by Chris Fowler
Egolzwil 3 292
Ehrenstein 301
Eilean Domhnuill 334
Eilsleben 435
einkorn (triticum monococcum) 122, 126, 294, 391, 395
El Mirón 387
El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 28
elk see deer, elk
elm decline event 35
Elsloo, Limburg 312
Emmeln 713
Emmeln-2 714
Emmeloord 612
emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum dicoccum) 122, 126, 199, 204, 294, 391, 396, 414, 420
deposition in ditches 807
in Ireland 128
movement to Britain 127
Emmersdorf 640
enclosures 766, 1085–7
burial practices 1015–16, 1034–5
causewayed enclosures 467, 795–808
Central Europe 763–77
central Italy 787–8
ditches 781–91
entrances 770
functions 775–7
henge enclosures see henges
human remains in 804–6
Kreisgrabenanlagen circular enclosures see enclosures, roundels
pottery deposition 584
rondels see enclosures, roundels
roundels 104–6, 201, 764–77
entrances aligned on astronomical events 776–7
southern Italy 784–7
Tavoliere enclosures 781–4
see also settlements
Enderupskov 352
Endrőd-Öregszőlők 929, 930
Eneolithic see Copper Age/Chalcolithic
energy requirements 430
Enkingen 281
Ensisheim 373
entrances 336
environment
cause of mobility 85
central and eastern Europe 196–7
environmental change 45–6
environmental modelling 44–5
Epicardial 94, 101, 183
Epilengyel 107
Epipalaeolithic stage 81, 82, 260
Er Grah tumulus 126, 222
Ercsi hoard 681
Erdwerk (earthwork) see enclosures
Ereta del Pedregal 387, 398
Erglodd 716
Erkelenz-Kückhoven 282, 283, 765–6
Ertebølle/Ertebölle culture (c. 5400–4000 BC) 216, 217, 219, 345–6
Ertebølle pottery 573–4
Escoural 814
Essenbach 563
Estonia 420
Esztergályhorváti 929, 937
ethnicity 11
Eton Rowing Course 335
Etton 432, 436, 797, 799, 803, 807
Eurasian societies 1100–2
western 206–7
Evenhus 878, 885
Eweford 1083
exchange networks
Bronze Age 1096, 1099, 1103–4, 1106
flint 502
metal 75–6, 107
pottery 220, 538, 651, 697
shells 639–42, 645–52
exogamy 70
extramural cemeteries 934
Fågelbacken 1015
Fakkemose 1013
Familiar, Foreign and Other 157
family barrows 1101
farming
adaptation to new environments 129
animals 64, 82, 122, 127, 181, 745–7, 749–55, 1082
caprines (sheep and goats) 434, 546
cattle 103, 122–3, 125–6, 435, 441, 546, 746 see also cattle
pigs 68, 123–4, 316, 434, 1076
sheep 413
climatic effect on 44, 207
coastal regions, alternative resources 41, 217–18
cultures
Funnel Beaker culture (TRB) 366–7, 414, 660, 1006
Khirokitia culture 84
Körös-Criş culture 416
Linearbandkeramik (LBK) 101, 199, 219, 413, 429, 434–7
Pitted Ware culture (PWC) 366, 582
Tripolye/Trypillia culture 418
deforestation 35, 38, 827
development 163, 421
early 101–3, 121–9, 139, 157–8, 160, 162, 197, 1054–9
emergence, debate over 139–47, 385, 1073, 1080
environmental effect 35, 46, 130
evidence of early Neolithization 64, 67, 177, 195, 206, 746, 1073, 1080
exchange networks 650
farmsteads 91, 93, 388, 561–2, 567–8
and foraging 69, 143, 146, 150, 178, 204, 349, 413, 419, 574–5, 1074–5, 1078–9
garden agriculture 14, 107, 185, 396, 437, 450–7, 1055, 1058, 1063, 1075
herding 14, 66, 71, 76, 88, 92, 178, 197, 279, 389, 391, 394, 396, 401, 752, 1055 see also farming, pastoralism
herding camps 68, 901
transhumance 63, 67–9, 176, 279, 389, 395, 399, 467, 1078
intensive vs. extensive 389
lakeside settlements, Circum Alpine region 294
land suitability 68, 107, 175–6, 697, 764, 1103
land-use, changes 35, 37
manuring 364
mature 158–9, 160–2
mixed 185, 368, 394, 399–400, 414, 732, 901, 1075, 1081
mobile 64–7, 72, 130, 177–8
origins 178, 184–5
pastoralism 185, 186, 197, 394, 467, 677, 849, 959, 960, 1081, 1097, 1100–1 see also farming, herding
personhood 159–60
plants 101, 103, 401, 421, 737–8, 1075
population, effect on 150, 317, 430
pottery, links with 203, 536–7, 543
regions
Baltic region 420
Britain and Ireland 127–9, 222–4, 440–1
central Europe 197–201, 412–16
Crete 88
Cyprus 82–4
Mediterranean 177–8
Scandinavia 218, 437–9, 878
south eastern Europe 65–6, 390–4
southern Europe 401
south western Europe 394–400
seasonal 105, 368, 402, 430, 913
sedentary 327, 430
in settlements 278, 355, 452
skills 159–62
small scale 389, 392–3, 1055
spread 86, 139–43, 179, 186–7, 542, 1078
storage of produce 402, 430
Fatjanovo culture see Corded Ware culture
faunal assemblages 431–4, 747–8
feasting 167, 186, 188, 220, 222, 402, 440, 441, 456, 457, 466, 469, 472, 566, 644, 754–5, 831, 906, 1058, 1076
funerary feasts 754, 995
Federsee 297, 298
Federsee bog 109
females
in burials 115, 221, 455, 491, 510, 610–1, 658, 701, 784, 831, 841, 858, 867, 902, 935–44, 946, 962, 990–1, 1031, 1101
diet 373
exclusion of 841, 905
grave goods 611, 648, 936, 942, 943, 945, 946, 990
as potters 562
marrying in (virilocality) 279, 562, 567, 568
mobility 539
quarrying 510
representations of 160, 539, 701, 841, 858, 860, 866, 867, 905, 964, 966, 971, 972, 976, 980, 1037 see also anthropomorphic art, breasts,
abstract signs for 829, 866
tasks 280, 510, 562, 568–9, 642
see also sexual differentiation
fences see palisades
Ferriter’s Cove 125, 223, 440
Fertile Crescent 674
fields 430, 451, 612, 863
figurines 647–8, 776, 980–1
anthropomorphic 993
body parts 1039
deposition 627
detail on 629–30
in enclosure ditches 776
female 543,964, 972–3, 976
around graves 1036–8
human 622–5, 627–30, 962–4
idols 977–8
materials 630
pottery 536–7
Sardinia 972–3
varieties 622–30
Fikirtepe culture 261, 1053
Filitosa 972
Fiorano Culture 788, 790
>
fire-pits 337
firesetting 703
first Neolithic (FN), pottery, Britain and Ireland 588, 594–5
fish 40, 178, 204, 413, 419, 439, 452, 746, 753, 787, 1074
freshwater 8, 204, 364, 368, 371, 417–9,
in Scandinavian rock art 871, 877, 879
scales as temper in pottery 536
shift away from in diet 365–6
symbolic significance 752
weirs 41, 612
fish-hooks 162, 674
fishing 40, 186, 197, 386, 413, 416, 419, 420, 644
camps 68, 84
freshwater 294, 302
lake settlements 294
persistence during Cardial period 185
Flagstones 595, 1035
flaking 521
pressure 485–7
flanking pits (LBK) see loam pits
flat axes 699
flat graves (TRB) 1013–15
flint
deposition in ditches 806–7
functions 501
flint axes 515–27, 721
flint daggers 493, 610
flint knapping 483–8, 489, 720
flint mines 184, 202, 222–3, 499–503, 521, 1083
chronology 508–9
scale 510
social structures 510–11
techniques 503–8
flint working 721
Flomborn phase (early LBK) 275, 283
Flomborn pottery 559
flooding 42
floodplains 38–40
fluvial activity 35–40
Foggia Plain/Tavoliere 779
folk taxonomies of animals 748–9
Folkton drums 470, 881, 1039
Fonelas 695
Font Juvénal 387
Fontanarosa Uliveto 784
Fontbrégoua 387
Fontvielle 921–2
food 13, 178
animals 435
bread 159
consumption in caves 902
cooking 337, 431, 564
flour 159
management, Mediterranean region 177, 178, 180
marine 40–1, 218, 365, 369, 439
meat 204
offerings 831, 995
as prestigious 180, 188,
processing 259, 262, 389, 401, 431
production see farming
refuse/remains 164, 302, 314, 386, 415, 431, 735, 738
residues in pottery 16, 390, 545–6, 593–4, 597, 599
sharing 991, 1058
Spondylus 644
special deposits 895, 898
storage 44, 130, 164, 177, 180, 262, 430, 564
charring of stored plant foods 389
taboos 752
see also animals; beer; dairying; diet; farming; feasting; fish; hunting; milk; plants; wine; animals by species
foodways 376 see also animals; diet; farming; feasting; fish; hunting; plants
foragers see hunter-gatherers
Fore group 748–9
forest-steppes 196
Fornacce Cappuccini 788
Fort Harrouard 1036
Fosie IV 354
Fourknocks 1029
fowling 413
Fräkenrönningen 350–1
Frälsegården 1009–11
France
anthropomorphic art 1036–8, 1039
Atlantic 220–2
Bell Beaker phenomenon 608, 611, 613, 1032, 1098
burial practices 1024–7, 1030
causewayed enclosures 797, 799, 1035
chambered tombs 813, 814–6, 1084
condemnation 1034
domesticated plants and animals 126–7, 395, 1076
fluvial activity 38
menhirs 829, 1036, 1084
metals 703–4, 713, 716
mortuary practices 611, 799, 1084–5
Neolithization 93, 94, 126, 185, 197, 395, 396, 397 see also Cardial; LBK
submerged coastal sites 42
tin ore 712
western 126–7
Franchthi 88, 178, 370, 386, 392, 536, 648, 929, 931
freshwater resources 370–1, 417
Freston 799
Friebritz 769
frontier model 542
Fuchsberg 577–8
Fucino lake basin 898–900
Fundeni 683
Fundeni-Lungoci 681
funerary rites 19–20 see also mortuary practices
Funnel Beaker culture see TRB
furniture 337, 470
furniture models 629, 630
Füzesabony-Gubakút 929, 935
FYROM (Macedonia) 140, 390, 538, 930
figurines 622, 624, 626–8
hunting 392
Spondylus 645–6
Gachnang-Niederwil 298
Gádor, Loma de Huéchar 695
Galabnik 649
Galatin 246
Galician-Atlantic rock art 848–9
galleries (mining) 504, 506
gallery graves (southern Scandinavia) 1007
Gammellung 1017
Garboldisham 881
gardens 450–4, 456–7 see also farming, garden agriculture
Gârleşti 929, 941
Gaudo culture 699, 702, 962
Gavrinis 221
Geleen-Janskamperveld 282
gender differentiation see sexual differentiation
genetics see ancient DNA (aDNA); mtDNA; DNA studies (modern DNA)
geochemical analyses 516–17
geographical boundaries 6–7, 104
Germany
amphibolite axeheads 517
Bell Beaker presence 606–7
chambered tombs (northern Germany) 816–22, 883
Corded Ware culture 114
copper tools 698
domestication of cattle 122–3
enclosure ditch shape 799
foraging to farming 150
long barrows 833
mortuary practices 989–99
Neolithization 102
pottery (northern Germany) 575–82
pig husbandry 124
population fluctuations 150, 1079
roundels 766 see also Kreisgrabenanlagen
wild resources 439
Għar Dalam cave 906–7, 970
Giant’s Hills 1031
Giurgiulesti 683
Gläntan 352
Glăvanesti Vechi 929, 931
Global Lake Level Database 29
Globular Amphora culture 677, 680
Glycymeris glycymeris Linne (dog-cockle) 539, 642–5, 652
goat 122, 124, 397–8, 751
domestication 746
for meat 394
movement to Britain 127
see also caprines
Göbekli Tepe 180
Göhlitzch grave 883
gold 678, 696, 720
artefacts 715
in grave goods 681
jewellery 682
value 1062
goldworking 162
Goljamo Delčevo 158, 929, 941
Golokut 929, 931, 933
Gomolava 929, 937–8, 946
Goodland 597
Gorzsa 158
Goseck 105
Gotland Island 439
Gozo 970–1
Gradešnica 929, 931
Graiglwyd 517
grain storage 315, 732
Grapčeva 387, 400
grave goods 563, 699, 702, 927, 1026
amber 658–9, 661–2, 665, 666
Bell Beaker burials 609, 611–12, 614
Carpathian Basin 942–3
with children 611, 612, 941, 1014, 1060
copper beads 941
copper daggers and axe 702
in caves 902, 906
at Durankulak 246, 934, 935
in dolmens (southern Scandinavia) 822, 830
early to middle Neolithic 931
Eastern Balkans, Copper Age 939–41
with female adults (predominantly) 942
flint arrowheads 702
figurines 971
, 976, 980
Gaudo culture 702
gender differences 610–11, 946, 962, 989, 1014
gold 75, 681
hunting trophies 753–4
identity 612, 932, 990, 991, 1024, 1026
idols 977–8
inherited social status 1060
in Italy 961
kurgan burials 1100
Late Neolithic 934–5, 936–7
long dolmen at Bogø 819
with male adults (predominantly) 702, 936, 941, 942, 946, 1014
Maltese rock-cut tombs 970
metal 681–5
in the Mediterranean 182
personhood and identity 990–1
‘pit grave’ culture 976
placement around body 937
pottery 563, 936, 942, 977, 1024
religious significance 464–5, 468
Remedello 962
Rinaldone 702
at Salzmünde 998
shells 75, 641, 652, 1024
single grave burials (Britain) 1085
in southern Scandinavia 217, 658,
stone plaques 939
specialist 1100
Swifterbant 220
tholos tombs 977
tombe a grotticelle 962, 971
waisted axes 468
weapons 977
graves 731 see also burials
Gravon 799
Great Hungarian Plain 245
Great Langdale 517, 521, 522
Great Men societies 323
Greece 392
axeheads 517, 523
caves and rock sheters 85, 178
colonization 85, 1052–3
Copper Age 675
crops 390
diet 269, 388, 394
domestic space 257–259, 1055
emergence of Neolithic 87–9, 539
environments 177
feasting 456
figurines 622, 624, 627, 629–30
gardens and houses 456
grazing livestock 393
hunting 392, 746
‘meat’ culling of sheep 393
metals 677, 680
mortuary practices 930–1, 934, 938–9
obsidian 488, 651
ploughing 393
pressure flaking 485
routines 449–50, 455
settlements 240, 256, 258, 388, 394, 449, 450, 455, 781, 786
shell exchange networks 651
shell ornament production 642, 648
Greifensee-Böschen 299
Grimes Graves 433–4, 441, 500, 504, 506, 507, 508–9, 521, 713, 1036
Grisy 804
Grivac 158
Grödbygård 349
grog 560, 598
Grønjægers Høj 827, 828
Grooved Ware pottery 589–90, 598–9, 731, 734
cosmology associated with 472, 473
houses associated with 331–2
‘package’ 472
in henge ditches 1035
at palisaded enclosures 1086
in pits 731, 734, 880
origins in Orkney 470, 589
associated with rock art panels 880
motifs found in late Neolithic art art 470, 881
Großgartach culture 201, 994
Grotta Continenza 900–1, 961
Grotta dei Piccioni 897–8, 899–900
Grotta del Genovese 387, 398
Grotta dell’Uzzo 387
Grotta della Madonna 387
