37“Gerrard Street Area: The Military Ground, Gerrard Street,” in Survey of London: vols. 33 and 34, St. Anne Soho, ed. F. H. W. Sheppard (London, 1966), pp. 384–411. British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols33-4/pp384-411 [accessed Nov. 14, 2019]. On the names of the Mordaunt children, see CPE, vol. 3, p. 329.
38“Townships: Halsall,” in A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 3, ed. William Farrer and J. Brownbill (London, 1907), pp. 191–97. British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol3/pp191-197 [accessed Nov. 14, 2019]. Lady Howe’s visits to Langar and Halsall are mentioned in Bodleian Library: MS. Eng. Misc. e. 452, 45865, “Volume containing accounts of personal expenditure of Scrope, 1st Viscount Howe,” fols. 7v, 8r. See also [Howe, Maria Sophia] Ch[arlotte Kielmansegge, Viscountess] Howe to [the Countess of Huntingdon], Parsons Green, April 1, 1740, Folder HA 6930-6934, Hastings Family Papers, ca 1100–1892, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
39Syrett, pp. 1–3.
40N. A. M. Rodgers, The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy (Glasgow, 1986; this impression, 1990), pp. 254, 270–71.
41Rodgers, ibid., pp. 253, 259, 264, 269.
42On the voyage of the Severn, see Syrett, p. 2. Cite from Howe (Richard, Earl Howe, Admiral of the Fleet) to his mother, Rio de Janeiro, July 6–10 [1741], reprinted in part in Catalogue of Important Historical Manuscripts & Autograph Letters and Some Printed Books: The Properties of the Most Honourable The Marquess of Sligo and Jasper More, Esq. (London: Christie, Manson & Woods, 1958), p. 14. I am indebted to Cheney Schopieray of the William L. Clements Library for drawing this letter to my attention.
43Syrett, pp. 3, 4; Barrow, p. 15. Barrow, Richard’s Victorian biographer, suggested that it was the occasion of an interview with the Duke of Bedford, “then first lord of the Admiralty,” at Woburn Abbey that led to Richard’s first command [ibid., p. 11]. This is given added weight because the Page family at Battlesden knew the duke; the Pages had political “interest” in Bedfordshire. See, for example, BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, 16 July 1763; CH/LS, 75611, 12 March 1767.
44Syrett, pp. 2–8; Oxford Journal, Sat., November 22, 1760.
45R. O. Bucholz, “Herbert, Thomas, eighth earl of Pembroke and fifth earl of Montgomery (1656/7–1733),” ODNB Online [accessed June 26, 2020].
46See Institute of Historical Research, Office-holders in Modern Britain: Royal Households, Queen Caroline 1727-37, http://www.history.ac.uk/publications/office/queencaroline [accessed October 20, 2015]. She was “commonly called Countess Dowager of Pembroke.” See her will, below.
47http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/mordaunt-hon-john-1709-67 [accessed Nov. 24, 2019].
48Announcing the death of Major William Howe, see BC: Daily Courant, Aug. 8, 1733; University of Nottingham Manuscripts and Special Collections: Sm 1112, “Case for Miss Howe,” describes Mary as the ward of Lady Pembroke and states that Mary is about fifteen years of age at date of document, which is November 30, 1741.
49Caroline’s marriage certificate gives her parish as Fulham. She no doubt spent much of her time at Lady Pembroke’s home as well as at nearby Battlesden. Lambeth Palace Library and Archives, FM I/80, FM II/87, marriage license of Caroline Howe and John Howe, dated April 19, 1742. I am grateful to Martin Price for providing me with a transcript of Caroline Howe’s marriage license.
50Hervey, Memoirs of the Reign of George II, vol. 2, p. 480; see also Institute of Historical Research, Office-holders in Modern Britain: Royal Households, Princess Augusta 1736-72, http://www.history.ac.uk/publications/office/augusta [accessed Oct. 20, 2015].
51Janice Hadlow, The Strangest Family: The Private Lives of George III, Queen Charlotte and the Hanoverians (London, 2014), pp. 42–43, 90–91.
52Wharncliffe and Thomas, eds., Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, vol. 1, p. 482fn.
53Stephen Brumwell, “Band of Brothers,” History Today, vol. 58 (no. 6), June 2008, p. 27; http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/howe-george-augustus-1724-58 [accessed Nov. 14, 2019].
54Austin-Leigh, The Eton College Register, pp. 184, 241.
55The Database of Court Officers 1660-1837, comp. by R. O. Bucholz, J. C. Sainty, et al., http://courtofficers.ctsdh.luc.edu/ (2005; rev. 2019).
56J. M. Beattie, The English Court in the Reign of George I (Cambridge, 1967), p. 103.
57http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/howe-hon-william-1729-1814 [accessed Nov. 14, 2019]; Ira D. Gruber, “Howe, William, fifth Viscount Howe (1729–1814),” ODNB Online [accessed Nov. 14, 2019].
58http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/mordaunt-hon-john-1709-67 [accessed Nov. 14, 2019].
59http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/plumptre-john-1679-1751; http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/howe-george-augustus-1724-58 [both accessed Nov. 14, 2019].
60Namier and Brooke, The History of Parliament, vol. I, p. 355.
61http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/howe-george-augustus-1724-58 [accessed Nov. 14, 2019]; William Betham, The Baronetage of England, or the History of the English Baronets (5 vols., 1801–1805), vol. 4, p. 9; Ian Roy, “Rupert, prince and count palatine of the Rhine and duke of Cumberland (1619–1682),” ODNB Online [accessed Nov. 14, 2019].
62Cite from BNA: Derby Mercury, June 26, 1747; Browning, The Duke of Newcastle, p. 143.
63Quoted in http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/plumptre-john-1679-1751 [accessed Nov. 14, 2019].
64Romney R. Sedgwick, “Nottingham,” http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/constituencies/Nottingham [accessed Oct. 21, 2015].
65http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/howe-george-augustus-1724-58 [accessed Nov. 14, 2019].
66BL-NP, 32711, fols. 395–96, [John] Plumptre to Newcastle, Nottingham, June 17, 1747.
67O’Gorman, Voters, Patrons, and Parties, p. 255.
68BL-NP, 32711, fol. 264, Mr John Sherwin to Newcastle, Nottingham, June 8, 1747; fol. 393, Mr John Sherwin to Newcastle, Nottingham, June 17, 1747.
69BL-NP, 32712, fol. 95, J. S. Charlton to Newcastle, Staunton, July 11, 1747; 32711, fol. 130, J. S. Charlton to Newcastle, Staunton, May 25, 1747.
70Namier and Brooke, The History of Parliament, vol. I, p. 355; Harry Tucker Easton, The History of a Banking House (Smith, Payne and Smiths) (London, 1903), p. 12; BL-NP, 32712, fol. 372: [John] Plumptre to Newcastle, Nottingham, August 12, 1747. The townhouse is Bromley House, erected 1752, now the Nottingham Subscription Library. Elain Harwood, Nottingham (New Haven and London, 2008), p. 59. Many of its interiors are well preserved.
71BL-NP, 32874, fol. 187: Lady Howe to the Duke of Newcastle, September 20, 1757.
72Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann, November 23, 1741, HWC, vol. 17, p. 209.
73Norma Clarke, Queen of the Wits: A Life of Laetitia Pilkington (London, 2008), pp. 74, 123, 149.
74http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/walpole-hon-edward-1706-84 [accessed Nov. 14, 2019].
75Bartle Grant, ed., The Receipt Book of Elizabeth Raper (Soho, London, 1924), pp. 6–7.
76David P. Field, “Howe, John (1630–1705),” ODNB Online [accessed Nov. 14, 2019]; Henry Rogers, The Life and Character of John Howe, M.A. (London, 1863), pp. 438–39.
77“Parishes: Hanslope with Castle Thorpe,” in A History of the County of Buckingham: Vol. 4, ed. William Page (London, 1927), pp. 348–62. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp348-362 [accessed Nov. 14, 2019].
78John Howe is included in a portrait attributed to Charles Philips, “The ‘Henry the Fifth’ Club, or ‘the Gang,’ c. 1730–1735” [Oil on canvas | 72.4 x 90.5 cm (support, canvas/panel/str external) | RCIN 405737]. The club was started by Prince Frederick. See The Royal Collection Trust.
79PCC, PROB11/773/272, “Will of
Mary Mordaunt commonly called the Right Honorable Mary Countess of Pembroke, Wife, Dowager of Parsons Green, Middlesex,” September 19, 1749.
80BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, Tuesday 1760; 75613, CH/LS, Nov. 30, 1776; Sept. 18, 1777.
Three: The Brothers
1Syrett, pp. 11–12.
2Derek Mackay and H. M. Scott, The Rise of the Great Powers 1648-1815 (London and New York, 1983), pp. 177, 179–80; Fred Anderson, The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War (New York and London, 2005), pp. 43, 46–50.
3Syrett, p. 12; Barrow, pp. 23, 25.
4BNA: Caledonian Mercury, July 21, 1755; Derby Mercury, July 18, 1755; Oxford Journal, July 26, 1755.
5BNA: Leeds Intelligencer, Aug. 5, 1755.
6Roger Knight, “Howe, Richard, Earl Howe (1726–1799),” ODNB Online [accessed July 4, 2020].
7Kathleen Wilson, The Sense of the People: Politics, Culture and Imperialism in England, 1715-1785 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 178–79.
8Syrett, p. 12; cite from Browning, The Duke of Newcastle, p. 221.
9Thompson, George II, p. 238.
10Browning, The Duke of Newcastle, pp. 221–22.
11J. C. D. Clark, The Dynamics of Change: The Crisis of the 1750s and English Party Systems (Cambridge, 1982), p. 224, 510fn. Cites from Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of King George II, vol. 2, pp. 49, 56, 58.
12Samuel Kirk, Grocer, Nottingham to General Howe, Feb. 10, 1775; on the town of Nottingham’s opposition to the subsidy treaties, see BC: London Evening Post, Nov. 16, 1756.
13BL-NP, 32732 Part I, fols. 336–37, Newcastle to Charlton, Claremont, July 21, 1753; 32732 Part II, fol. 393, Charlton to Newcastle, Wollaton, Aug. 1, 1753; fol. 437, Newcastle to Plumptre, Newcastle House, Aug. 9, 1753.
14BL-NP, 32733, fol. 122, Mr. Clay to Newcastle, Nottingham, Oct. 24, 1753; fols. 234–35, Mr. Clay to Newcastle, Nottingham, Nov. 10, 1753; fol. 24, J. Bristowe to? [opens “Dear Sir”], Clumber, Nov. 12, 1753; fol. 619, Mr. Clay to Newcastle, Nottingham, Dec. 31, 1753.
15Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (London and Basingstoke, 1929; 2nd ed., 1957), p. 92fn; BC: London Evening Post, May 4–7, 1754; J. D. Chambers, Nottinghamshire in the Eighteenth Century: A Study of Life and Labour under the Squirearchy (London, 1966), p. 33.
16Harwood, Nottingham, pp. 8, 12, 68.
17I am indebted to Dr. Stephen Brumwell for the suggestion that George served as an aide-de-camp, and for other insights regarding George Lord Howe’s involvement at Bassignano.
18BNA: Derby Mercury, Oct. 11, 1745.
19BL, Hardwicke Papers, 35431, fols. 208, 209, George Augustus, 3rd Viscount Howe—Letter to his mother [1745—misdated in catalog as 1747].
20BNA: Caledonian Mercury, Jan. 28, 1747; http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/howe-george-augustus-1724-58 [accessed July 8, 2020].
21Basil Williams, The Life of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (2 vols., London, 1915), vol. 1, p. 366.
22James Dreaper, Pitt’s “Gallant Conqueror”: The Turbulent Life of Lieutenant-General Sir William Draper K.B. (New York, 2006), pp. 23–24.
23T. A. B. Corley, “Chudleigh, Elizabeth [married names Elizabeth Hervey, Countess of Bristol; Elizabeth Pierrepont, Duchess of Kingston upon Hull] (c. 1720–1788),” ODNB Online [accessed July 7, 2020]; Claire Gervat, Elizabeth: The Scandalous Life of the Duchess of Kingston (London, 2003), pp. 40–45.
24Charles E. Pearce, The Amazing Duchess: Being the Romantic History of Elizabeth Chudleigh (2 vols., London, 1911), vol. 1, p. 134.
25BNA: Caledonian Mercury, April 27, 1776.
26Gervat, Elizabeth, p. 55.
27Lord John Russell, ed., Correspondence of John, Fourth Duke of Bedford (3 vols., London, 1842–1846), vol. 2, p. 103.
28BC: Whitehall Evening Post or London Intelligencer, Aug. 17–20, 1751; London Daily Advertiser and Literary Gazette, Aug. 27, 1751.
29On the Eton match, see Dreaper, Pitt’s “Gallant Conqueror,” p. 22; for examples of subsequent matches, see BC: Whitehall Evening Post or London Intelligencer, July 2–4, 6–9, 1751; Old England or the National Gazette, July 20, 1751; London Morning Penny Post, July 15–17, 1751; General Advertiser, Aug. 5, 1751.
30BC: General Advertiser, Dec. 12, 1751.
31Weinreb and Hibbert, eds., The London Encyclopedia, p. 464.
32Hadlow, The Strangest Family, pp. 97–98.
33Chalus, Elite Women in English Political Life, pp. 223–24fn.
34Matthew Kilburn, “Wallmoden, Amalie Sophie Marianne von, suo jure countess of Yarmouth (1704–1765),” ODNB Online [accessed July 4, 2020]; Andrew C. Thompson, George II, pp. 127–28.
35Kielmansegge, Diary of a Journey to England, pp. 21, 54, 80, 83, 144, 148, 173, 176, 210, 212, 226, 238, 244, 277; on Lady Yarmouth’s purchase of the house in Albemarle Street, see BC: St James’s Chronicle, or the British Evening Post, June 6–9, 1761.
36Kilburn, “Wallmoden, Amalie . . . countess of Yarmouth (1704–1765)”; Jeremy Black, Pitt the Elder: The Great Commoner (first published Cambridge, 1992; rev. ed. Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1999), pp. 133, 169.
37Thompson, George II, pp. 180, 225–26, 232, 240, 251.
38The Diary of the Late George Bubb Dodington, baron of Melcombe Regis (London: 3rd ed., 1785), pp. 12, 19, 28, 87, 161; Kielmansegge, Diary of a Journey to England, p. 83.
39Beattie, The English Court in the Reign of George I, pp. 53–55; E. J. Burford, Royal St James’s: Being a Story of Kings, Clubmen and Courtesans (London, 1988; paperback ed., 2001), p. 30.
40Moore, Amphibious Thing, p. 189.
41Hannah Greig, The Beau Monde: Fashionable Society in Georgian London (Oxford, 2013), p. 115–20.
42Diary of the Late George Bubb Dodington, p. 74.
43Beattie, The English Court in the Reign of George I, p. 54.
44See Diary of the Late George Bubb Dodington, pp. 30, 161, and elsewhere.
45Hadlow, Strangest Family, pp. 106–11.
46Lord Fitzmaurice, Life of William Earl of Shelburne (2 vols., London, 1912), vol. I, p. 51.
47Grace Countess of Middlesex. See Sidney Colvin, History of the Society of Dilettanti (London, 1914), p. 10; for the rumors about her, see Jason M. Kelly, The Society of Dilettanti: Archaeology and Identity in the British Enlightenment (New Haven and London, 2009), p. 76.
48Clark, The Dynamics of Change, p. 202; John L. Bullion, “The Origins and Significance of Gossip about Princess Augusta and Lord Bute, 1755–1756,” Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture, vol. 21 (1991), pp. 249–51.
49Bullion, “Origins and Significance of Gossip,” pp. 247–48; quote from John L. Bullion, “Augusta, princess of Wales (1719–1772),” ODNB Online [accessed July 9, 2020].
50Hadlow, Strangest Family, pp. 106–7, 112.
51PCC, PROB 11/682/273, “Will of the Right Honourable Scroop Lord Viscount Howe of Ireland,” April 6, 1737; Randolph Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family: Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England (New York, San Francisco, London, 1978), pp. 51–52.
52Kielmansegge, Diary of a Journey to England, pp. 54, 57.
53Chalus, Elite Women in English Political Life, pp. 77–78, 80, 84; Judith S. Lewis, Sacred to Female Patriotism: Gender, Class, and Politics in Late Georgian Britain (New York and London, 2003), pp. 94–99.
54“Parishes: Hanslope with Castle Thorpe,” in A History of the County of Buckingham: Vol. 4, ed. William Page (London, 1927), pp. 348–62. British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp348-362 [accessed Sept. 10, 2015].
55BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, April 10, 1764.
56The Receipt Book of Elizabeth Raper, pp. 5–6, 10.
57BL-AP, 75610, CH/LS, July 7, 1763.
58Cite from James Greig, ed., The Farington Diary by Joseph Farington (6 vols., London, 1922–1928), vol. 6, p. 271; Dale, The History of the Belvoir Hunt, p. 48.
59Walpole cite from Jeremy Black, The British Abroad: The Grand Tour in the Eightee
nth Century (Stroud and New York, 1992), p. 208; Colvin, History of the Society of Dilettanti, pp. 4–5; Kelly, The Society of Dilettanti, p. xiii.
60Kelly, Society of Dilettanti, pp. 35–36, 74, 76, 77–78; N. A. M. Rodger, “Montagu, John, fourth earl of Sandwich (1718–1792),” ODNB Online [accessed July 8, 2020].
61For a list of members, see Colvin, History of the Society of Dilettanti, Appendix.
62A joint memorial to John Howe and Matthew Raper, F.R.S., testifying to their lifelong friendship, is in the Church of St. James the Great, Thorley.
63“Parishes: Thorley,” in A History of the County of Hertford: Vol. 3, ed. William Page (London, 1912), pp. 373–77, British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/herts/vol3/pp373-377 [accessed September 9, 2015]; The Receipt Book of Elizabeth Raper, p. 3.
64Syrett, pp. 13–14.
65The Receipt Book of Elizabeth Raper, pp. 5–9, 15, 23, 24.
66I am grateful to Professor H. V. Bowen for providing me with information from Anthony Farrington’s Biographical Index of East India Company Maritime Service Officers 1600-1834 (1999), p. 396, revealing that Thomas Howe was 3rd mate on Griffin 1752/3, 2nd mate on Rhoda 1753/4; Commander of Winchelsea 1757/8 and 1761/2; and Commander of Nottingham 1765/6.
67Stephen Brumwell, Paths of Glory: The Life and Death of James Wolfe (London and New York, 2006; paperback ed., 2007), pp. 92, 109–14. BL-AP, 75614, CH/LS, Feb. 3, 1780.
68Brumwell, “Band of Brothers,” p. 27.
69Beckles Willson, The Life and Letters of James Wolfe (London, 1909), p. 251.
70Ibid., pp. 338, 392–93.
71Brumwell, Paths of Glory, p. 61; Clive Towse, “Mordaunt, Sir John (1696/7–1780),” ODNB Online [accessed July 7, 2020]. Anne Mordaunt’s death was announced in BC: London Evening Post, August 21–23, 1753. On Caroline Howe’s connection with Sir John Mordaunt, see, for example, BL-AP, 75611, CH/LS, Sept. 13, 1772; 75614, CH/LS, Jan. 30, 1780.
72Brumwell, Paths of Glory, pp. 78–79.
73Timothy J. Todish, ed., The Annotated and Illustrated Journals of Major Robert Rogers (New York, 2002), pp. 53–57; Browning, The Duke of Newcastle, p. 209.
The Howe Dynasty Page 48
