11Lieut.-General Thomas Gage to the Earl of Dartmouth, June 12, 1775. Davies, vol. 9, p. 170; in Peter Orlando Hutchinson, The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson (2 vols., Boston, 1884–86), vol. 1, p. 539, Governor Hutchinson records that in September 1775, the flat-bottomed boats Howe requested were finally on their way.
12Fleming, Now We Are Enemies, pp. 182, 204–5.
13Willcox, Portrait of a General, p. 48; Ira D. Gruber, “Clinton, Sir Henry (1730–1795),” ODNB Online [accessed July 30, 2020].
14William B. Willcox, ed., The American Rebellion: Sir Henry Clinton’s Narrative of His Campaigns, 1775-1782 (New Haven, 1954), pp. ix–x.
15General Sir William Howe to [?the Adjutant-General], June 22 and 24, 1775, The Correspondence of King George the Third, vol. 3, p. 222–23.
16BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 27, 1775.
17The Life and Letters of Lady Sarah Lennox, vol. 1, pp. 235, 243.
18Correspondence of Emily Duchess of Leinster, vol. III, pp. 144–45.
19LEC, vol. II, p. 123.
20BL-AP, 75611, CH/LS, Oct. 29, Dec. 29, 1772; 75612, CH/LS, Jan. 12, 1773.
21BL-AP, 75611, CH/LS, March 17, 1767; 75612, CH/LS, Aug. 19, 1774; 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 27, 1775; 75614, CH/LS, Jan. 5, 1780.
22Private Papers of James Boswell from Malahide Castle; In the Collection of Lt-Colonel Ralph Heywood Isham, ed. Geoffrey Scott and Frederick A. Pottle (1931), pp. 67–68.
23BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, July 20, 1775.
24BC: London Gazette, July 22–25, 1775.
25BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, July 27, 1775.
26Urban, Fusiliers, p. 45; Richard sent a copy of William’s letter to Lord George Germain. Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs. Stopford-Sackville, vol. 2, pp. 3–5.
27BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 3, 1775.
28BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 11, 1775; for an example of a newspaper report on William Howe’s danger at Bunker Hill, see BNA: Derby Mercury, July 28, 1775.
29Correspondence of Emily, Duchess of Leinster, vol. 3, p. 145; BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 27, 1775.
30The Life and Letters of Lady Sarah Lennox, vol. 1, p. 244.
31Philbrick, Bunker Hill, pp. 57, 220, 226.
32The Life and Letters of Lady Sarah Lennox, vol. 1, pp. 234–35, 243, 244.
33BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 27, 1775.
34Bradley, Popular Politics and the American Revolution in England, pp. 4, 7, 10, 12, 210–16.
35Bickham, Making Headlines, pp. 72–73, 82–83; Stephen Conway, “From Fellow-Nationals to Foreigners: British Perceptions of the Americans, Circa 1739-1783,” in William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, vol. 59 (2002), pp. 85–87.
36R. C. Simmons and P. D. G. Thomas, eds., Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliament Respecting North America, 1754-1783 (6 vols., Millwood, White Plains, NY, 1982–1987), vol. 6, p. 62.
37Flavell, When London Was Capital of America, pp. 105–9; Bickham, Making Headlines, pp. 40–41.
38Clive Towse, “Conway, Henry Seymour (1719–1795),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 1, 2020]; Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliament Respecting North America, vol. 6, p. 113.
39Dickinson, Liberty and Property, pp. 206–9; citation from http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/cavendish-george-augustus-1727-94 [accessed Aug. 1, 2020].
40Flavell, “American Patriots in London and the Quest for Talks, 1774-1775,” pp. 355–56.
41BL-AP, 75612, CH/LS, Saturday Oct. 1, 1774; 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 27, 1775.
42Leslie Mitchell, The Whig World, 1760-1837 (1st ed., London and New York, 2005; paperback ed., 2007), p. 18.
43Foreman, Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire, pp. 30–34, 38, 39.
44NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/vol. 485, Box 4, Friday, Oct. 13, 1775.
45Jill Rubenstein, “Coke, Lady Mary (1727–1811),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 3, 2020].
46LLMC, vol. I, pp. 166, 190.
47Rubenstein, op. cit.; LLMC, vol. I, pp. lix–lxxii, cite from p. lxvi.
48NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/vol. 485, Box 4, Monday, Oct. 23, 1775; Wednesday, Nov. 15, 1775; Sunday, Dec. 17, 1775.
49HWC, vol. 24, pp. 157–58.
50Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson, vol. I, p. 475.
51Staffordshire Record Office, Dartmouth MSS: Hyde to Dartmouth, July 4, 1775, [D(W)1778-II-1351; BC: London Chronicle, July 27–29, 1775; Flavell, “American Patriots in London and the Quest for Talks, 1774-1775,” pp. 354–56.
52Julie M. Flavell, “Americans of Patriot Sympathies in London and the Colonial Strategy for Opposition, 1774-1775” (PhD, University College London, 1988), pp. 251–52; Flavell, “American Patriots in London and the Quest for Talks,” pp. 350–57.
53Citation from Flavell, “Americans of Patriot Sympathies in London and the Colonial Strategy for Opposition, 1774-1775,” p. 249.
54PBF, vol. 22, pp. 112–14.
55Flavell, “Americans of Patriot Sympathies in London and the Colonial Strategy for Opposition, 1774-1775,” pp. 249–50, cite from p. 250.
56Ibid., p. 250; William R. Anson, ed. Autobiography and Political Correspondence of Augustus Henry, third Duke of Grafton (London, 1898), p. 270.
57Thomas, Tea Party to Independence, p. 263; Flavell, “Americans of Patriot Sympathies in London and the Colonial Strategy for Opposition,” pp. 251–52.
58Brumwell, Paths of Glory, p. 67.
59These included William Pitt, as well as the set surrounding John Manners, Marquess of Granby. Valentine, Lord George Germain, pp. 46, 77, 84–85. In addition, the Duke of Richmond actively disliked Germain. Olson, The Radical Duke, p. 73.
60Valentine, Lord George Germain, pp. 68–72, 97–98; Piers Mackesy, “Germain, George Sackville, first Viscount Sackville (1716–1785),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 3, 2020].
61Cite from Valentine, Lord George Germain, p. 89.
62Thomas, Tea Party to Independence, pp. 189, 214; Peter D. G. Thomas, Lord North (London, 1976), p. 89.
63WCL-GSG, vol. 3: 1765–Oct. 1775: Lord Howe to Lord Germain, Porter’s Lodge, July 22, 1775.
64Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs. Stopford-Sackville, vol. 2, pp. 3–5, 6.
65WCL-GSG, vol. 3: 1765–Oct. 1775, Richard Howe to Lord Germain, September 25, 1775.
66Valentine, Lord George Germain, p. 146.
67Cited in Piers Mackesy, The War for America, 1775-1783 (Cambridge, MA, 1964; this ed. Lincoln and London, 1993), p. 74.
68Ibid., p. 74; WCL-KP, 10:23 William Knox, “Account of the first peace commission of 1776.”
69University of Southampton, Special Collections, Broadlands Archives, Papers of Henry Temple, second Viscount Palmerston [BR11/1/1], Copy of a letter to the second Viscount Palmerston, docketed “Mrs Howe, 1761.”
70BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Sept. 12, 1775.
71Gruber, p. 62fn. Gruber writes that, in late June 1775, Lord Hyde had put forward the idea of a naval commander in chief with powers to negotiate, but without mentioning Lord Howe. Sometime before September 29, Hyde was specifically recommending Richard for this dual commission to Lord Dartmouth. Bodleian Library, MS Clarendon dep. c. 347 (Letter-book 1770-1786 of 1st earl of Clarendon), Lord Hyde to Lord North, January 10, 1776; WCL-KP, 10:23 William Knox, “Account of the first peace commission of 1776.”
72BL-AP, 75612, CH/LS, Aug. 10, 1773; 75613, CH/LS, Sept. 29, 1777.
73Valentine, Lord George Germain, pp. 19–20, 72, 87.
74Citations from Thomas, Tea Party to Independence, p. 255.
75Thomas, Lord North, pp. 87–88.
76Thomas, Tea Party to Independence, pp. 269, 281; cite from Flavell, “American Patriots in London and the Quest for Talks, 1774-1775,” p. 355.
77See Flavell, ibid.; pp. 352–59, cite in Thomas, Lord North, p. 90.
78Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs. Stopford-Sackville, vol. 2, p. 12.
79WCL-KP, 10:23 William Knox, “Account of the first peace commission of 1776.”
80BL-AP, 75675, Lord Jersey to Lady Spencer, Blenheim, Monday, Oct. 16, 1
775; see also Anson, ed., Autobiography and Political Correspondence of Augustus Henry, third duke of Grafton, p. 276.
81NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 485, Box 4, Wednesday, Nov. 15, 1775.
82BL-AP, 75694, Rachel Lloyd to Lady Spencer, Dec. 2, 1775.
83BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Dec. 2, 1775.
84WCL-HCP, 11:9 W[illiam] P[hillips] to [Sir Henry] Clinton, London, Sept. 14 and Oct. 4, 1775; 13:27 [William Phillips] to [Sir Henry] Clinton, Bath, Jan. 1776; 13:37 Francis Hastings 10th earl of Huntingdon to Sir Henry Clinton, Feb. 7, 1776.
85Davies, vol. 10, p. 156, vol. 11, pp. 213–14; Philbrick, Bunker Hill, p. 258.
86Ibid., p. 266.
87Willcox, Portrait of a General, pp. 58-59; WCL, Thomas Gage Papers 1754-1807, American Series, vol. 133, Aug. 1–15, 1775: William Howe to General Gage, Charleston Camp, Aug. 1, 1775; American Series Vol. 134, Aug. 16–31, 1775: Howe to Gage, Aug. 29, 1775.
88Philbrick, Bunker Hill, p. 257; Atkinson, The British Are Coming, pp. 138–39.
89WCL-HCP, 12:32 Sir Henry Clinton, “Conversations with Sir W. H[owe]. relative to the Southern Expedition.” In Drummond’s hand.
90WCL-HCP, 13:27 [William Phillips], 1731?–1781 to [Sir Henry] Clinton, Bath, Jan. 1776.
91BNA: Ipswich Journal, Feb. 10, 1776; Syrett, pp. 42–43; The Last Journals of Horace Walpole during the Reign of George III, vol. I, pp. 521–23.
92J. K. Laughton, “Shuldham, Molyneux, Baron Shuldham (1717/18?–1798),” rev. by Ruddock Mackay, ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 3, 2020].
93O’Shaughnessy, The Men Who Lost America, pp. 322–23; James Sambrook, “Franciscans (act. c. 1750–c. 1776),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 3, 2020].
94WCL-KP, 10:23 William Knox, “Account of the first peace commission of 1776”; Gruber, pp. 64–70, cite by Sandwich, Gruber, p. 86.
95WCL-KP, 10:23, “Account of the first peace commission of 1776”; Valentine, Lord George Germain, p. 307; Gruber, p. 68.
96WCL-KP, 10:23, Knox, “Account of the first peace commission of 1776.”
97Bargar, Lord Dartmouth and the American Revolution, p. 185.
98WCL-KP, 10:23, Knox, “Account of the first peace commission of 1776.”
99Gruber, pp. 72–77.
100A. M. W. Stirling, The Hothams: Being the Chronicles of the Hothams of Scorborough and South Dalton (2 vols., London, 1918), vol. 2, p. 131.
101WCL-KP, Box 9, “Miscellaneous Manuscripts, 1757-1809,” vol. 9:19: George III to Richard Lord Viscount Howe and Sir William Howe, “Orders and Instructions May 6, 1776.”
102Weldon A. Brown, Empire or Independence: A Study in the Failure of Reconciliation, 1774-1783 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1941), pp. 82–83, 86. Brown notes that if the colonies did not accept the British view of parliamentary supremacy after they were pardoned, they could not be restored to peace until the commissioners had received further instructions.
103WCL-KP, 10:23, “Account of the first peace commission of 1776.”
104Cite from Flavell, “Lord North’s Conciliatory Proposal and the Patriots in London,” p. 318; Anne Izard Deas, ed., Correspondence of Mr. Ralph Izard (first ed., New York, 1844; this ed. New York, 1976), pp. 139, 140–41.
105Report on the Manuscripts of Mrs. Stopford-Sackville, vol. 2, p. 29.
106Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliament Respecting North America, vol. VI, p. 593.
107NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Volume 485, Box 4, Wed., Nov. 15, 1775.
108Matthew Kilburn, “Fitzpatrick, Anne, countess of Upper Ossory [other married name Anne FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton] (1737/8–1804),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 3, 2020].
109The Last Journals of Horace Walpole during the Reign of George III, vol. I, p. 435.
110E. H. Chalus, “Gower, Susanna Leveson-, marchioness of Stafford (1742/3–1805),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 3, 2020]. The correspondence between Lady Gower and Caroline Howe can be found in PRO 30/29 Leveson-Gower. 1st Earl Granville and predecessors and successors: Papers, 30/29/4/8 Letters of Caroline Howe to Lady Gower.
111Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliament Respecting North America, vol. VI, p. 447.
112BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Sept. 23, 1776.
113BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Nov. 20, 1776. John Collett’s correspondence from Genoa, including mention of his wartime correspondence with Caroline Howe, is in the Huntington Library, San Marino, California (Correspondence of John Collett, 1776-1779).
114BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Aug. 11, 1775.
115Chalus, Elite Women in English Political Life, pp. 126–27.
116Ruddock Mackay, “Hervey, Augustus John, third earl of Bristol (1724–1779),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 3, 2020].
117BNA: Caledonian Mercury, April 27, 1776.
118WCL-HCP, 13:37 Francis Hastings 10th earl of Huntingdon to Sir Henry Clinton Feb. 7, 1776.
119T. A. B. Corley, “Chudleigh, Elizabeth [married names Elizabeth Hervey, Countess of Bristol; Elizabeth Pierrepont, Duchess of Kingston upon Hull] (c. 1720–1788),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 3, 2020].
120Gruber, pp. 62–63, 70–71, 360–63. Syrett follows Gruber’s thesis, stating that Richard “gained a vision of himself as the one man who was capable of negotiating with the Americans to reach a political settlement and end the civil war within the British empire.” Admiral Lord Howe, pp. 40, 43.
121Bodleian Library, MS Clarendon dep. c. 347, Lord Hyde to Lord North, January 10, 1776.
122Guttridge, ed., The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, vol. III, pp. 298–99.
123Brown, Empire or Independence, p. 88.
Nine: Home Front
1BNA: Ipswich Journal, March 2, 1776.
2Mackesy, The War for America, pp. 73, 102.
3Julie M. Flavell, “Government Interception of Letters from America and the Quest for Colonial Opinion in 1775,” in William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, vol. 58 (2001), p. 421; Bickham, Making Headlines, pp. 52–53.
4BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, June 9, 1776.
5HWC, vol. 32, p. 308fn; NRAS-DH/LMC: NRAS859/Vol. 486, Box 1, Sunday, June 30, 1776, and Wednesday, July 10–July 15, 1776.
6Correspondence of Emily Duchess of Leinster, vol. III, p. 226.
7BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Sept. 6, 1776; Sept. 23, 1776; Nov. 20, 1776; 75628, CH/LS, Feb. 14, 1786.
8BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Dec. 19, 1776.
9John Van Der Kiste, George III’s Children (Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1992; this ed. 2004), p. 14; Barrow, p. vii.
10Hannah Greig, The Beau Monde: Fashionable Society in Georgian London (Oxford, 2013), pp. 108–9, 112, 113, 198, cite on p. 113; E. S Turner, The Court of St James’s (London, 1959), p. 342.
11http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/17541790/member/brett-charles-1715-99 [accessed Aug. 6, 2020].
12http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/doyly-christopher-1717-95 [accessed Aug. 6, 2020]; Arthur Collins, A Supplement to the Four Volumes of the Peerage of England: Containing a Succession of the Peers from 1740 (1750), p. 5.
13BL-AP, 75611, CH/LS, Friday AM [1767?].
14SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, May 14, 1776 (Cheney Transcript); WCL-SP, Box 1:6, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, Greenwich, July 5, 1777.
15SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, Monday, Nov. 27, 1776.
16John Rule, Albion’s People: English Society, 1714-1815 (London and New York, 1992), p. 61; http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/strachey-henry-1737-1810 [accessed Aug. 6, 2020].
17H. V. Bowen, “Clive, Robert, first Baron Clive of Plassey (1725–1774),” ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 6, 2020].
18BL-AP, 75612, CH/LS, Nov. 26, 1774.
19The Florida plantation, Beauclerc Bluff, is documented in the Henry Strachey papers in the William L. Clements Library. It is not mentioned in the History of Parliament biography or the ODNB. It ultimately failed.
20Most of the Jane Strachey letters are in Somerset Archives and Local Studies (SALS), South West Heritage Trust, Strachey Collection, DD/SH 34. I a
m indebted to Cheney Schopieray at the William L. Clements Library for drawing my attention to this collection, and for generously sharing his transcripts of the first twenty-three letters in the collection.
21SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, May 14, 1776 (Cheney Transcript).
22SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, March 17, 1777; April 20–24, 1777; Jan. 21, 1777; Dec. 21, 1776.
23WCL-SP, Box 2:16, Henry Strachey to Jane Strachey, Dec. 28, 1776.
24SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, April 26, 1777; Jan. 30, 1777.
25SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, May 14, 1776 (Cheney Transcript).
26SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, Porter’s Lodge, April 9, 1777.
27SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, Nov. 8, 1776; May 9, 1777; March 14, 1777.
28SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, Monday, Nov. 27, 1776.
29SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, Jan. 17, 1777.
30H. M. Stephens, “Balfour, Nisbet (1743–1823),” rev. by Stephen Conway, ODNB Online [accessed Aug. 6, 2020].
31PCC, PROB11/1678/109, “Will of Nisbet Balfour, General,” December 3, 1823.
32WCL-SP, Box 1, Folder 3, Henry Strachey to Jane Strachey, Eagle off New York, Sept. 26, 1776; SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, Oct. 29, 30, 1776.
33BL-AP, 75613, CH/LS, Nov. 2, 1776; BC: London Chronicle, Nov. 2–5, 1776.
34SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, Nov. 6, 1776; Nov. 8, 1776; Nov. 9, 13, 1776.
35SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, Oct. 29, 30, 1776; Jan. 17, 1777; Feb. 5, 1777; Feb. 10, 1777.
36SALS-DD/SH 34, Jane Strachey to Henry Strachey, Feb. 25, 1777; July 17, 1777; March 24, 1777; WCL-SP, Box 1:5, Henry Strachey to Jane Strachey, New York, May 20, 1777.
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