Roast, Norman, A History of the Woodstock National Schools (privately published, 1983)
Rosebery, Lord, Lord Randolph Churchill (Humphreys, 1906)
Rowse, A.L., The Later Churchills (Macmillan, 1958)
Sandys, Celia, From Winston With Love and Kisses (Sinclair Stevenson, 1994)
Scarisbrick, Diana, Ancestral Jewels (Andre Deutsch, 1989)
Scharf, George, A Catalogue Raisonné of the Pictures at Blenheim Palace (National Portrait Gallery, 1862)
Sebba, Anne, Jennie Churchill: Winston’s American Mother (John Murray, 2001)
Shaw, Matthew, The Duke of Wellington (British Library, 2005)
Soames, Mary, Clementine Churchill (Cassell, 1979)
The Profligate Duke (Collins, 1987)
(ed.) Speaking for Themselves: the personal letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill (Doubleday, 1998)
Spencer-Churchill, Henrietta, Blenheim and the Churchill Family (Cico Books, 2005)
Stuart, Amanda Mackenzie, Consuelo and Alva (Harper Collins, 2005)
Urquhart, Diane, The Ladies of Londonderry (I.B. Tauris, 2007)
Waller, Maureen, Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England (John Murray, 2006)
Watney, John, The Churchills: Portrait of a Great Family (Gordon and Cremones, 1977)
Wilson, A.N., The Victorians (Hutchinson, 2002)
REFERENCE
Burke’s Peerage and Baronetage (Fitzroy Dearson, 1999)
Hansard: British Parliamentary Debates 1874ff. (Government Publishing Office)
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
Victoria County History Who’s Who (Oxford University Press, 2009)
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS
The Chronicle
The Daily News
The Freeman’s Journal
The Irish Times
Jackson’s Oxford Journal
The Oxford Times
The Standard
The Telegraph
The Times
The Graphic
Illustrated London News
Vanity Fair
The World
PLATES
* * *
1 A miniature of Frances, 7th Duchess of Marlborough, aged about 12.
2 Wynyard Hall and Park, ‘The finest 19th-century house in the country’ (Pevsner). This was Frances’ home in County Durham until she married. Her background prepared her perfectly for the grandeur of Blenheim.
3 Frances Anne, the 3rd Marchioness of Londonderry, Frances’ mother, 1819. Portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence.
4 & 5 John Winston and Frances, 7th Duke and Duchess of Marlborough. The sculptures were made by Lawrence MacDonald in Rome in 1843, soon after the couple were married.
6 Londonderry House, Park Lane, London. Frances’ family house in Mayfair, the focal point of her mother’s pre-eminence as the social and political hostess of her day. Frances learned much from her mother, vital later to her success as hostess at Blenheim and as Vicereine in Ireland.
7 Frances as a young woman at around the time of her marriage to John Winston. Poise and self-confidence were amongst her strongest characteristics. Portrait by Buckner, 1840s.
8 The silver centrepiece (1845) in the state dining room at Blenheim Palace, showing the 1st Duke of Marlborough at the moment of victory at the Battle of Blenheim, 1704.
9 The 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, 10th Hussars, Frances’ father and Wellington’s Adjutant General. A gallant soldier, he was known as ‘Fighting Charlie’. Frances possessed the same forceful character. Bronze sculpture in the city of Durham.
10 Frances, 7th Duchess at Blenheim. The photograph suggests her sense of discipline and self-control, which she endeavoured to impart to young Winston. These qualities balanced the sensitivity with which she responded to his deep emotional need.
11 John Winston, 7th Duke of Marlborough. Lady Randolph (Jennie Churchill), by her own account never very happy with the old-fashioned formality at Blenheim, nevertheless wrote generously that it was partly relieved by the innate courtesy and kindliness of the Duke.
12 Frances, John Winston and members of the Spencer-Churchill family c.1860. Left to right, John Winston, Cornelia, Rosamund, Anne, Clementina, Fanny, Frances and Georgiana.
13 & 14 Two pages from the Visitors’ Book at Blenheim. Frances had a great commitment to her family. Twelve of the 17 guests on these pages are family members: Tweedmouth, Roxburghe, Fellowes, Marjoribanks and Wimborne as well as Churchill.
15 Royal Yacht Squadron yacht Wyvern, 1876. This was one of several yachts owned by John Winston. He and Frances went on cruises regularly and had to return home from the Aegean when the Aylsford scandal erupted.
16 Winston Churchill aged seven. The pose and expression suggest a strong personality and independent character even at this young age.
17 Frances, Duchess of Marlborough in 1880, aged 58.
18 Frances (right) in the chair of her Famine Relief Committee, Dublin Castle, 1879. Lord Randolph Churchill, secretary of the committee, is seen in the foreground second from right.
19 The Irish Famine Memorial, Toronto. In the 1843 famine 30,000 Irish immigrants were welcomed to Canada via Toronto, then a town of only 20,000 inhabitants. The figure, foreground, is ‘Jubilant Man’. Inset: ‘Orphan Boy’.
20 The Fourth Party, by Spy in Vanity Fair, 1880. Lord Randolph (standing) with (seated, left to right) Arthur Balfour, Henry Wolff and John Gorst, leaders of the ginger group which was such a problem for the Conservative Party leadership in the early 1880s.
21 Subscribers to Frances’ Famine Relief Fund. Donations large and small came from individuals and churches, from Britain and abroad, from collections and special events.
22 & 23 An illuminated address of thanks (1877) from a Dublin school and lines from the text of a citation (1880) from the City of Dublin. Frances’ support, as Vicereine in Ireland, for those in need drew many sincere expressions of thanks, often beautifully expressed.
24 Frances, Duchess of Marlborough reading the letter received from Queen Victoria in which she is awarded the Order of Victoria and Albert. This was a special honour, dear to the queen’s own heart, and she often wore it herself on state occasions in memory of her beloved husband.
25 Memorial of Lord Randolph Churchill in the Chapel at Blenheim. Frances’ five sons and her husband all predeceased her. She erected impressive monuments to her husband and her son in the Chapel.
26 Memorial plaque for Lord Randolph Churchill in the Chapel at Blenheim showing the inscription from his mother, to whom his early death at 45 was a crushing blow.
27 Winston Churchill, 4th Hussars, 1895. At 20, Winston’s military career took him abroad and his period of closest contact with his grandmother was now coming to an end.
28 Blenheim Palace. The palace was originally built for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, to honour his victory at the Battle of Blenheim, 1704.
29 Winston Churchill in 1900, on the threshold of a political career.
COPYRIGHT
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First published in 2010
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