by Rose George
22. Ibid., 9.
23. Mona Chalabi, “How Many Women Don’t Use Tampons?” FiveThirtyEight, October 1, 2015, https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-many-women-dont-use-tampons/ (accessed April 1, 2018).
24. Delaney et al., The Curse, 137.
25. Vintage Kotex ad images available from Duke University Libraries digital collection, https://library.duke.edu/.
26. Mary G. Cardwell, “Tampons in Menstruation,” letter, British Medical Journal 1, no. 4242 (1942): 537.
27. Communication with the Advertising Standards Authority. Also see www.asa.org.uk/type/broadcast/code_section/32.html.
28. T. L. Stanley, “Pad Ad Takes the Bold Step of Showing Periods Are Actually Red,” Adweek, July 7, 2011.
29. Ibid.
30. Wendee Nicole, “A Question for Women’s Health: Chemicals in Feminine Hygiene Products and Personal Lubricants,” Environmental Health Perspectives 122, no. 3 (2014): A70–A75.
31. Ibid.
32. Ed Yong, “You’re Probably Not Mostly Microbes,” Atlantic, January 8, 2016.
33. Researchers who surveyed 3,012 menstruating women in North America found that while more black women than white women carried S. aureus (8 percent versus 14 percent); of those, white women were more likely to be carrying the toxicogenic strains of staph (15 percent of white subjects; 6 percent of black subjects). Jeffrey Parsonnet, Melanie A. Hansmann, Mary L. Delaney, et al., “Prevalence of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1-Producing Staphylococcus aureus and the Presence of Antibodies to This Superantigen in Menstruating Women,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43, no. 9 (2005): 4628–34.
34. J. Todd, M. Fishaut, F. Kapral, and T. Welch, “Toxic-Shock Syndrome Associated with Phage-Group-I Staphylococci,” Lancet 2, no. 8100 (1978): 1116–18.
35. CDC, “Historical Perspectives Reduced Incidence of Menstrual Toxic-Shock Syndrome—United States, 1980–1990,” www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001651.htm (accessed April 1, 2018).
36. Philip M. Tierno, The Secret Life of Germs (New York: Pocket Books, 2001), 73.
37. Sharma Louise Vostral, Under Wraps: A History of Menstrual Hygiene Technology (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2008), 158.
38. Chem Fatale Report: Potential Health Effects of Toxic Chemicals in Feminine Care Products, Women’s Voices for the Earth, 2013.
39. “Dioxins and Their Effects on Human Health,” World Health Organization, Fact Sheet, October 2016, www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs225/en/ (accessed April 11, 2018).
40. Michael J. DeVito and Arnold Schecter, “Exposure Assessments to Dioxins from the Use of Tampons and Diapers,” Environmental Health Perspectives 110, no. 1 (2002): 23.
41. Tampax, “What Are Tampons Made Of?,” https://tampax.com/en-us/tips-and-advice/period-health/whats-in-a-tampax-tampon (accessed April 2, 2018).
42. US Food & Drug Administration, “Dioxin in Tampons,” www.fda.gov/scienceresearch/specialtopics/womenshealthresearch/ucm134825.htm (accessed April 2, 2018).
43. Chem Fatale Report, 10.
44. US Food & Drug Administration, “Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff: Menstrual Tampons and Pads: Information for Premarket Notification Submissions (510(k)s),” July 27, 2005, www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm071799.pdf (accessed April 2, 2018).
45. “Hallaron glifosato en algodón, gasas, hisopos, toallitas y tampones de La Plata,” Infobae.com, October 20, 2015, www.infobae.com/2015/10/20/1763672-hallaron-glifosato-algodon-gasas-hisopos-toallitas-y-tampones-la-plata/ (accessed April 2, 2018). An earlier study found glyphosate in the urine of 90 percent of residents of General Pueyrredón province, both urban and rural. None of the residents had come into direct contact with glyphosate.
46. Dr. Jen Gunter, October 24, 2015, https://drjengunter.wordpress.com/2015/10/24/no-your-tampon-still-isnt-a-gmo-impregnated-toxin-filled-cancer-stick/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
47. “Tampons and Sanitary Pads in Switzerland Declared Safe,” Swissinfo.ch, March 2, 2017, www.swissinfo.ch/eng/toxic-chemicals_tampons-and-sanitary-pads-in-switzerland-declared-safe-/43000250 (accessed April 2, 2018).
48. The FDA’s Code of Federal Regulations, Part 801: Labeling, requires manufacturers of scented and unscented tampons to list information regarding absorbency and the risks of TSS. www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=801.430 (accessed April 2, 2018).
49. The Tampon Safety and Research Act of 1999, available at www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/106/hr890.
50. The Robin Danielson Feminine Hygiene Product Safety Act of 2017, available at www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr2379.
51. Carolyn Maloney, “You Know Where Your Tampon Goes. It’s Time You Knew What Goes into It, Too.”
52. “World Feminine Hygiene Products Market Is Expected to Reach $42.7 Billion by 2022.”
53. Euromonitor International, Sanitary Protection Report 2017 (cost: £875/$1,325), www.euromonitor.com/category-update-sanitary-protection/report.
54. Anasuya Basu, “Compostable Sanitary Pads: A Sustainable Solution in Menstrual Hygiene?,” The Wire, January 30, 2018.
55. Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council, Celebrating Womanhood (Geneva: WSSCC, 2013), 11.
56. Ghebre E. Tzeghai, Funmilayo O. Ajayi, Kenneth W. Miller, et al., “A Feminine Care Clinical Research Program Transforms Women’s Lives,” Global Journal of Health Science 7, no. 4 (2015): 45–59.
57. Jill Craig, “In Slums of Nairobi, Sex for Sanitation,” Voice of America, February 14, 2012.
58. Penelope A. Phillips-Howard, George Otieno, Barbara Burmen, et al., “Menstrual Needs and Associations with Sexual and Reproductive Risks in Rural Kenyan Females: A Cross-Sectional Behavioral Survey Linked with HIV Prevalence,” Journal of Women’s Health 24, no. 10 (2015): 801–11.
59. “Pupils Exchange Sex for Sanitary Pad—GES Reveals,” GhanaWeb.com, October 7, 2016.
60. Linda Mason, Elizabeth Nyothach, Kelly Alexander, et al., “‘We Keep It Secret So No One Should Know’—A Qualitative Study to Explore Young Schoolgirls’ Attitudes and Experiences with Menstruation in Rural Western Kenya,” PLoS ONE 8, no. 11 (2013): e79132.
61. Hannah Parry, “Customs Officials Seize Half a Ton of Radioactive Sanitary Pads at Lebanon Airport,” Mail Online, March 21, 2015.
62. Dominic Jackson, “Radioactive Sanitary Pads from China Seized by Lebanon,” Shanghaiist, March 23, 2015 (accessed September 2017; site not currently available).
63. “Counterfeit Sanitary-Napkin Ring Smashed,” China Daily, May 15, 2013.
64. Indian Standard: Specification for Sanitary Napkins, March 1993, Bureau of Indian Standards, first published May 1980.
65. Tzeghai et al., “A Feminine Care Clinical Research Program Transforms Women’s Lives.”
66. “Standard Test Method for Performing Behind-the-Knee (BTK) Test for Evaluating Skin Irritation Response to Products and Materials That Come into Repeated or Extended Contact with Skin,” ASTM International, www.astm.org/Standards/F2808.htm.
67. HERproject, https://herproject.org/.
68. Lydia DePillis, “Two Years Ago, 1,129 People Died in a Bangladesh Factory Collapse. The Problems Still Haven’t Been Fixed,” Washington Post, April 23, 2015.
69. Business Case Studies, “Beyond Corporate Social Responsibility: A Primark Case Study,” https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/primark/beyond-corporate-social-responsibility/the-value-of-the-herproject.html (accessed April 2, 2018).
70. Ibid.
71. https://herproject.org/impact.
72. George, “My Gold Medal Goes to Fu Yuanhui for Talking Openly About Her Period.”
>
73. Clare O’Connor, “Why 2016 Was the Year of the Women-Led Period Startup,” Forbes, December 22, 2016.
74. Lily Kuo, “Kenya Is Promising Free Sanitary Napkins to Help Keep Girls in School,” Quartz, June 23, 2017, https://qz.com/1012976/uhuru-kenyatta-promises-free-sanitary-napkins-for-kenyan-school-girls/ (accessed April 2, 2018).
75. “Uganda: No Money for Sanitary Pads in Schools to Fulfil Museveni’s Promise,” Monitor, February 15, 2017 (accessed September 2017).
76. Alon Mwesigwa, “Jailed for Calling the Ugandan President a ‘Pair of Buttocks,’ Activist Vows to Fight On,” Guardian, June 19, 2017.
77. Emily Wax, “Virginity Becomes a Commodity in Uganda’s War Against AIDS,” Washington Post, October 7, 2005.
78. Radhika Sanghani, “Indian Women Protest Temple That Wants to Scan Them for ‘Impure’ Periods,” Telegraph (London), November 23, 2015.
79. Nikita Azad, “An Open Letter to You: From the ‘Young, Bleeding Woman’ Who Shook Sabarimala,” Youth Ki Awaaz, August 30, 2016, www.youthkiawaaz.com/2016/08/happy-to-bleed-open-letter-nikita-azad/ (accessed May 2018).
80. Class action filed by ACLU against Muskegon County et al. in 2014, p.13, accessed at www.aclumich.org/sites/default/files/2014_MuskegonComplaint.pdf.
81. Brooklyn Defender Services, testimony of Andrea Nieves before the New York City Council Committee on Women’s Issues, June 2, 2016, http://bds.org/andrea-nieves-testifies-in-support-of-council-bill-requiring-doc-to-provide-free-feminine-hygiene-products-in-city-jails/.
82. Amy Fettig, “Arizona Needs Laws That Protect Women Prisoners’ Menstrual Health,” ACLU, February 9, 2018, www.aclu.org/blog/prisoners-rights/women-prison/arizona-needs-laws-protect-women-prisoners-menstrual-health (accessed March 14, 2018).
83. Jimmy Jenkins, “‘Pads and Tampons and the Problems with Periods’: All-Male Committee Hears Arizona Bill on Feminine Hygiene Products in Prison,” kjzz.org, February 12, 2018, http://kjzz.org/content/602963/%E2%80%98pads-and-tampons-and-problems-periods-all-male-committee-hears-arizona-bill-feminine.
84. Under the revised tax rate, women’s sanitary products taxed at 5 percent include sanitary towels, sanitary pads, panty liners not designed as incontinence products, tampons, sanitary belts for use with looped towels or pads, keepers (internal devices for the collection of menstrual flow), and maternity pads for the collection of lochia (vaginal discharge after birth containing blood, mucus, and uterine discharge). www.gov.uk/government/publications/vat-notice-70118-womens-sanitary-protection-products/vat-notice-70118-womens-sanitary-protection-products (accessed April 3, 2018).
85. Damian McBride, Power Trip: A Decade of Policy, Plots and Spin (London: Biteback, 2013).
86. Ema Sagner, “More States Move to End ‘Tampon Tax’ That’s Seen as Discriminating Against Women,” npr.org, March 25, 2018, www.npr.org/2018/03/25/564580736/more-states-move-to-end-tampon-tax-that-s-seen-as-discriminating-against-women.
87. BBC, “Why Is the US ‘Tampon Tax’ So Hated?,” September 14, 2016, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37365286 (accessed April 3, 2018).
88. “Tampon-Tax Protest Turns Zurich Fountains Red,” Local, October 4, 2016, www.thelocal.ch/20161004/tampon-tax-protest-turns-zurich-fountains-red (accessed April 3, 2018).
89. The UK government has since pledged to use £15 million ($20 million) of tampon tax revenue to fund “projects that tackle sexual violence, address social exclusion and improve mental health and wellbeing.” My mental health and well-being would be improved by free sanitary products. Ben Quinn, “Anti-abortion Life Charity Will Get Cash from UK Tampon Tax,” Guardian, October 28, 2017. “Women and Girls Set to Benefit from £15 Million Tampon Tax Fund,” UK government, press release, March 26, 2018, www.gov.uk/government/news/women-and-girls-set-to-benefit-from-15-million-tampon-tax-fund.
90. Sara Austin, “How These 3 Women Are Working to Make ‘Menstrual Equity’ a Reality,” Cosmopolitan, November 17, 2016.
91. Gloria Steinem, “If Men Could Menstruate,” Ms., October 1978.
EIGHT: CODE RED
1. John 11:43–44, Bible, New International Version, http://biblehub.com/niv/john/11.htm (accessed October 26, 2017).
2. Hazen Burton, “The ‘Blood Trinity’: Robertson, Archibald and MacLean—The Canadian Contribution to Blood Transfusion in World War I,” Dalhousie Medical Journal 35, 1, (2008): 21.
3. The WHO’s latest figure is 5.8 million. “Injuries and Violence: The Facts,” World Health Organization, Fact Sheet, www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/key_facts/en/ (accessed October 26, 2017).
4. Ibid.
5. The WHO’s Global Health Estimates 2015 reported that 760,073 Africans died from HIV/AIDS, while 930,178 died from trauma. This category included self-inflicted injury. www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html (accessed October 26, 2017).
6. B. J. Eastridge, M. Hardin, J. Cantrell, et al., “Died of Wounds on the Battlefield: Causation and Implications for Improving Combat Casualty Care,” Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 71, Suppl. 1 (July 2011): S4–8.
7. Jennifer M. Gurney and John B. Holcomb, “Blood Transfusion from the Military’s Standpoint: Making Last Century’s Standard Possible Today,” Current Trauma Reports 3, no. 2 (2017): 144.
8. J. B. Holcomb, “Major Scientific Lessons Learned in the Trauma Field over the Last Two Decades,” PLoS Medicine 14, no. 7 (2017): e1002339.
9. John B. Holcomb, “Transport Time and Preoperating Room Hemostatic Interventions Are Important: Improving Outcomes After Severe Truncal Injury,” Critical Care Medicine 46, no. 3 (2018): 447.
10. Interview with Karim Brohi.
11. J. F. LePage, “On Transfusion,” Lancet 20, 3092 (1882): 970.
12. Brigadier General Douglas B. Kendrick, Medical Department United States Army in World War II: Blood Program in World War II, US Army Medical Department, Office of Medical History, http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/blood/chapter3.htm (accessed April 6, 2018).
13. Corinne S. Wood, “A Short History of Blood Transfusion,” Transfusion 7, no. 4 (1967): 302.
14. Martin D. Zielinski, Donald H. Jenkins, Joy D. Hughes, et al., “Back to the Future: The Renaissance of Whole-Blood Transfusions for Massively Hemorrhaging Patients,” Surgery 155, no. 5 (2014): 883–86. The paper gets its name from the film of the same name (Part II) and is inspired by this quote from Dr. Emmet Lathrop “Doc” Brown: “I went to a rejuvenation clinic and got a whole natural overhaul. They took out some wrinkles, did hair repair, changed the blood, added a good 30 to 40 years to my life. They also replaced my spleen and colon. What do you think?”
15. London’s Air Ambulance, “UK’s First Air Ambulance to Carry Blood on Board,” press release, March 4, 2012, https://londonsairambulance.co.uk/our-service/news/2012/03/uks-first-air-ambulance-to-carry-blood-on-board (accessed May 2018).
16. Matthew A. Borgman, Philip C. Spinella, Jeremy G. Perkins, et al., “The Ratio of Blood Products Transfused Affects Mortality of Patients Receiving Massive Transfusions at Combat Support Hospital,” Journal of Trauma 63, no. 4 (2007): 805–13.
17. It was first used by HEMS in 2014. London’s Air Ambulance, “World’s First Pre-hospital REBOA Performed,” June 16, 2014, https://londonsairambulance.co.uk/our-service/news/2014/06/we-perform-worlds-first-pre-hospital-reboa. The technique was pioneered in the Korean War by Colonel C. W. Hughes. C. W. Hughes, “Use of an Intra-aortic Balloon Catheter Tamponade for Controlling Intra-abdominal Hemorrhage in Man,” Surgery 36, no. 1 (1954): 65–68.
18. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, “National Cancer Act of 1971,” www.cancer.gov/about-nci/legislative/history/national-cancer-act-1
971 (accessed April 4, 2018).
19. Carl W. Walter, “Invention and Development of the Blood Bag,” Vox Sanguinis 47, no. 4 (1984): 318–24.
20. Patrick J. Kiger, “Behind the Battle of Mogadishu,” National Geographic, n.d., http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/no-man-left-behind/articles/behind-the-battle-of-mogadishu/ (accessed January 2018).
21. Gurney and Holcomb, “Blood Transfusion from the Military’s Standpoint,” 149.
22. R. L. Davies, “Should Whole Blood Replace the Shock Pack?,” Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 162, no. 1 (2016): 5–7.
