Campaign for Military Service, 334
Canby, Vincent, 196
Capote, Truman, 70, 110, 120, 172–75
Carlisle, Kitty, 58
Carmichael, Stokely, 147
Carter, Jimmy, 273
Case, Archie, 276
Catholic Archdiocese of New York, 143
Catholic Church: opposing gay rights, 66, 143 270, 317
and AIDS, 323–24
Catholic Legion of Decency, 66 CBS, 67–68, 270, 271–72
“CBS Reports”: “The Homosexuals” documentary, 160–71
“Gay Power, Gay Politics” documentary, 271–72
Celluloid Closet, The (Russo), 284, 302
censorship: in the fifties, 66–68
Centers for Disease Control: and AIDS, 297
Central Intelligence Agency, 80–81
Central Park: cruising in, 84, 106, 122, 147
in the seventies, 214
“Gay In” (1970) at, 216
Chaplin, Charlie, 67 Chaplin, Saul, 194
Charade (club), 215–16
Chauncey, George, 13, 67
Cherry Grove, Fire Island: in the forties, 46
in the fifties, 109
in the seventies, 291–92
Chesley Robert, 293
Chiang Kai-shek, 68
“chickenhawks,” 11
child molestation, 159, 207
children’s books: gay themes in, 144n
Children’s Hour, The (film), 155
Chow, Michael, 254
Christian right: antigay prejudice of, 272, 273, 275–77, 329
antigay propaganda of, 272
political advances of, in the eighties, 273
oppose gays in the military, 334
Christians for Reagan, 273
Christopher Street, 197, 200, 243–44
City and the Pillar, The (Vidal), 58–62, 170n
Civil Rights Act, 1964, 136
Civil Service Commission, 79
Clark, Blair, 173
Clarke, Lige, 190, 201, 202, 215
Clemons, Walter, 115–21, 175–80, 193
Gift, Montgomery, 59, 89, 113–15
Clinton, Bill, 164, 248–49, 330–31, 333–34, 336, 337
Stoddard on, 248–49, 334–35
1992 election campaign of, 330–31
pledge to lift ban on gays in the military, 333, 334–39
gays in administration of, 337
opposes gay marriage, 337
judicial appointments of, 347, 358
Cloisters (restaurant), 45
closeted gays, 29. See also coming out;
in the fifties, 107–15
critique of, 129
in the seventies, 213–14, 264
in the eighties, 270–71
in Reagan’s circle, 276–77
Clurman, Harold, 193
CNN, 331
Cockettes, 246–47
Cock Ring (bar), 244
Cohn, Roy, 75–78, 96, 270, 278
and McCarthy hearings, 75–76
baited by Vidal, 76–77
denial of homosexuality, 77–78
and Studio 54, 254–55, 257, 258
and Reagan, 277
and AIDS, 318
Cole, William, 73
Colorado: antigay propositions in, 334
Supreme Court overrules antigay laws of, 344–45
Colt Studios, 8
Columbia Journalism Review, 271, 286
Columbia University: student movement at, 137
recognizes gay student organization, 146
coming out, xii–xiii
to parents and family, xii, 262–63
by James Baldwin, 73
by Merle Miller, 226–28
in the seventies, 226–28, 250–51, 260–63
in black community, 234–35
by Howard Brown, 250–51
Coming Out Under Fire (Bérubé), 28
Comitto, Tony, 191
commercialization of gays, 339–40
Common Threads (film), 302
Communists: crusade against, in the fifties, 68–78, 80–82
concentration camps: homosexuals in, xv, 289
conservatives: See also Republicans
antigay prejudice of, in the eighties, 272, 273, 275–77, 329
antigay platform for 1992 election, 331–33
and gays in the military, 334, 336–37
consumers, gay: corporate exploitation of, 339–40
Continental Baths, 248, 258
Copland, Aaron, 17, 89, 92, 183
Cork Club, 104, 122
Cornell Selectee Index, 30
Coronet, 82
corporations: antidiscrimination policies at, 270, 339
exploiting gay market, 339–40
Cory, Donald Webster. See Sagarin, Edward Cory Book Service, 126
Cox, Christopher, 284
Craven, James Braxton, 164
Crawford, Cheryl, 92
Crile, George, 271, 272
crime: association of homosexuality with, in the fifties, 82–83
Crist, Judith, 196
Crittenden Board, U.S. Navy, 50
Crossen, Cynthia, 322
Crowley, Mart, 7, 185–92
Crowther, Bosley, 155–56
cruising: in the forties, 8, 12–14, 38, 39–40
in the fifties, 94–95, 104–6, 121–22
in the sixties, 147
in the seventies, 243
Crumpley, Ronald, 274–75
Cub Room, 15
Cuckor, George, 37
Cuite, Thomas, 317
cultural subversives, gays as, 169
in the nineties, 332
Curran, Dr. James, 280
Curtis, Charlotte, 173
Daily Mirror, 79
Daily News, 19n
on Stonewall riot, 135, 201
Dall, John, 59
dance and dancers, 103–4
Daniels, Jimmy, 41–42
Darwin, Charles, xiv
Daughters of Bilitis, 206
Day, Doris, 97
DDI (dideoxyinosine), 324
Deans, Mickey, 180, 196
Decter, Midge, 225
Defense Department’s Personnel Security Research and Education Center, 50
Defense of Marriage Act, 337
DeLarverie, Stormé, 135, 198, 200
DeMarco, Felix, 314–15
D’Emilio, John, 19, 58, 79, 126, 149
Democratic party: Chicago convention (1968), 48
gays at 1980 convention, 273
gays at 1992 convention, 331
Dennis, Patrick, 35
Dennis, Rev. Walter D., 143
Denton, Herb, 213
Der Kreis/Le Cercle, 16
“Die-Ins”: by ACT UP, 322
Dietrich, Marlene, 96
Dignity, 323–24
discotheques: in the sixties, 180–81
in the seventies, 253–259, 291–92
in the eighties, 283
discrimination, antigay: See also prejudice against gays;
in WWII army, 27–38
ACLU takes on federal (1960s), 140
corporate policy against, 270, 339
NYC bans, 317–18
Clinton asserts ban on
federal, 337
Divided Path, The, 125
domestic partners, 340
Donahue, Phil, 207–8
Donovan, John, 144n
Don’t Look Back (documentary), 152
Doty, Robert, 156–57
Dougherty, Phil, 286n
Dowd, Maureen, 299–300
Dowling, Jack, 8, 15, 83, 106, 107, 121–22
drag queens: and Stonewall riot, 198–201, 205
and gay political activism, 263
drag shows: in WWII military, 37–38
in Harlem, 40–41
drug culture: of the sixties, 144–45, 89, 188–89n
of the seventies, 244, 246, 256, 257, 258
Drury, Allen, 155
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br /> Duberman, Martin, 65, 100, 198, 322
Du Bois, W.E.B., 139
Dugas, Gaetan, 296–97
Dulles, Allen W., 80n
Dunlap, David, 164
Dunne, Dominick, 186, 187
Dunphy, Jack, 174
Dylan, Bob, 135, 136, 150, 152, 264
Ebb, Fred, 210–11
Ebert, Roger, 151
Edwards, Anne, 193
effeminacy, 32, 131, 143, 155
Eighth Street Bar, 107
eighties, the, 269–325
rising conflict between gays and antigay activists, 269–72
election of Reagan, 272–74, 275–77
violent attacks on gays, 274–75
early coverage of AIDS, 278–81
effect of AIDS in, 278–318
NYC bans antigay discrimination, 317–18
Bowers v. Hardwick, 319–20
ACT UP in, 320–25
8709 (bathhouse), 300–301
Einstein, Albert, xv
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 38, 47, 80, 81, 276, 285
Electric Circus (club), 201–2
electric shock treatment, 230
Ellison, Ralph, 101
Elphant, Jules, 46, 51–52
Emanuel, Rham, 331
Empire State Building, 311
entrapment: See also police harassment;
in the fifties, 71, 83–84, 111
in the sixties, 145–46
Episcopal Diocese of New York, 143
Epstein, Brian, 150–51
Epstein, Joseph, xi, 223–25, 226, 228–29
Epstein, Rob, 302
Equal Rights, Special Rights (film), 272
Ertegün, Ahmet, 246, 255
Esquire, 148, 208, 209, 253, 260
Etheridge, Melissa, 334
Evans, Arthur, 95, 225
Evans, Oliver, 95
Everhard (bath), 119–20
Faggots (Kramer), 290–92, 293, 298
Fairchild, John, 269
“fairies,” 12–13
Falwell, Jerry, 273
Fauci, Anthony, 324
Feldman, Mark, 311
Ferro, Robert, 284
Fielding, Fred, 278
Fierstein, Harvey, 241
fifties, the, 65–131
conformity during, 66–68
crusade against Communists and homosexuals during, 68–82
gay artistic community of, 88–104
Beats in, 98–100
changes to NYC during, 101–2
gay bars in, 106–7
gay socializing in, 107–10
closeted life in, 111–15
film critics: homophobia of, 155–56
films: gay themes in, in the seventies, 209–11
Finch, Peter, 209
Fire Island: in the forties, 45–46
in the fifties, 109
in the sixties, 149–50
in the seventies, 291–292
in the eighties, 290
Fisher, Pete, 223
Fitzsimmons, Jack, 277–78, 293–94, 302, 303–5
Flanders, Ralph, 75
Fleischman, Mark, 259
Fletcher, James, 282n
Fonda, Henry, 196
Fonteyn, Margot, 109
Ford, Gerald, 214
Forster, E. M., 43, 211–12
forties, the, 3–62. See also military; World War II
Fosburgh, Lacey, 216
Fosse, Bob, 209, 210, 211
Foucault, Michel, 291
Fouratt, Jim, 206
Four Saints in Three Acts (Thomson and Stein), 41
Frank, Barney, 325
Frankel, Max, 226, 287
Frankfurter, Felix, 92
Franklin, Aretha, 136, 196
Franklin, Johnny, 324
French, Jerry, 54–55
French, Margaret, 44
Freud, Sigmund, xiv, 116
Frey, Leonard, 186
Friedman, Jeff, 302
Friedman, Stanley M., 78, 97n, 255
Friedman-Kien, Dr. Alvin, 280–81
Friendly, Fred, 160, 221
Fry, Clements, 49
Fugate, James, 125
Fulbright, William, 248–49
Gabelline, Mario Enzo, 20–21
Gabrielson, Guy, 74
Gagliostro, Vincent, 322
Gallagher, John, 334n, 336
Gallowhur, George, 10–11, 12
Gallup, Grant, 136
Gamrecki, Jack, 275
Gancyclovir, 324
Gardner, Gerald, 66
Garland, Judy, 192–97
Garrow, David J., 320
Gathering of the Tribes, 145
Gavin, James, 42
Gay (magazine), 215
gay: term used by New York Times, 287
Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Psychiatric Survivors, 330
Gay Academic Union, 243
Gay Activists Alliance, 206, 216, 220–21, 261–65
National Gay Movement Committee of, 206
politicians endorse platform of, 217
demonstrates against Harper’s, 225
and campaign against APA classification of homosexuality, 235–40
firehouse headquarters of, 260, 263–64
organization of, 262
weekly dances of, 263–65
Gay Agenda, The (film), 272
gay festivals: in the seventies, 216–17
Gay Games, 339
“Gay-In” (1970), 216
“Gay is good” slogan, 147, 148
gay journalists: See also individual journalists, newspapers, and magazines
bias against, 175–80, 286
closeted, 213, 286
New York Times improves treatment of, 286–87
impact of Randy Shilts, 287–90
coming out by, 318
national association’s party at 1992 Democratic convention, 331
gay liberation: See also gay militancy; gay rights; political activism
Mattachine Society and, 122–24
black civil rights and women’s liberation as models for, xii, 136
Stonewall riot and, 197–202, 205–6
Gay Liberation Front, 135, 206, 220
gay magazines, 16, 171–72, 339, 340,
in the sixties, 158
corporate advertising in, 339–40
Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC), 293, 298–300, 320, 325
gay militancy, 216. See also political activism
backlash against, 222–28, 271–72
religious right campaign against, 272, 273
violent attacks against, 274–75
ACT UP, 320–25
and capitalist mainstreaming of gays, 340
gay organizations: proliferation of, 206, 329–30
GAYPA, 237–38
“Gay Power, Gay Politics” (CBS), 271–72
Gay Pride March, 262–63
Gay Pride Week, 216
gay rights: See also gay militancy; political activism; concept of, 148
Koch and, 215, 221, 317
politicians begin endorsing call for, 217
Abrams and, 221
backlash against, 222–28
and APA repeal of “illness” classification, 235–40
gains in the eighties, 269–70
corporate antidiscrimination policies, 270, 339
in the eighties, 270
bill passed in NYC, 317–18
gay self–identity: See also coming out
in the seventies, 212–13, 243
AIDS and, 310–17, 325
Gefter, Philip, 242–45, 256, 263, 277, 291–92, 293–95, 302–7
genetic theory of homosexuality, 231
Georgia: sodomy statute of, 318–20
Germany: Weimar, xiv–xv, 25, 210, 271
Nazi, xv, 25, 42–43
Geto, Ethan, 77, 95n, 217–21, 223, 255–56, 259, 260–62, 263–65, 269–70, 315
and Abrams, 220, 221, 256, 264–65
coming out of, 260–62
>
and NYC gay rights bill, 317
and “moral values,” 325
Gibson, Charles, 310–13, 343
Gielgud, John, 107
Gilliatt, Penelope, 209
Gillman, Bill (pseudonym), 77–78
Gingrich, Newt, 333
Ginsberg, Allen, 89, 99–100, 144, 149, 152, 201, 236n
Giovanni’s Room (Baldwin), 73
Gitlin, Murray, 8, 30, 44–45, 93, 102–4, 120, 155, 186, 186n, 187, 190n, 191
Gittings, Barbara, 236
Goff, Michael, 339
Gold, Ron, 237, 238
Goldberg, Arthur, 217, 221
Goldberg, Suzanne B., 345
Golden Pheasant (bar), 106
Goldman, Albert, 169, 171
Goldman, William, 190n
Goldstein, Al, 201
Goldwater, Barry, 141
Gomes, Rev. Peter J., xiii, 344
gonorrhea, 119
Good Book; The (Gomes), xiii
Goodell, Charles, 217
Goodhue, Robert, 9
Goodman, Paul, 98
Goren, Shlomo, 182, 182n
Gorman, Cliff, 187
Go Tell It on the Mountain (Baldwin), 73
government, gays in the: in the forties, 17–19
persecution of, in the fifties, 69–82
exclusion of, in the sixties, 140
Jenkins scandal, 140–41
in the seventies, 222
coming out by, 325
Clinton and, 337
Graber, Ted, 276
Graham, Katharine, 172–75
Graham, Martha, 103
Granger, Farley, 59
Grant, Cary, 59
Gray, Robert, 276
Great Britain: decriminalization of homosexuality in, 152–54, 164
Green, Adolph, 184
Green, Richard, 237
Greenberg (publisher), 125
Greenfield, Jeff, 222
Greenwich Village: in the fifties, 85–86, 101–2, 106–7
Stonewall riot in, 197–202
in the seventies, 215
Ninth Circle, 240–42, 244
sex in trailers in, 261
shooting spree against gays in, 274–75
Gregg, Dr. Alan, 53
Gregg, Gail, 286–87
Griffith, Robert E., 92
Griffo, Michela, 215
group sex: in baths, 120
in bars, 245
in trailers, 261
in the “Meat Rack,” 292
Grumley, Michael, 284
gyms, 12
Hagerty, James, 81
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco, 144, 152
Hair (Broadway musical), 187
Halberstam, David, 65, 223
Hamilton, Margaret, 193
Hammerstein, Oscar, 67
harassment of gays: See also police harassment
in the forties, 13–14
in the fifties, 82–84
in the sixties, 145–46
Hard Day’s Night, A (film), 151, 180n
Hardwick, Michael, 319
Harlan, Justice John Marshall, 344–45
Harlem: drag shows in, 40–41
gay life in, 40–41, 122
Harper’s: diatribe against gays in, xi, 222–25, 226, 228–29
Harris, L. D., 117–18
The Gay Metropolis Page 54
