in San Francisco, CBS report on, 271–72
AIDS and, 284, 329
Kramer and, 290–91
ACT UP and, 320–25, 329
and election of Clinton, 330–31, 333–34
and gays in the military, 334–36
and Romer v. Evans ruling, 344–47
Pollack, Sydney, 168
Pomeroy, Wardell B., 53, 143
Pop Art, 168, 168n
Popham, Paul, 299, 325
pornography, gay, 229
Posthorn, Stanley, 30–31, 32–33, 36–37, 48–49, 102, 176
Powell, Colin, 334, 335–36
Powell, Justice Lewis, 319, 320
Power, Tyrone, 192–93
Powers, Richard Gid, 70
Powers, Thomas, 137, 144
pregnancy: on TV in the fifties, 67
prejudice against gays: See also under discrimination; harassment; in the forties, 13–14, 24–25
by WWII military, 27–29, 47–50
Kinsey study and, 53–58
voiced by New York Times, 157–59
in CBS reports, 160–71, 271–72
in newspapers, 175–80
by conservatives and religious right, 272, 273, 275–77, 329, 331–37
Prescott, Orville, 60
Presley, Elvis, 135, 151, 151n, 259
PRIDE (Personal Rights in Defense and Education), 171
Prince, Harold, 92, 94
promiscuity: See also sexual revolution; in the seventies, 209, 240–48, 261
and AIDS, 282, 282n, 289, 290–92, 296–97, 300
protease inhibitors, 343
Provincetown (Mass.), 44
psychiatrists on homosexuality, xv, 23–24, 102
and WWII army policy, 28–30, 48–50
response to Kinsey Report, 56–58
and government persecution of the fifties, 79
response to Hooker’s report, in the sixties, 139–40, 141–42, 158–59, 161, 162, 163–64, 171
Mattachine Society confronts, 141–42
and TV documentary on gays, 161, 162, 163–64
in the seventies, 229–31, 235–40
gays force reversal of “illness” stance, 235–40
gay analysts qualified, 318
Puerto Ricans, 101, 102
Purnick, Joyce, 317
Quatrefoil (Fugate), 125
Quayle, Dan, 331
Quinn, Grady, 270
race relations among gays: See also blacks; in the forties, 40–42
in the seventies, 215–16
race riots (1968), 145
Radicalesbians, 206
Radical Faeries, 315
Raines, Howell, 226
Ramrod Bar, 274–75
Ramsay, Dr. Arthur, 154
Rand, Bill, 171
Rapoport, Azariah, 183
Rat (newspaper), 201
Rauschenberg, Robert, 89, 103
Reagan, Nancy, 276
Reagan, Ron, Jr., 277
Reagan, Ronald, 37, 272–73, 275–77
gays in retinue of, 276–77
and AIDS epidemic, 286, 309
Reavis, John, 16in
Reed, Rex, 188, 195, 196
“Rejected, The,” 16m
religion: See also Bible; Christian right; and
homosexuality, xiii–xiv, 142–43
religious congregations, gay, 143
Republicans: antigay stance of, in the fifties, 73–74
antigay stance of, in the eighties, 272, 273, 275–77
and election of Reagan, 272
closeted gay, 276–78, 286
and AIDS epidemic, 285–86
antigay platform of 1992, 331–33
of 2004, 354
Reuben, Dr. David, 224
Reynolds, Stephen (pseudonym), 14–15, 34–37, 40, 46, 50–51, 107–10, 174
Rich, Frank, 208, 253–54, 258
on gay culture of the seventies, 259–60
Rieman, Walter, 340–43
Riis Park: cruising in, 84
Rivers, Larry; 97
Robbins, Jerome, 72–73, 103, 174
and West Side Story, 89–90, 91, 92
Robinson, David, 322
Rockefeller, Nelson, 143, 216
“Rockefeller Five,” 216
Rodwell, Craig, 199
Roehm, Ernst, xv
Roe v. Wade, 252
Rogers, William, 81
Rohl, Randy, 270
Roiphe, Anne, 208
role-playing, gay, 212–13
Romer v. Evans, 344–45, 346
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 96
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 17–19
Rope (film), 59
Rorem, Ned, 39, 89
Rosenman, Howard, 180–85, 188, 245–46, 257, 258, 281–82, 297–98, 300–302
Rosenthal, A. M., 156, 175, 179, 179n, 180, 225–26, 227, 228–29, 287, 300, 336
Rosenthal, Andrew, 332
Rosenthal, Jack, 226
Ross, Diana, 259
Rostow, Edna, 49
Rowland, Charles, 30, 32
Royal Ballet, 109
RSVP (nightclub), 120
Rubell, Steve, 253–54, 257, 258–59
Rubenstein, William, 318
Rubin, Jerry, 145
Ruffing, Bob, 39
Rusk, Dr. Howard, 56
Russo, Vito, 155, 284, 302, 322
Sabine, Norman (“Stormy”), 242
Sagarin, Edward, 89, 125–29, 130, 131, 139, 141, 142, 278–79
on Mattachine Society, 142
SAGE, 329
Sahl, Mort, 135
St. Patrick’s Cathedral: cruising in, 109
ACT UP at, 323
“Saint’s Disease,” 283
Salant, Richard, 160, 161
San Francisco, 88, 217
in the sixties, 144–45, 152
CBS documentary on gay power in, 271–72
Shilts on AIDS in, 288–90
Kaposi’s Sarcoma Foundation, 290
Philip Gefter in, 302, 304–6
toll of AIDS in, 306
San Franscisco Chronicle, 288
San Remo (restaurant/bar), 98, 106–7, 111, 122
Sarris, Andrew, 151
Savoy Plaza, 40
Scalia, Justice Antonin, 345
Scheuer, James, 220
Schine, David, 75, 76, 77
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 174
Schlesinger, John, 209
Schmalz, Jeffrey, 325, 330, 332–33
Schneider, William, 333
Schoener, Joe, 84
Schrager, Ian, 253, 254
Schram, Charles, 197
science: and homosexuality, xiv
Scott, Bruce, 140
Screw (magazine), 201
Scripps, Nancy E., 11nn Scully, Vincent, xi–xii
Seagrams, 339
Season, The (Goldman), 190n
seduction theory of homosexuality, 25, 231
Selznick, David, 60
Senate Subcommittee on Investigations, 78–80
Serenade (King), 116
Seventh Army Headquarters, Deauville, France: gays at, 32–33
seventies, the, 205–65
proliferation of gay organizations in, 206
gay coverage in television and film, 207–11
role-playing in, 212–13
gay activism in, 214–17, 260–65
backlash against gay militancy, 222–35
APA repeal of “illness” classification, 235–40
clubs and promiscuity in, 240–48
Stoddard in, 248–53
Studio 54, 253–59
gay physical ideal of, 259–60
sex-regulating laws: need to abolish, 128, 164, 238
New York Times endorses repeal of, 143, 226
states overturning, 270
sexual behavior: See also promiscuity; sexual revolution; Kinsey Report on, 52–58
AIDS effect on, 297, 309–10
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Kinsey), 53–58, 1
43
Sexual Inversion (Marmor), 237
sexual liberation: Kinsey Report and, 52–58
antibiotics and, 119
Sagarin on, 125–29
sexual revolution: See also promiscuity; of the sixties, 148–52
in the seventies, 209, 212, 240–48, 251, 261
Buchanan blames AIDS on, 332
Sheen, Martin, 208
Sheldon, Lou, 333
Sheridan Square, 199, 200, 318
Shevelove, Burt, 36
Shilts, Randy, 269, 287–90, 291, 296–97
Shirer, William L., xv
Shister, Gail, 286
Signorile, Michelangelo, 321–22
Silverstein, Dr. Charles, 236
Simmons, Charles, 177–78
Simon, Neil, 188
Sinatra, Frank, 197
sixties, the, 135–202,
gestation of gay liberation in, 136–38, 145–46, 148
advances on medical and religious fronts, 139–44
sexual revolution in, 148–52
Victim deals with blackmail, 152–55
New York Times front-page article on gays, 156–60
“CBS Reports” on gays, 160–71
Capote’s circle, 172–75
New York Times prejudice against gay staff, 175–80
The Boys in the Band, 185–92
appeal of Judy Garland, 192–97
Stonewall riot, 197–202
Skoro, Charles, 146–47
Sloane House YMCA, 40
Small, Ben, 33
Smith, Howard, 199
Snake Pit (club), 215
Sneakers (bar), 275
Socarides, Charles W., 159, 163–64, 237, 238, 239, 249
Socarides, Richard, 164
socializing, gay: See also bars, gay; cruising; in the fifties, 107–13
Capote’s circle, 172–75
Studio 54, 253–59
sodomy: prosecution for, 28
statutes on, 128n, 252, 276, 318–20
Sondheim, Stephen, 7, 167, 188
and West Side Story, 89, 91, 92, 93
Sonnabend, Joseph, 296
Sorensen, Ted, 342
Spear, Allan, 251
Spellman, Francis, Cardinal, 77, 109
Spitzer, Dr. Robert, 236, 237, 238
Spock, Dr. Benjamin, 262
Stallings, Randy, 289
Starr, Ringo, 152
State Department: persecution of gays in, 69–72, 73–74, 78–82
States of Desire (White), 96
Steckel, Harry, 28–29
Stevens, Justice John Paul, 252
Stevens, Marti, 95, 96
Stevens, Robert, 76
Stewart, Dan, 149, 212
Stoddard, Tom, 127, 248–53, 334, 345–47
and NYC gay rights bill, 317–18
on Hardwick case, 320
ill with AIDS, 334
and gays in the military, 334–35
marriage of, 340–43
Stoller, Robert, 237
Stone, Edward (pseudonym), 215–16
Stonewall riot, 197–202, 205–6, 212, 215, 221, 240, 318
celebrating anniversary of, 216
Stork Club, 15
Streisand, Barbra, 120–21, 194, 296
Strickland, Roy, 13, 26–27, 45–46, 125, 129–30
Studds, Gerry, 50, 222
Student Homophile League, 146–47
student movement: of the sixties, 136–37
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 137
student organizations, gay, 146–47, 206
Studio 54 (club), 180, 253–59
Styron, William, 145
Subterraneans, The (Kerouac), 98
Sullivan, Harry Stack, 29
Sulzberger, Arthur, Jr., 286–87
Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, 56
Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs, 173
Sulzberger, Iphigene, 157n
Sunday, Bloody Sunday (film), 209
Supreme Court: affirms sodomy statutes, 252, 318–20
overturns Colorado antigay
initiatives, 344–45, 346
Sutton Theater, 14
Swan (bar), 106
syphilis, 119
Talese, Gay, 159n, 247
Taste of Honey, A (film), 155–56
Taubman, Howard, 165
Taylor, Elizabeth, 296
Taylor, Paul, 103
teachers, gay, 276
television, gay coverage on: early documentaries, 160n
“CBS Reports,” 160–71
in the seventies, 207–9, 222, 269
television studios: gay rights policies at, 270–71
closeted gays in, 286
10 Percent (magazine), 340
Thalia (movie theater), 106
theater: gay allusions in, in the forties, 16
musical comedy in the fifties, 89–94
charges of gay “control”
of, 165–68, 185
The Boys in the Band, 185–92
Third Avenue: gay bars and cruising on, 106–7
This Is the Army (Broadway musical), 37
Thomas, Robert McG., Jr., 255
Thompson, Hunter, 144
Thomson, Virgil, 17, 41
Thomdale, Eric, 225
Tilden, William “Big Bill,” 52
Time, 19, 23, 25, 30, 99, 142–43, 155, 168, 176, 208
Times Square: in the forties, 12–14, 38
in the fifties, 82–83
Tobias, Andrew, 325
Todd, Michael, 96
tolerance of gays: critique of, 127–28
Tolson, Clyde, 69–70
Thomases, Susan, 304
Tomkins, Calvin, 213
Tony’s (bar), 8
trade (hustlers and prostitution), 10, 83, 110, 111–12
Tribe, Laurence, 319
Trilling, Lionel and Diana, 173
Tripp, C. A., 160–61
Truman, Harry; 68, 335
Truscott, Lucien, IV, 201
“Two on a Party” (Williams), 94–95
Updike, John, 145
Uyttendaele, Hendrik, 342
Vaccaro, Marion Black, 95
Vaid, Urvashi, 332, 334
Vallone, Peter, 317
Van Dusen, Henry, 57
Van Ronk, Dave, 199
Variety, 161
venereal disease: See also AIDS; antibiotics and, 119
in the sixties, 150
in the eighties, 310
Veterans Benevolent Association, 51–52, 130–31
Victim (film), 132–55
Vidal, Gore, 21, 40, 58–62, 65, 89, 93, 126, 131, 140, 151, 152, 170n, 175
writes The City and the Pillar, 58–62
baits Roy Cohn, 76–77
on sexual diversity in the fifties, 96–97, 98
liaison with Kerouac, 98
confronts Buckley, 148
on gay playwrights, 166–67, 168–69
in CBS report on gays, 169–70
Vietnam war: antiwar movement, 136–37, 209, 249
Village Voice, 201, 213, 216n, 222
Villela, Edward, 109
Vinales, Diego, 215
Vincenz, Lilli, 165n
Vining, Donald, 40
violence against gays, 84
in the eighties, 275
Violet Quill, 284
Virginia: sodomy statute of, 252, 318
Visotsky, Harold M., 239n
Voeller, Bruce, 239, 261, 262
Volberding, Paul, 289
von Hoffman, Nicholas, 222
Vreeland, Diana, 135
WACs, 47–48
Wallace, Mike, 221, 231
and “CBS Reports” documentary on gays, 160–71, 271
Wallach, Eli, 195
Wall Street Journal, The, 137
Walsh, David I., 19
Walsh, Gary, 291
Walters, Barbara, 213
Warhol, Andy, 168n, 241, 254
Warren, Jim, 33
Washington, D.C.:
gay population of, in the fifties, 70–71, 74, 79
Washington Post, 213, 222, 286
Washington Star, 30, 213
Waters, Sarah (pseudonym), 231–35
Watson, Sam, 171
Watts, Richard, Jr., 16
Waxman, Henry, 285
Way We Were, The (film), 168
Webb, Clifton, 16, 30, 57
Weber, Bruce, 259
Weiler, Abe, 155
Wemiar Germany, xiv–xv, 25, 210, 244, 271
Wein, Ken, 300
Weinberg, George, 205, 227
Weisman, Steve, 277
Weismann, Dr. Joel, 298
Weiss, Ted, 285
Welch, Joseph, 76
Welles, Sumner, 17–18, 81
Wenz, Jing, 275
West, Louis, 238
Westcott, Glenway, 43
Westmoreland, Tim, 285
Westmoreland, William, 272n
West Side Story, 89–94, 185
“What It Means to Be a Homosexual” (Miller), 226–29
Wheeler, Monroe, 43
Wherry, Kenneth, 74
Whitaker, Rick, 329
White, Justice Byron, 319
White, E. B., 3
White, Edmund, 96, 269, 284, 291
White, Theodore, 276
White House: Mattachine Society pickets, 164, 164–65n
Whitmore, George, 284
Whitney, David, 213
Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, 166, 186n, 187
Wicker, Randy, 199
Wilde, Oscar, 113n, 212
William, Dr. Dan, 308
Williams, Tennessee, 13, 30, 58, 61, 89, 94–95, 97, 98, 165, 166, 167, 170n, 175
Willis, Ellen, 152
Wilikie Parr and Gallagher, 277–78
Wilson, Charlie, 66n
Wilson, Earl, 196
Wilson, John C, 9
Winchell, Walter, 15
Windham, Donald, 13
Winters, Shelley, 59
Wizard of Oz, The (film), 193, 197
Wolfe, Tom, 224
Wolfenden Report, 152, 154
women: gay playwright portrayals of, 165–67
Women, The (Luce): military drag version of, 38
Women in Love (film), 290
women’s movement: of the sixties, 136
Women’s Wear Daily, 187
Wood, Natalie, 94, 186
Woodard, Bronte, 298
Woodstock festival, 209
Woodward, Charles, Jr., 180n, 186
Worcester, Maurice, 22
World League for Sexual Reform, xv
World War II: Nazi persecutions during, xv–xvi
gays in the military during, 27–39, 48–50
gay relations in military, 32–37
drag shows in, 37–38
lesbians in the military during, 46–47
Wreden, Nicholas, 60
Wyler, William, 97
Wynkoop, William, 25, 45, 124–26, 129–31, 200, 240
Xax (Todd Alexius Long), 315–17, 343–44
Yablans, Frank, 184
York, Michael, 210, 211
Young Man from the Provinces (Helms), 188–89n
Zadan, Craig, 91
Ziegler, Ron, 149n
Zimmerman, Cane, 56–57
Zipkin, Jerry, 276
The author is grateful for permission to quote from:
The Gay Metropolis Page 56
