Rowsome, Frank, Jr., and Joan Sten. “The Fenian Raid.” Vermont Life 25 (Summer 1961): 34–40.
Rutherford, John. The Secret History of the Fenian Conspiracy, Its Origin, Objects, and Ramifications. Vol. 2. London: C. Kegan Paul, 1877.
Ryan, Desmond. The Fenian Chief: A Biography of James Stephens. Dublin: Gill and Son, 1967.
———. The Phoenix Flame: A Study of Fenianism and John Devoy. London: Arthur Barker, 1937.
Rykert, A. “Mr. Noyes and the Fenian Raid Cannon.” In Third Report of the Missisquoi County Historical Society, 20–21. St. Johns, Que.: News Type, 1907–8.
Samito, Christian G. Becoming American Under Fire: Irish Americans, African Americans, and the Politics of Citizenship During the Civil War Era. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2009.
Sandborn, Ruth Ellen. “The United States and the British Northwest, 1865–1870.” North Dakota Historical Quarterly 6 (Oct. 1931): 5–41.
Santos, Cory. “The Greatest Escape from Lincoln Prison.” Lincolnite, March 14, 2013. thelincolnite.co.uk.
Savage, John. American Citizens Prisoners in Great Britain. N.p., 1870.
Sayers, Brian. “John O’Mahony: Revolutionary and Scholar (1815–1877).” Ph.D. diss., National University of Ireland Maynooth, 2005.
Scharf, John Thomas. History of Saint Louis City and County: From the Earliest Periods to the Present Day: Including Biographical Sketches of Representative Men. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts, 1883.
Schecter, Barnet. The Devil’s Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America. New York: Walker, 2005.
Schmuhl, Robert. Ireland’s Exiled Children: America and the Easter Rising. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Schofield, William G. Seek for a Hero: The Story of John Boyle O’Reilly. New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1956.
Senior, Hereward. The Fenians and Canada. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1978.
———. The Last Invasion of Canada: The Fenian Raids, 1866–1870. Ottawa: Canadian War Museum, 1991.
———. “Quebec and the Fenians.” Canadian Historical Review 48 (March 1967): 26–44.
Sessional Papers. Fifth Session of the First Parliament of the Dominion of Canada. Vol. 7, no. 26. Ottawa: I. B. Taylor, 1872.
Sessional Papers. Fourth Session of the First Parliament of the Dominion of Canada. Vol. 4, no. 7. Ottawa: I. B. Taylor, 1871.
Shiels, Damian. The Forgotten Irish: Irish Emigrant Experiences in America. Dublin: History Press Ireland, 2016.
———. “ ‘The Lives of Her Exiled Children Will Be Offered in Thousands’: Edward Gallway, Fort Sumter, and Foreseeing the Cost of Civil War.” Irish in the American Civil War, April 12, 2016. irishamericancivilwar.com.
———. “Time to Move Beyond the Irish Brigade?” Irish in the American Civil War, Nov. 12, 2016. irishamericancivilwar.com.
Sim, David. A Union Forever: The Irish Question and U.S. Foreign Relations in the Victorian Age. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2013.
Slattery, T. P. The Assassination of D’Arcy McGee. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1968.
Smith, Gene. “In Windsor Prison.” American Heritage, May/June 1996, 100–09.
Smith, Jean Edward. Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.
Smith, Nicholas. “Ghosts in Green: Exploring the Fenian Raids and Vermont’s Lost Irish Community.” Bachelor’s thesis, St. Michael’s College, 2009.
Smith, P. G. “War at the Border.” Beaver Magazine, Oct./Nov. 2007, 16–23.
Smyth, Major. Records of the Sixty-Ninth, or South Lincolnshire Regiment. Quebec: Middleton & Dawson, 1870.
Snay, Mitchell. Fenians, Freedmen, and Southern Whites: Race and Nationality in the Era of Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010.
Somerville, Alexander. Narrative of the Fenian Invasion of Canada. Hamilton, C.W.: Joseph Lyght, 1866.
Sowles, Edward A. “History of Fenianism and Fenian Raids in Vermont.” Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, Oct. 19, 1880, 1–43.
Speeches of Hon. Schuyler Colfax and General J. O’Neill, Who Whipped the Queen’s Own in Canada: Delivered at the Great Fenian Picnic, Chicago, Aug. 15, 1866. Undated pamphlet.
Stahr, Walter. Seward: Lincoln’s Indispensable Man. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012.
Stanley, George F. G. “O’Donoghue, William Bernard.” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 10. University of Toronto/Université Laval, 1972. www.biographi.ca.
———. Toil and Trouble: Military Expeditions to Red River. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1989.
Statement by Colonel Eamon Broy. Bureau of Military History, 1913–21. Document No. W.S. 1,284. www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie.
Stephens, James. The Birth of the Fenian Movement: American Diary, Brooklyn 1859. Edited by Marta Ramón. Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 2009.
Stern, William J. “How Dagger John Saved New York’s Irish.” City Journal 7 (Spring 1997). www.city-journal.org.
Steward, Patrick, and Bryan McGovern. The Fenians: Irish Rebellion in the North Atlantic World, 1858–1876. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2013.
Stewart, William M. Reminiscences of Senator William M. Stewart of Nevada. Edited by George Rothwell Brown. New York: Neale, 1908.
Strausbaugh, John. City of Sedition: The History of New York During the Civil War. New York: Twelve, 2016.
Swan, Ruth, and Edward A. Jerome. “ ‘Unequal Justice’: The Metis in O’Donoghue’s Raid of 1871.” Manitoba History 39 (Spring/Summer 2000): 24–38. www.mhs.mb.ca.
Taylor, Fennings. The Hon. Thos. D’Arcy McGee: A Sketch of His Life and Death. Montreal: John Lovell, 1868.
Taylor, John M. “In Queen Victoria’s Secret Service.” Studies in Intelligence (Winter 1985): 57–64.
Terrill, Frederick William. A Chronology of Montreal and of Canada: From a.d. 1752 to a.d. 1893. Montreal: John Lovell & Sons, 1893.
Towle, Martha Hanna. A History of Franklin: Past and Present, Fact or Fancy, Legend or Folksay, 1789–1989. Franklin, Vt.: Franklin Historical Society, 1989.
Trevelyan, Charles Edward. “The Irish Crisis.” Edinburgh Review 53 (Jan. 1848): 229–320.
Trial of Patrick J. Whelan for the Murder of the Hon. Thos. D’Arcy McGee. Ottawa: G. E. Desbarats, 1868.
Tuttle, Charles Herbert. “The Fenian Campaign.” Old and New 2 (Aug. 1870): 208–14.
Twain, Mark. “Unburlesquable Things.” Galaxy 10 (July 1870): 137–38.
“The Untold Story of the Intelligent Whale.” Undersea Warfare 38 (Summer 2008). www.public.navy.mil.
U.S. Congress. House Executive Documents. 39th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1867; 40th Cong., 2nd Sess., 1868; 40th Cong., 3rd Sess., 1869.
———. Senate Executive Documents. 40th Cong., 2nd sess., 1868.
Vesey, Maxwell. “When New Brunswick Suffered Invasion.” Dalhousie Review 19 (1939): 197–204.
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain. The Letters of Queen Victoria, Second Series: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondence and Journal Between the Years 1862 and 1878. Edited by George Earle Buckle. London: John Murray, 1926.
Vronsky, Peter. “Combat, Memory, and Remembrance in Confederation Era Canada: The Hidden History of the Battle of Ridgeway, June 2, 1866.” Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 2011.
———. Ridgeway: The American Fenian Invasion and the 1866 Battle That Made Canada. Toronto: Penguin, 2011.
Vroom, J. “The Fenians on the St. Croix.” Canadian Monthly, March 1898, 411–13.
Walker, Mabel Gregory. The Fenian Movement. Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1969.
Warner, Donald F. “Drang Nach Norden: The United States and the Riel Rebellion.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 39 (March 1953): 693–712.
&nb
sp; Webb, Alfred. A Compendium of Irish Biography: Comprising Sketches of Distinguished Irishmen. Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son, 1878.
Weiss, John. Life and Correspondence of Theodore Parker: Minister of the Twenty-Eighth Congregational Society, Boston. Vol. 1. New York: D. Appleton, 1863.
Welles, Gideon. Diary of Gideon Welles: Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911.
White, Ronald C. American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant. New York: Random House, 2016.
Williams, David Ricardo. Call in Pinkerton’s: American Detectives at Work for Canada. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1998.
Wilson, David A. Thomas D’Arcy McGee. Vol. 2, The Extreme Moderate, 1857–1868. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2011.
Winks, Robin W. Canada and the United States: The Civil War Years. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1960.
Yanoso, Nicole Anderson. The Irish and the American Presidency. London: Routledge, 2017.
Yeats, William Butler. “Easter, 1916,” and Other Poems. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 1997.
Yost, Nellie Irene Snyder. Before Today: The History of Holt County, Nebraska. O’Neill, Neb.: Miles, 1976.
Young, George. Manitoba Memories: Leaves from My Life in the Prairie Province, 1868–1884. Toronto: William Briggs, 1897.
Zuck, Rochelle Raineri. Divided Sovereignties: Race, Nationhood, and Citizenship in Nineteenth-Century America. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2016.
Newspapers
Age (Melbourne, Australia)
Albany Evening Journal
American Traveller (Boston)
An Phoblacht (Dublin)
Argus and Patriot (Montpelier, Vt.)
Army and Navy Journal (New York)
Atchison Daily Champion (Atchison, Kans.)
Auburn Daily Bulletin (Auburn, N.Y.)
Australian
Baltimore Daily Commercial
Baltimore Sun
Bangor Daily News
Belfast News-Letter
Boston Daily Advertiser
Boston Journal
Boston Post
Brooklyn Daily Eagle
Buffalo Commercial
Buffalo Daily Courier
Buffalo Evening News
Buffalo Evening Post
Buffalo Express
Burlington Free Press
Canadian Illustrated News
Charleston Daily News
Chicago Tribune
Christian Register (Boston)
Chronicle Herald (Halifax)
Cincinnati Enquirer
Columbian (Bloomsburg, Pa.)
Columbian Register (New Haven, Conn.)
Commercial Advertiser (New York)
Commercial Appeal (Memphis)
Connaught Telegraph
Daily Alta California
Daily Eastern Argus (Portland, Maine)
Daily Milwaukee News
Daily Missouri Democrat
Daily Ohio Statesman
Daily Phoenix (Columbia, S.C.)
Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, N.Y.)
Detroit Free Press
Dublin Evening Post
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper
Freeman’s Journal (Dublin)
Frontier (O’Neill, Neb.)
Geneva Daily Gazette (Geneva, N.Y.)
Globe and Mail (Toronto)
Harrisburg Telegraph
Hartford Courant
Idaho Semi-weekly World
Intermountain Catholic (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Inter Ocean (Chicago)
Irish-American (New York)
Irish Independent
Irish Times
Irish World
Lawrence American (Lawrence, Mass.)
Lincolnite (Lincoln, U.K.)
Louisville Courier Journal
Louisville Daily Courier
Maine Farmer
Malone Palladium (Malone, N.Y.)
Manchester Guardian
Manhattan Nationalist
Massachusetts Ploughman and New England Journal of Agriculture
Montreal Witness
Moore’s Rural New Yorker
Morning Freeman (St. John, N.B.)
Morning News (Belfast)
Nashville Daily Union
Nashville Union and American
Nashville Union and Dispatch
Nation (Dublin)
National Labor Tribune (Pittsburgh)
National Post (Toronto)
National Republican (Washington, D.C.)
Newcastle Daily Journal
New England Farmer
New York Herald
New York Sun
New York Times
New-York Tribune
New York World
Niagara Falls Review
Observer (London)
Ogdensburg Journal (Ogdensburg, N.Y.)
Omaha Daily Bee
Omaha Daily Herald
Omaha World Herald
Ottawa Citizen
Philadelphia Evening Telegraph
Philadelphia Inquirer
Philadelphia Times
Pittsburgh Daily Commercial
Press Republican (Plattsburgh, N.Y.)
Pulaski Citizen (Pulaski, Tenn.)
Quoddy Tides (Eastport, Maine)
Rock Island Argus (Rock Island, Ill.)
Rutland Weekly Herald (Rutland, Vt.)
San Francisco Chronicle
Semi-weekly Wisconsin
Southern Star (Skibbereen, Ireland)
Spirit of Democracy (Woodsfield, Ohio)
Spirit of Jefferson (Charles Town, W. Va.)
St. Albans Messenger
Star Tribune (Minneapolis)
St. Johnsbury Caledonian (St. Johnsbury, Vt.)
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Sydney Morning Herald
Tennessean
Times (London)
Times-Picayune (New Orleans)
Tralee Chronicle and Killarney Echo
Tri-Weekly Union and American (Nashville)
Vermont Daily Transcript
Vermont Journal
Vermont Phoenix
Vinton Record (Vinton, Ohio)
Washington Post
Waterford News
Weekly Nonpareil (Council Bluffs, Iowa)
Wheeling Daily Intelligencer
Yorkville Enquirer (Yorkville, S.C.)
Illustration Credits
1Library of Congress
2Alamy
3National Archives
4Image courtesy of Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield
5New York Public Library
6Library of Congress
7City of O’Neill, Nebraska
8Library of Congress
9Getty Images
10Library and Archives Canada
11Library and Archives Canada
12Twenty-five Years in the Secret Service (1892)
13McCord Museum
14Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper
15McCord Museum
16Library and Archives Canada
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Christopher Klein is the author of four books, including Strong Boy: The Life and Times of John L. Sullivan, America’s First Sports Hero. A frequent contributor to History.com, the History Channel’s Web site, Christopher has also written for The Boston Globe, The New York Times, National Geographic Traveler, Harvard Magazine, Smithsonian.com, and AmericanHerita
ge.com. He lives in Andover, Massachusetts.
What’s next on
your reading list?
Discover your next
great read!
Get personalized book picks and up-to-date news about this author.
Sign up now.
When the Irish Invaded Canada Page 40
