William Tyndale: The heroic translator is vividly placed in context by Benson Bobrick in Wide as the Waters: The Story of the English Bible and the Revolution It Inspired (Simon & Schuster, 2001). Almost set against this view is the decidedly less heroic but pointed treatment of the Protestant translators to be found in James Simpson, Burning to Read: English Fundamentalism and Its Reformation Opponents (Harvard, 2007). Tyndale’s own unadulterated voice is to be found in Tyndale’s New Testament (Yale, 1989, 1995) and in his The Obedience of a Christian Man (Penguin, 2000).
Ignatius Loyola: The biography I refer to in the text is W. W. Meissner, Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint (Yale, 1992). Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises are available in several English editions and many languages.
François Rabelais: In addition to the considerable variety of editions of Gargantua and Pantagruel offered in both the original texts and translations into modern French, there is an exhaustive new English translation of both books (and their sequels) in a single hefty volume by M. A. Screech (Penguin, 2006). A fascinating critical study, Rabelais and His World by the great and controversial Russian critic Mikhail Bakhtin, is available from Indiana University Press. It links Rabelais to the larger carnivalesque culture of late medieval Europe. The translations from Rabelais’s works are mine.
Pieter Bruegel: The literature on Bruegel has grown to daunting proportions. A good place to begin is the selective (!) bibliography that concludes Wilfried Seipel, ed., Pieter Bruegel the Elder at the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna (Skira Editore, Milan, 2007).
VI: CHRISTIAN VS. CHRISTIAN
For this chapter I refer the reader to MacCulloch’s The Reformation (listed above). Another delicious source is Robert J. Knecht, The French Renaissance Court (Yale, 2008). (As the reader may have noted, Yale has one of the most admirable publishing programs in the world.)
On the subject of Calvin, there is a brilliant new biography by Bruce Gordon (Yale, 2009). Marilynne Robinson’s essay, “Open Thy Hand Wide: Moses and the Origins of American Liberalism,” is found in her collection When I Was a Child I Read Books (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012). Another compelling collection by Robinson is The Death of Adam: Essays on Modern Thought (Picador, 1998, 2005).
VII: HUMAN LOVE
Shakespeare has been well served by a variety of contemporary authors (e.g., Peter Ackroyd, Jonathan Bate, Stephen Greenblatt), most notably, in my reckoning, by James S. Shapiro in 1599: A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare (HarperCollins, 2009). The passage from John Donne comes from his Meditation XVII. There is a good new biography, John Donne: The Reformed Soul by John Stubbs (Norton, 2007). Kenneth Clark long ago wrote the fine Introduction to Rembrandt (John Murray, 1978). Simon Schama’s massive appreciation, Rembrandt’s Eyes (Knopf, 1999), offers the most faithful reproductions of Rembrandt’s art, as well as the most complete collection, to be found anywhere.
POSTLUDE
All of Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s writings are in the process of being published by Fortress. His most famous work, usually referred to as The Cost of Discipleship, has been published by Fortress in a critical edition under its original title, Discipleship (2000). The same publisher offers the most praised biography: Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Theologian, Christian, Man for His Time (2000).
For John XXIII I am bold enough to recommend my own Pope John XXIII (Penguin, revised 2008).
Some of the information about Muriel Moore is taken from the engaging sermon preached at her requiem eucharist by the Reverend Elizabeth G. Maxwell, now pastor of St. Michael’s Episcopal Church, New York City.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Each volume in the Hinges of History series has presented its own challenges to the author, but no volume has been so challenging as this one. I might have despaired of ever finishing my task had it not been for a heavenly choir of early readers, each expert in one field or another, who were able to review my drafts and make essential corrections and improvements to the text. The members of this choir (who do not always sing with one voice) are my wife Susan Cahill, John E. Becker, Lawrence W. Belle, Michael D. Coogan, Paul Dinter, Susann Gruenwald-Aschenbrenner, Benjamin Larzelere III, Mario Marazziti, Martin E. Marty, James M. Morris, Gertrud Mueller Nelson, Gary B. Ostrower, James S. Shapiro, John Shinners, Donald Spoto, Burton Visotzky, and Robert J. White. Pastor Larzelere’s wife, Bev, contributed the “Good Ol’ Marty Luther” song, which she sang unashamedly in a New York City diner. What errors and flaws remain, however, are mine alone, and may not be laid at the door of any of my readers and contributors.
My publisher/editor, Nan A. Talese, shepherded all matters with her customarily graceful aplomb. The editorial interventions of my paperback publisher, LuAnn Walther, were also of profound importance. Nan’s assistant editor, Ronit Feldman, and editorial assistant, Dan Meyer, were essential players. I was particularly blessed in Barbara Flanagan and Rosalie Wieder, my copy editors; Nora Reichard, my production editor; Emily Mahon, the jacket designer; and Maria Carella, the text designer. Jen Marshall, my publicist, and John Pitts, my marketing director, are both old friends, neither of whom I could possibly do without. All authors are in the debt of their publisher’s sales force, but none more than I.
My literary agent, Lynn Nesbit, and her able colleagues, Bennett Ashley and Cullen Stanley, will always have my profound gratitude, as does my preternaturally able assistant, Sarah Palmer.
PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Text Credits
Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for their permission to reprint previously published material:
Modern Library, an imprint of Penguin Random House, for the passages from Collected Poems by W. H. Auden edited by Edward Mendelson, copyright © 1976, 1991, 2007 by the estate of W. H. Auden.
Scribner, an imprint of Simon & Schuster, for the passages from The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats, Vol. 1: The Poems, 2nd Edition, edited by Richard J. Finneran, poems copyright © 1982, 1989 by the Executors of the Estate of Grainne Yeats.
Stanford University Press for the passage from The Letters of Michelangelo [vol 1: 1496–1534; vol 2: 1537–1563] edited and translated by E. H. Ramsden.
Yale University Press for the passages from Romans (The Anchor Bible Commentaries): A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Joseph A. Fitzmyer.
Zondervan for the passage on William Tyndale and the translation of the Bible into English, originally written as an introduction to Zondervan’s proposed edition of the King James Version.
Illustration Credits
ill.1, ill.2, ill.7, ill.8, ill.9, ill.12, ill.15, ill.16, ill.24, ill.25, ill.29: Scala / Art Resource, NY. Plates ill.3, ill.4, ill.5, ill.18, ill.21, ill.23, ill.27, ill.28: Scala / Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali / Art Resource, NY. ill.6: Alfredo Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. ill.11: Alinari / Art Resource, NY. ill.13: Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. ill.14: copyright © National Gallery, London / Art Resource, NY. ill.17: Manuel Cohen / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. ill.19, ill.20: Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City / The Bridgeman Art Library. ill.22: Wikimedia Commons. ill.26: copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY.
ill.30, ill.34, ill.45, ill.54: copyright © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY. ill.31, ill.40: copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. ill.32: Alinari / Art Resource, NY. ill.33, ill.38, ill.56, ill.57, ill.59: Scala / Art Resource, NY. ill.35, ill.39, ill.46, ill.49, ill.51, ill.52: Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. ill.36: bpk, Berlin / Alte Pinakothek, Bayerische Staatsgemaeldesammlungen, Munich, Germany / Art Resource, NY. ill.37: bpk, Berlin / Alte Pinakothek, Bayerische Staatsgemaeldesammlungen Augsburg, Germany / Art Resource, NY. ill.41: Scala / Ministero per i Beni e le Attività culturali / Art Resource, NY. ill.42: copyright © The Frick Collection. ill.43: bpk, Berlin / Kunstmuseum, Basel, Switzerland / Art Resource, NY. ill.44: Courtesy of National Museums Liverpool, Walker Art Gallery. ill.47: copyright © The Trustees of the British Mu
seum. All rights reserved. ill.48: Anthonis Mor Van Dashorst, Knight of the Spanish St. James Order, 1558; Courtesy of the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest. ill.50: Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts, Austin S. and Sarah C. Carver Fund, 1948.ill.22. ill.53: Wikimedia Commons. ill.55: Detroit Institute of Arts, USA / City of Detroit Purchase / The Bridgeman Art Library. ill.58: bpk, Berlin / Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel, Kassel, Germany / Art Resource, NY. ill.60: Courtesy of the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. ill.61: bpk, Berlin / Wallraf-Richartz-Museum—Fondation Corboud, Cologne, Germany / Jochen Remmer / Art Resource, NY. ill.62: Album / Art Resource, NY.
Illustrations in the Text
2.1, 2.2: Scala / Art Resource, NY. 2.1: Alinari / Art Resource, NY. 2.4: copyright © The Trustees of the National Gallery of Art 1956. 2.5: Royal Collection Trust / copyright © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2012. col3.1, col3.10, col3.12, col3.15: copyright © The Trustees of the British Museum / Art Resource, NY. col3.2, col3.3: copyright © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY. col3.4, col3.6, col3.5, col3.13, col3.14: copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY. col3.5: Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY. col3.8: V&A Images, London / Art Resource, NY. col3.9: Bridgeman-Giraudon / Art Resource, NY. col3.11: Klassik Stiftung Weimar, Weimar, Germany. col3.16: The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. col3.17: bpk, Berlin / Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany / Jörg P. Anders / Art Resource, NY.
INDEX
Abelard, Peter
Acts of the Apostles 4:32–35
Adagia (Erasmus), 3.1, 3.2n
Adam and Eve (Masaccio)
Adam and Eve (Masolino)
Ad Atticum (Cicero)
Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (Luther)
Admonition to Peace, An (Luther)
Age of Discovery
Albigensians
Albrecht of Brandenburg, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3n, 5.1, 5.2
Dürer’s portrait of, 5.1, 5.2
Alexander VI, Pope, 1.1, 1.2n, 1.3
Alfraganus
Alphabet, itr.1, itr.2n, 7.1
Alteration, The (Amis)
Amis, Kingsley
Amsterdam
Anabaptists, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, col4.1
Angela Merici, 7.1, 7.2
Anglicanism, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
Book of Common Prayer
Elizabeth I and
sexual issues and, 6.1, 6.2n, col4.1
See also Moore, Muriel
Anne Boleyn, 5.1n, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2
Annunciation, The (Leonardo)
Answer unto Sir Thomas More (Tyndale)
Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare)
Antwerp, 5.1, 5.2
Apocalypse, 3.1, 5.1
Dürer’s panels of
Aquinas. See Thomas Aquinas
Architecture
Bernini and
Leonardo and Vitruvian ideas
Michelangelo and
Piero’s ideas
Aristotelian logic, 1.1, 1.2
Aristotelians, fm1.1, fm1.2n, fm1.3, fm1.4, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2
Aristotle, fm1.1, fm1.2, fm1.3, itr.1, 4.1, 4.2
Art, 2.1, 5.1n, 5.2, 6.1
early sculptures (symmetrical)
female form in, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2
fresco technique, 2.1n, 2.2
genre painting
Greco–Roman sculpture, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
horizontal panels, hanging of
Italian vs. northern European
Leonardo’s famous quotation
Lorenzo de’ Medici as patron, 1.1, 2.1
nudity in, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 5.1, 5.2
pants painters and fig leaves
pietàs
portraiture, col3.1
Reformation and, 2.1, col3.1, 5.1n, 6.1, 6.2
Renaissance and
Savonarola’s influence, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1
See also specific artists and works
Arthur, W. Brian, n
Athena and the Centaur (Botticelli)
Atwood, Margaret
Auden, W. H., 1.1, 5.1
Augsburg, Germany
Augustine of Hippo, fm1.1, fm1.2, fm1.3, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1n
Civitas Dei (City of God), 5.1n
as Platonist, fm1.1, itr.1, 1.1
rhyme used by
Bach, Johann Sebastian, 2.1, col4.1
Bacon, Francis
Ball, John, itr.1, itr.2
Baptism of Christ (Leonardo)
Basket of Fruit (Caravaggio)
Battle of the Angels, The (Dürer)
Battle of the Centaurs (Michelangelo)
Beekeepers (Bruegel)
Beggars (Bruegel)
Behan, Brendan
Benedict XVI, Pope, n
Bergman, Ingmar, itr.1, 6.1
Bernhardt, Sarah
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, col3.1
architecture by
ego and
sculpture by
See also David; Teresa of Ávila
Bertoldo di Giovanni
Biagio da Cesena
Bible
Anchor Bible, n
Complutensian Polygot, 3.1n
doctrine of scriptural inerrancy and
Erasmus’s New Testament, 3.1, 3.2n
gospels, 3.1, 3.2n, 3.3
Greek text of, 3.1, 3.2n
Gutenberg’s, itr.1, itr.2
Hebrew, 3.1n, 3.2
King James Version (KJV), itr.1, 3.1n, 5.1, 5.2
Luther’s
mysteries of, 3.1, 3.2n
New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), n
Old Testament
prohibition on vernacular
Tyndale’s translation
Vulgate, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1
Wyclif’s translation, itr.1, 5.1
Big Fish Eat Little Fish (Bruegel)
Birth of Venus, The (Botticelli), 2.1, 2.2
Black Death (bubonic plague), itr.1, 1.1
cultural and socioeconomic change caused by, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, col3.1
Renaissance and, 1.1, 1.2
sense of self (ego) and
Blake, William
Bloom, Harold
Boabdil (Muhammad XII)
Boccaccio, Giovanni, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, itr.4, itr.5, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 5.1n, 5.2
Body’s Grace, The (Williams), 6.1n
Bogomils
Bohemian Brethren
Bolt, Robert
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, col4.1, col4.2
Borgia, Cesare
Borgia, Lucrezia
Bosch, Hieronymus
Boswell, David
Botticelli, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3n
classical subject matter, 2.1, 2.2n, 2.3
ego and
female form and
influences on
love for Simonetta Vespucci
See also specific paintings
Brave New World (Huxley)
Brethren of the Common Life, 3.1, 3.2
Brooks, Mel, n
Brothers Karamazov, The (Dostoevsky)
Bruderhof
Bruegel, Jan
Bruegel, Pieter the Elder, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1
in Antwerp, 5.1, 5.2
Bosch’s influence on, 5.1
death of
large works of
treasuries of his art, n
wife, Mayken, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
works in the U.S., 5.1, 5.2n
See also specific works
Bruegel, Pieter the Younger
Bruno, Giordano
Bucer, Martin, 4.1, 6.1
Byzantine Empire, 1.1, 1.2
Cajetan, Cardinal Tommaso
Calumny (Botticelli)
Calvin, Jean (John), 5.1, 6.1, 6.2
doctrine of the elect
execution of civic enemies
execution of Servetus and, 6.1, 6.2
Calvinism, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
banning of art, music, and ritual, 6.1, 6.2
doctrines, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
in England, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
in France
Geneva psalms
spread of
Cameron, Euan
Campanella, Tommaso
Campion, Edmund
Camus, Albert
Canary Islands, 1.1, 1.2
Candide (Voltaire)
Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer)
Caravaggio, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
ego and
See also specific paintings
Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg (Dürer), 5.1, 5.2
Catherine of Aragon, 1.1n, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Catherine Parr
Catullus, 1.1, 1.2
Cecil, William, 6.1, 6.2
Cennini, Bernardo
Cervantes, Miguel de, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 1.1n, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2
Charles VII, King of France
Charles of Anjou, itr.1, itr.2
Charterhouse, London
Chaucer, Geoffrey, itr.1, 5.1n
Chesterton, G. K., n
China (Cathay), itr.1, itr.2n, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Christ Before Caiaphas (Dürer), 5.1, 5.2
Christ Carrying the Cross (Bruegel)
Christianismi Restitutio (Servetus)
Christianity
apocalypse and, 3.1, 5.1
Augustine’s Platonism and
baptism, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2n, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3n, 6.1
early church, 3.1n, 5.1, 6.1
Eucharist, itr.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3n, 6.1, 6.2
evangelical, 3.1, 3.2n, 4.1n
“excluders,”
expectations after death
forgiveness and, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 7.1
Greco-Roman myths and
Greco-Roman sculpture destroyed
“includers,”
inter-Christian violence
justification by faith and, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2
monotheism and violence
New World and
Heretics and Heroes Page 35
