Nevertheless, it remains as true as it always was that human beings are not motivated only by money. They may even, as with increasing numbers of our new rich, want to give it away in prodigious quantities. But if the state and civil service won’t recognize this, who will? And who will encourage and honour those who do? And shape, inspire and coordinate their efforts? The answer, surely, is the monarchy.
And with Charles we have, for the first time since Prince Albert in the nineteenth century or the young George III in the eighteenth, a royal patron who does aspire to ‘direct the voluntary side of social life’; who dares to talk of ‘real intellectual effort and eminence’, and, above all, who puts his money where his mouth is.
A recent example is the rescue of Dumfries House. The house is that rarest of things: a noble Georgian mansion still furnished with the fixtures and fittings that were designed and made for it by the most eminent cabinetmakers of the day, including the great Thomas Chippendale himself. The state-funded heritage bodies laboured for years but were unable to come up with a solution that would save the house for the nation. Then, at the eleventh hour, and only weeks before a sale that would have dispersed the collection for ever, Charles cut the Gordian knot. And he did so by borrowing £20 million. The security was the assets of one of his charities; and the sum will be paid off by the development of a Scottish Poundbury – a model village, built in the Lowland vernacular style, on a site adjacent to the estate.
So not only have quangocrat heads been banged together, circles have also been squared and conservation and high culture will be combined with the economic regeneration of a depressed area. Only the prince could have done it. For only he has the necessary combination of social and economic power and imagination to pull it off.
A leading member of the prince’s staff describes this as ‘charitable entrepreneurship’. And its heart is the core group of charities known as the Prince’s Charities. The prince raises their funding – £110 million each year – and sets their main areas of activity. These include ‘opportunity and enterprise, education, health, the built environment, responsible business, the natural environment and the arts’. Most are leaders in their field; they venture into areas where others dare not and blaze trails that others – in particular, state organizations – follow. The outstanding example is the Prince’s Trust. This helps disadvantaged young people into employment to become worthwhile members of society. Most of its clients have done badly at school, are poor and come from broken homes. But, above all, they are poor in aspiration. The Prince’s Trust uses a wide variety of techniques including individual mentoring to give them confidence to help themselves. Its rate of success is striking and politicians – New Labour and Newer Tories alike – strive to learn from it and emulate it.
Here, then, is a new kingdom of the mind, spirit, culture and values which is not unworthy of a thousand-year-old throne.
Index
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Abell, Thomas 292–3
Abdication, Act of (1936) 484
absolute monarchy: as a divine right 302; Charles I and 331, 333; Civil War and 361; Edward II and 221; French model of 269, 274, 367, 378, 379, 438, 440; Henry VIII and 274, 276, 277–8, 293; James I and 328; limited monarchy and, differences between 269–70; Mary I and 310; modern monarchy and 378; Roman 5, 6; William of Orange and 378, 380
Accession Council 457, 487
Addison, Joseph 422
Adela of Blois, Princess 149
Adelard of Bath 144
Adeliza, Queen 148, 159
Adrian IV, Pope 177, 178
Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia 88
Ælfgifu, Queen of Northampton 72, 75, 77
Ælfheah of Canterbury, Saint 72
Ælfthryth, Queen of Wessex 65
Æthelbald, King of Mercia 36, 37
Æthelbald, King of Wessex 45, 46, 58
Æthelberg, Queen of Northumbria 34
Æthelberht, King of Wessex 46
Æthelbert, King of Kent, bretwalda of England 28, 29, 30–1, 32, 33, 34, 37, 55
Æthelflaed, Queen of Mercia 55
Æthelfrith, King of Northumbria 33, 34
Æthelred II ‘the Unready’, King 65–6, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 76, 122
Æthelred, King of Wessex 46, 47, 50
Æthelstan, King 60–1
Æthelweard (ealdorman chronicler) 75
Æthelwine, Bishop of Durham 110
Æthelwulf, King of Wessex 42, 45–6, 58
Agatha, Princess (wife of Edward the Exile) 90, 107
Agincourt, battle of (1451) 247, 283, 408
Agricola, General Gnaeus Julius 9, 22
Aidan of Lindisfarne, Saint 34
Ailred of Rievaulx, Abbot 168
Alaric the Goth 11
Alban, Saint 19
Albert, Prince 458–9, 460, 461–2, 465, 466–7, 468, 490, 491, 499
Alcuin of York 40, 41
Alexander II, Pope 111
Alexander III, King of Scotland 217
Alexander III, Pope 178, 186, 187, 190
Alexandra, Queen 475–6, 480, 488, 497
Alfred the Great, King xix, 44–5, 46–7, 48–9, 50, 51–9, 60, 62, 63, 74, 114, 115, 119, 287, 429
Alfred Ætheling 76, 77, 87
Aliens Act (1705) 411
Amalia, Princess Dowager 368
America 3, 12, 162, 398, 412, 414, 424, 429, 434–9, 441, 442, 444, 455; Boston Tea Party (1773) 436; Constitution 3, 23; Continental Congress 12, 436, 437, 438; French fight British in 399, 414; Stamp Act, 1765 and 434–5; Scottish trade with 412; War of Independence (1175–83) 419, 437–9, 441, 442, 455
Angevin Empire 151, 159, 173, 193, 195, 197, 212, 246
Angles 18, 20, 29, 55, 60, 61
Anglo-Normans see Normans
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The 5, 18, 58, 59, 60–1, 62, 64, 69–70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77–8, 79, 82–3, 84–6, 90, 91, 93, 103, 104, 105, 107, 119–20, 122, 124, 126, 128–9, 131, 146, 153, 167–8, 172
Anglo-Saxons 12–97, 136–7, 210; arms, importance of 23–4; aristocracy 63, 66, 110, 114–15, 131, 164, 197, 236; birth of Anglo-Saxon monarchy 26–7; burial sites 25–6; chose/‘elect’ kings 24, 32; Christianity, conversion to 28–32, 58; consensual monarchy 24, 104–5; cynehelm (helmet of the people) 27; English Common Law 21, 132, 256; eradicate Romanized Britain 4, 20–1, 28; feudalism 114–15, 119, 442; Fürstengräber (‘princely graves’) 24–5; language 5, 19, 21, 59; law 32, 70, 73, 92, 232, 393; pagan 27–32, 33, 35, 36; political system 21, 50–1, 63, 66, 69–70, 71, 73–4, 75–6, 84–5, 97; Saxon Conquest see Saxon Conquest; society 21, 22–4; wealth increases extremes of rich and poor 24–5; witan (council) 47, 50, 56, 58, 66, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 82, 85, 87, 104, 117, 130
Anjou 102, 103, 117, 135, 151, 152, 157, 177, 194, 195, 196, 199, 246
Anjou, House of xii-xiii, 151–2, 157, 165–6, 170, 171, 172, 173–274
Anne, Queen 388, 389, 391–2, 398, 399, 405–10, 411, 412, 413–15, 416, 471
Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury 127–8, 131, 133, 146, 281
Antoinette, Marie 438
Appeal from the Country to the City, An 373–4Apollinaris, Sidonius 14
Aquitaine 178, 194, 195, 246
Arthur I of Brittany, Duke 197
Arthur, King 227, 229, 282, 285, 286, 462
Arthur, Prince of Wales (son of Henry VII) 275, 277, 280
Articles of Accusation (1327) 225, 226
Ashingdon Minster 72
Asquith, Herbert 477
Asser 46, 56–7
Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (‘Defence of the Seven Sacraments’) (Henry VIII) 287, 295
Athaulf, Visigothic King 20
Athelney 48–50, 51, 53
Attainder, Act of 381
Attlee, Clement 486
Augustine (Italian monk) 30, 31, 32, 34, 37
Augustus, Emperor 7<
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Aurelianus, Ambrosius 19
Badestone, Lord 231
Baldwin V of Flanders, Count 46, 77, 102
Baldwin, Stanley 483, 484
Balliol, John 217, 218
Balmoral Castle, Scotland 483
Bank of Amsterdam 364, 403
Bank of England 402–3, 424
Bannockburn, battle of (1314) 224, 229
Barbarica conspiratio (‘The Conspiracy of the Barbarians’) 10, 15
Barnet, battle of (1471) 265
barons: Edward I and 214, 215, 216; of the Exchequer 143, 144; Henry II and 175, 196; Henry III and 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212; John and 199, 200–1, 202, 203; Magna Carta and 201–2, 209; Norman 121, 132, 156, 157, 199; birth of Parliament and 209–12; required to demolish unlicensed castles, ‘Treaty of Winchester’ 175; Stephen and 156, 157, 166
Barry, Charles 462
Bashir, Martin 494
Basset, Ralph 146
‘bastard feudalism’ 256–7
Bath 19, 62–4, 65, 160, 176–7
Bath peace conference (1140) 160
Bayeux Tapestry 79, 86, 91, 106
BBC 482–3
Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of Warwick 250
Beaufort, Edmund 250
Beaufort, Margaret 262, 272, 273, 275
Becket, Thomas 174–5, 180–1, 184, 185–92, 193, 194, 212, 244
Beckford, William 433
Bede 4, 12–13, 17–18, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 56, 58, 60, 104, 134
Bellême, Robert of, Earl of Shrewsbury 137–8, 141, 176
Benedict, Saint 62, 63
Beorhtric, King of Wessex 42
Beorn, Earl 81
Beornwulf, King of Mercia 42
Beowulf 25–6
Bertha, Queen of Kent 29, 30, 31, 33
Berwick-on-Tweed, battle of (1640) 336
Bigod, Hugh, Earl of Norfolk 169
Bill of Rights (1689) 394, 395, 452
Biscop, Bishop Benedict 13
Black Death 232, 236, 242
Blenheim, battle of (1704) 398, 408, 411
Bluetooth, Harold 66, 69
Boer War (1880–81) 474
Boethius 58
Boleyn, Anne 288, 289, 290–1, 293, 294, 298, 304
Bonaparte, Napoleon 446, 447–9, 452
Bond of Association (1584) 318
Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury 207
Boniface, Saint 36
boroughs, establishment of English 54–5
Boston Tea Party (1773) 436
Bosworth, battle of (1485) 273–4, 281
Boudicca, Queen 8
Bouvines, battle of (1214) 200
Brémule, battle of (1119) 138–9, 140, 147
Brétigny, Treaty of (1360) 232
Bride’s Ale Revolt (1075) 113, 114
Bridgnorth Castle 137–8, 139, 156, 175–6
Brief Observations Concerning Trade and the Interest of Money (Josiah Child) 363–4
Bristol Castle 162
Britain: Anglo-Saxon 12–97; Empire 357–462; modern 465–500; Norman xii, xx, 19, 50, 59, 68, 69, 72, 77, 79, 81, 83, 86, 91–2, 93, 94, 96–7, 101–72, 199, 216, 229, 231, 232, 243, 251, 256, 278, 378; Roman 3–12; union of England and Scotland 322–9, 419–13, 415, 416, 428, 450 see also England; Scotland; Wales
Britannia (Roman Britain) 4, 5–12, 15, 20–1, 28, 33, 36, 43, 50, 53, 64
British Council of the cities 12
Brito, Richard 192
Britons 33
Brittany, Alan, Count of 158
Brittany 103, 117, 158, 194, 195, 199, 266, 270, 273, 275
Bruce, Robert the 217, 220, 223–4
Brunanburgh, battle of (937) 60, 61, 67
Buchanan, George 323, 325, 327
Buckingham Palace, London 451, 467, 472, 477, 478, 483, 485, 486, 492
Bunting, Hugo 214–15
Burgh, Hubert de, 1st Earl of Kent 203, 204, 207
Burghal Hidage 54
burhs (fortified settlements) 54–5, 59, 73, 84, 90
Burke, Edmund 442–3, 446, 449, 454
Burnet, Gilbert 396
Byng, Admiral 439
Byrhtnoth 67
Byzantium 26, 27
Cade, Jack 252
Caerleon, Dr Lewis 272–3
Caernarfon Castle, Wales 213, 216
Caesar, Julius 6–7, 349
Calvinism 368, 399, 400
Cambridge University 291, 292
Canada 431, 432, 434, 474, 482
Canterbury 29, 31, 33, 37, 81, 131, 154, 184, 187, 192, 193, 194, 267 see also under individual archbishop of
Carausius 14
Carlos II, King of Spain 406
Caroline of Ansbach, Queen 421, 422, 423, 425, 426, 432, 445–6, 448, 453, 496
Cassivellaunus 6–7
Catherine of Aragon, Queen 282, 283, 284, 286–7, 288, 289, 292, 294, 295, 298, 304
Catherine of Braganza, Queen 148, 369–70, 375
Catherine of Valois, Queen 247, 248, 250
Catuvellauni 7, 8
Cecil, Sir William 312–13, 314, 315, 316, 318–19, 321–2
Celts 15, 33, 34–5, 140
Cenwulf, King of Mercia 41, 42, 49, 58
Chamberlain, Joseph 471
Chamberlain, Neville 485
charitable works 479–80, 497–500
Charlemagne, Emperor 39, 40, 42, 46, 58
Charles I, King xix, 85, 261, 330–9, 340, 341, 342–7, 350, 351, 355, 359, 360–1, 367–8, 371, 377, 384, 392, 440
Charles II, King 79, 148, 347–9, 354, 355, 356, 359, 360–3, 364, 365, 366–7, 369–70, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380, 384, 393, 400, 422, 440, 450
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290, 292, 295, 305
Charles VI, King of France 247, 250
Charles Edward Stuart, Prince (‘Bonnie Prince Charlie’) 427–8
Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor 46
Charles, Prince of Wales 491, 493–4, 495–500
Charlotte of Hanover, Princess 446
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen 433, 443
Chatham dockyard 431
Chippendale, Thomas 499
chivalry 139–40, 141, 149, 159, 170, 195, 197, 227, 228, 234, 462, 478
Chlorus, Constantine 15
Chronicle (Adam of Usk) 243
Chroniques (Jean Froissart) 228, 230–1
Church: Anglo-Saxon conversion to Christianity 28–32, 58; Queen Anne and 406, 407; Archbishop of Canterbury as head of 38; birth of English 29–33; ‘canon’ law 181, 184, 190; Celtic and Roman Christianity clash within Anglo-Saxon Britain 34–5; Charles and Camilla wedding, role in 495; Charles I and 333–4, 335, 337, 339, 340, 341; Charles II and 356, 361, 362, 366, 368; church building 66, 86, 204 see also under individual church name; Church of England 293, 299, 300, 309, 314–15, 319, 321, 322, 327, 330, 333, 362, 368, 370, 371, 376, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385–6, 387, 396, 420, 483, 495, 496; Civil War and 339–45, 354, 356, 361, 362, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 396, 421, 455; Clarendon Code 362, 367, 368; clerical jobs filled by clergyman/‘criminous clerks’ 182, 189–90, 191; Constitutions of Clarendon 191; Convocation 293–4, 377; Council of Tours, 1163 187–8; Councils of the English Church 15, 34, 38, 40, 111–12, 159, 162, 164, 184; Covenanters 334, 335, 337, 344, 375; Easter 80, 399; Edict of Nantes (1598) 383, 386; Edward VI and 302, 303, 304, 306; Elizabeth I and 314–15, 319, 321–2; English monarch as Supreme Head of English Church/ Henry VIII breaks with Rome 295–9, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 333, 337, 355, 360, 370, 378, 379, 395, 396, 397; Exclusion Bill Crisis and 370, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380, 381; George I and 420; Henry I and 130, 131, 140; Henry II and 180, 181–92, 193; Henry III and 204, 206, 207, 208; Henry VIII and 283, 284, 287–99, 300, 301, 302; influence reaches height within England during reign of Stephen 158–9, 183–4; James I and 326–7, 330; James II and 370, 376, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385; John and 199–200, 201; Magna Carta and 20; Mary I a
nd 309, 310, 311; monasteries 13, 29, 34, 35, 36, 43, 62–3, 65, 89, 109, 110, 120, 121, 165, 181, 184, 187, 190, 207, 228, 296–7, 299; Normanisation of English 111–12; Offa and 38; pagan Anglo-Saxons and 27–32; Prince Charles and 495, 496, 497; Protestant Reformation 287, 299, 301, 303, 306, 334, 340, 360, 399, 493; Protestantism 287, 299, 301–28, 331–4, 340, 342, 360, 361, 362, 367, 368, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 380, 383, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 391, 394, 395, 396, 400, 406, 408–11, 421, 445, 452; Puritans 326, 327, 333–4, 337, 339, 341, 344, 351, 443, 473; Richard III and 239; Roman 15, 29, 30, 31; Stephen and 155–6, 158, 159, 163, 170, 183–4; structure of English worked out 32–3; Supremacy, Act of Royal (1534) 295–9, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 333, 337, 355, 360, 370, 378, 379, 395, 396, 397; Test Act, 1673 and 370–1, 384–5, 386; William II and 121, 127–8, 129; William the Conqueror and 111–12
Church of England 293–9, 309, 314, 319, 321, 322, 323, 327, 330, 333, 362, 368, 370, 371, 376, 378, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385–6, 387, 396, 420, 483, 495, 496 see also Church
Churchill, John, Lord, Duke of Marlborough 391–2, 398, 402, 407, 408, 410, 411, 413, 414, 415, 421, 427
Churchill, Sarah 391–2, 398, 407, 413, 414
Churchill, Winston 433, 484, 485, 486
Civil List 402, 425
Civil War (1642–51) 339–45, 354, 356, 361, 362, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 396, 421, 455
Civil War, Second (1648–49) 345–6
civil wars 5, 7, 75, 77, 82, 85, 92, 93, 154–72, 175, 176, 183, 195, 201, 203, 205, 206, 212, 224–5, 234, 252, 254–5, 280, 316, 324, 339–45, 354, 356, 361, 362, 375, 376, 377, 378, 384, 396, 421, 455
Clare family 129
Clarence House 451
Clarendon Code 362, 367, 368
Claudius, Emperor 7, 8, 30
Clement VII, Pope 289
Clive of India, Robert, 1st Baron Clive 431
Cloth of Estate 395
Clotilda, Queen 28
Clovis, King 28, 29
Cnut, King 69, 71–4, 75, 77, 78, 80, 87, 88, 90, 92, 95, 114, 132, 165
Cobham, Richard Temple, Viscount 426–7
Cogidubnus, King 8
coinage 38–9, 40, 54, 63, 71, 79, 88, 145–7, 166–7, 246, 352, 429
Crown & Country: A History of England Through the Monarchy Page 60
