dynastic Problems, 1460–1571 (London: Barnes & Noble, 1973) discusses the English succession question. Finally, R.H. Mahon
, The Tragedy of Kirk o’Field (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930 ) examines the death of her second husband.
Her English captivity
Gordon Donaldson, The First Trial of Mary Queen of Scots (New York: Stein and Day, 1969) presents information about her trial and the Casket Letters. Katherine Thompson, “All Things to All Men: Mary Queen of Scots and the Scottish Civil Wars, 1568–73,” Journal of the Sydney Society for Scottish History, 9, 2001, examines the political struggle in Scotland. Andrew Lang, “The Household of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1573,” Scottish Historical Review, 2, 1905, identifies her attendants and servants. John Leader, Mary Queen of Scots in Captivity (London: Bell, 1880); and Patrick Collinson, The English Captivity of Mary Queen of Scots (Sheffield: Sheffield History Pamphlets, 1987) examine her years in prison. G.R. Batho, “The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots,” Scottish Historical Review, 39, 1960; and Jennifer Woodward, The Theatre of Death: The Ritual Management of Royal Funerals in Renaissance England, 1570–1625 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1997) recount her death, her funeral, and interment.
Her public images and portraits
James Phillips, Images of a Queen: Mary Stuart in Sixteenth Century Literature (Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1964); and Alexander Wilkinson, Mary Queen of Scots and Public Opinion, 1542–1600 (New York: Palgrave, 2004) present contemporary views of her. See also, Pearl Brandwein, Mary Queen of Scots in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Drama: Poetic License with History (New York: Lang, 1989); and Jayne Lewis, Mary, Queen of Scots: Romance and Nation (London: Routledge, 1998). Helen Smailes and Duncan Thomson, The Queen’s Image: A Celebration of Mary, Queen of Scots (Edinburgh: The Trustees of the National Galleries of Scotland, 1987) reproduce exquisite copies of her portraits.
Scottish studies
Important contemporaries
Studies of Scottish individuals important to her life are useful. Frederik Schiern, The Life of James Hepburn, trans. D. Berry (Edinburgh: Douglas, 1880); Thomas Duncan, “The Queen’s Maries,” Scottish Historical Review, 2, 1905; A. Francis Steuart, Seigneur Davie: A Sketch Life of David Riccio (London: Sands, 1922); Maurice Lee, James Stewart, Earl of Moray: A Political Study of the Reformation in Scotland (New York: Columbia University Press, 1953); D.M. Lockie, “The Political Career of the Bishop of Ross,” University of Birmingham Historical Journal, 4, 1953; Neville Williams, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk (New York: Dutton, 1964); I.D. McFarlane, Buchanan (London: Duckworth, 1981); Peter Anderson, Robert Stewart, Earl of Orkney, Lord of Shetland, 1533–1593 (Edinburgh: Donald, 1982); David Walker, The Scottish Jurists (Edinburgh: Green, 1985); Margaret Sanderson, Cardinal of Scotland: David Beaton, 1494–1546(Edinburgh: Donald, 1986); Caroline Bingham, Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots (Edinburgh: Constable, 1995); Jamie Cameron, James V: The Personal Rule (East Linton: Tuckwell, 1998); Rosalind Marshall, Mary of Guise: Queen of Scots (Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland, 2001); Pamela Ritchie,Mary of Guise in Scotland, 1548–1560: A Political Career (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2002); and Jane Dawson, The Politics of Religion in the Age of Mary, Queen of Scots (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
General histories, social and economic issues
For the Scottish context numerous studies are available. Only a few can be listed here. Edward Burns, The Coinage of Scotland, 3 vols (Edinburgh: Black, 1887); Jenny Wormald, Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1981); Leah Leneman (ed.), Perspectives in Scottish Social History: Essays in Honour of RosalindMitchison (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1988); Keith Brown, Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture From Reformation to Revolution (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000); and Julian Goodare, State and Society in Early Modern Scotland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) and The Government of Scotland, 1560–1625 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
Religion and politics
Gordon Donaldson, The Scottish Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960) is the traditional survey. Michael Lynch, Edinburgh and the Reformation (Edinburgh: Donald, 1981) examines the queen’s relationship to her capital. Essays in Norman MacDougall (ed)., Church, Politics and Society: Scotland, 1408–1929 (Edinburgh: Donald, 1983); James Kirk, Patterns of Reform: Continuity and Change in the Reformation Kirk (Aberdeen: Clark, 1989); and Roger Mason (ed.), John Knox and the British Reformations (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 1998) provide further revisionist nuances. See also, Michael Graham, The Uses of Reform: “Godly Discipline” and Popular Behavior in Scotland and Beyond, 1560–1620 (Leiden: Brill, 1996). For a comparative study, see Clare Kellar, Scotland, England and the Reformation, 1534–1561 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003).
Legal and constitutional studies
The most useful are Lord Normand, intro., An Introduction to Scottish Legal History (Edinburgh: Stair Society, 1958); Keith Brown, Bloodfeud in Scotland: 1573–1625: Violence, Justice and Politics in Early Modern Society (Edinburgh: Donald, 1986); M.D. Young (ed.), The Parliaments of Scotland, 2 vols (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1992–93); David Walker, A Legal History of Scotland: Vol. 3, The Sixteenth Century (Aberdeen: Clark, 1995); and J.H. Burns, The True Law of Kingship: Concepts of Monarchy in Early Modern Scotland (Oxford: Clarendon, 1996). Terry Brotherstone and David Ditchburn (eds), Freedom and Authority: Scotland c.1050–c.1650: Historical and Historiographical Essays(East Linton: Tuckwell, 2000); Julian Goodare, “The Scottish Political Community and the Parliament of 1563,” Albion, 35, 2003, and “The First Parliament of Mary, Queen of Scots,” Sixteenth Century Journal, 36, 2005. Dauvit Broun, R.J. Finlay, and Michael Lynch (eds), Image and Identity: The Making and Re-making of Scotland through the Ages(Edinburgh: Donald, 1998) offer interpretative essays on selected topics, including the Declaration of Arbroath. See also, Roger Mason (ed.), Kingship and the Commonweal: Political Thought in Renaissance and Reformation Scotland (East Linton: Tuckwell, 1998).
Architectural studies
No investigation of her life would be complete without studies of architecture, including David Breeze, A Queen’s Progress: An Introduction to the Buildings Associated with Mary, Queen of Scots, in the Care of the Secretary of State for Scotland (Edinburgh: Historic Buildings and Monuments, Scottish Development Department, 1987); Richard Fawcett,Scottish Architecture from the Accession of the Stewarts to the Reformation, 1371–1560 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994); and Miles Glendinning, Ranald MacInnes, and Aonghas MacKechnie, A History of Scottish Architecture from the Renaissance to the Present Day (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996).
European studies
British cultural studies
Especially useful are Helena Shire, Song, Dance and Poetry of the Court of Scotland Under James VI: Musical Illustrations of Court-Song (ed.) Kenneth Elliott (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969 ); Roy Strong, Art and Power: Renaissance Festivals, 1450–1650 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1984); Louise Fradenburg, City, Marriage, Tournament: Arts of Rule in Late Medieval Scotland (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, 1991); A.A. MacDonald, Michael Lynch, and Ian Cowan (eds), The Renaissance in Scotland: Studies in Literature, History and Culture Offered to John Durkan (Leiden: Brill, 1994); Carol Edington, Court and Culture in Renaissance Scotland: Sir David Lindsay(Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994); Janet Williams (ed.), Stewart Style, 1513–1542: Essays on the Court of James V (East Linton: Tuckwell, 1996); Gordon Kipling, Enter the King, Theatre, Liturgy and Ritual in theMedieval Civic Triumph (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998); Sally Mapstone and Juliette Wood (eds), The Rose and the Thistle: Essays on the Culture of Late Medieval and Renaissance Scotland (East Linton: Tuckwell, 1998); and R. Malcolm Smuts,Culture and Power in England, 1585–1685 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999) .
Elizabethan England
Works on Elizabethan England are also too numerous for a comprehensive listing. The standard biography of the queen is Wallace MacCaffrey, Elizabeth I (London: Arnold, 1993), but it should be supplem
ented with works that examine gender issues, such as Carole Levin, “The Heart and Stomach of a King:” Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 1994); Amanda Shepherd, Gender and Authority in Sixteenth Century England (Keele: Keele University Press, 1994); Susan Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I(London: Routledge, 1996); A.N. McLaren, Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I: Queen and Commonwealth, 1558–1585 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); and Mary Hill Cole, The Portable Queen: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Ceremony (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts, 1999). Stephen Alford, The Early Elizabethan Polity: William Cecil and the British Succession Crisis, 1558–1569 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998) should be read in association with Jane Dawson, The Politics of Religion in the Age of Mary, Queen of Scots: The Earl of Argyll and the Struggle for Britain and Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
Conspiracies against Elizabeth
For studies of the conspiracies against Elizabeth that exonerate Mary see, for example, John H. Pollen, Mary Queen of Scots and the Babington Plot (Edinburgh: Constable, 1922 ); and for the many condemnations of her, see A.G. Smith,The Babington Plot (London: Macmillan, 1936), which prints some of the documents; Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 3 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1925), Mr Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth (New York: Knopf, 1955); and Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth (New York: Knopf, 1960).
The following offer invaluable insights into the operations of spy networks: Alan Haynes, Invisible Power: The Elizabethan Secret Services, 1570–1603 (Stroud: Sutton, 1992) ; John Archer, Sovereignty and Intelligence: Spying and Court Culture in the Renaissance (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993); and John Bossy, Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991) and Under the Molehill: An Elizabethan Spy Story (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001). See also, David Kahn, The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing (London: Macmillan, 1967); Peter Way, Codes and Ciphers (London: Aldus Books, 1977); and Mark Jones (ed.) with Paul Craddock and Nicholas Barker, Fake? The Art of Deception (London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1990).
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