by Miriam Pawel
25 the “Illegals Campaign” Tape of Jun.11–14, 1974, NEB, UFWA
26 “get the illegals out of California” Chavez memo to all entities, May 24, 1974, in possession of author
27 directed Jerry Cohen to retaliate Tape of Oct. 12–15, 1974, NEB, UFWA
28 “let’s go after them” Tape of Jun. 11–14, 1974, NEB
29 “come here to become rich” Chavez, Mar. 17, 1974, JEL, Box 4, Folder 171
30 one of his companions disappeared “UFW Brings Picketing Back,” Yuma Daily Sun, Jan. 6, 1975
31 dismissed questions about violence “Chavez Accepts $5,000 Check,” Yuma Daily Sun, Jan. 10, 1975
32 Cesar appeared with Manuel “Police Brutality is Chavez’s Complaint,” Yuma Daily Sun, Jan. 31, 1975
33 vegetarian diet Taylor interview, Oct. 14, 1973, TAY, Box 8, Folder 18
34 the royal “we” President’s Oct. 1974 report to NEB, in possession of author
35 Paul Hall lectured Chavez Levy notes, Sep. 26, 1973, JEL Tape 123
36 “trying to build a union” Richard Chavez to Levy, Jun. 1974, JEL, Box 4, Folder 173
37 “Poor Peoples Union” Tape of Dec. 16–23, 1974, NEB
38 meeting with Fred Ross Notes on Jan. 29, 1975, meeting, Ross Papers, Box 12, Folder 3
39 “life can have meaning” Hartmire, “The United Farm Workers Are Alive and Well,” Oct. 1974, Hartmire papers
40 “he’s an idealist” Meany interview, Aug. 29, 1974, AALA, Folder 1974
41 told Sally Quinn “Indefatigable Cesar Chavez,” Washington Post, May, 4, 1975
42 “God and his wife, Helen” La Voz de Pueblo, Nov/Dec. 1972
43 “just the same old guy” Jan. 13, 1974, TAY, Box 9, Folder 1
Chapter 26
Sources: Levy interviews with Cohen and Nathan; Tapes of NEB meetings, Dec. 17–23, 1973, Jun. 11–14, Oct. 12–15, Dec. 16–23, 1974, and Mar. 25–28, 1975; author interviews with Cohen, Dalzell, and Nathan.
1 sick to his stomach Cohen interview and tape of Jun. 30–Jul. 2, 1977, NEB, UFWA
2 “run out of time” Tape of Dec. 17–23, 1973, NEB, UFWA
3 hold firm Tape of Jun.11–14, 1974, NEB, UFWA
4 “get those bastards out” Tape of Dec. 16–23, 1974, NEB, UFWA
5 “We have to introduce legislation” Tape of Oct. 12–15, 1974, NEB, UFWA
6 inaugural address http://governors.library.ca.gov/addresses/34-Jbrown01.html
7 “problem is going to be our friends” Tape of Dec. 16–23, 1974, NEB
8 “go after Gallo” Tape of Oct.12–15, 1974, NEB
9 “self-confident picture” Mahony report to Ad-Hoc Farm Labor Committee, Jan. 27, 1975, AALA, Folder 1975
10 invited Zaninovich Mahony to Zaninovich, Mar. 8, 1975, AALA, Folder 1975
11 Gallo also told Mahony Mahony notes, Jan. 7, 1975, AALA, Folder 1975
12 marchers reached Modesto Tape of rally in Modesto, Mar. 1, 1975, UFWA
13 phones began to ring Dalzell to Chavez, Mar. 7, 1975, Dalzell papers
14 Chavez told the board Tape of Mar. 25–28, 1975, NEB, UFWA
15 “farmworkers are not the status quo” Brown, Paradigm Productions, 1995, FMDP
16 “we made some deals” Tape of Mar. 25–28, 1975, NEB
17 Brown asked Chavez Details of negotiation from Levy interview with Chavez, Aug. 1, 1975, JEL, Box 29, Folder 572; Brown interview, Paradigm; and Mar. 1975 NEB
18 Chavez sent back word Dalzell to Chavez, Apr. 11, 1975, Dalzell papers
19 “That is part of their plan” Mahony to Manning, Apr. 27, 1975, AALA, Folder 1975
20 argument he had used with growers Brown interview, Paradigm Productions
21 “The whole fight’s going to change” Chavez, May 17, 1975, JEL, Box 29, Folder 575
Chapter 27
Sources: Transcript of UFW 1975 convention; transcripts of ALRB hearings and election records of the ALRB; Govea papers; tapes of NEB meetings, Jun. 13–18, Sep. 22, and Oct. 10, 1975; author interviews with Cohen, Ganz, Medina, Nathan, and Washburn.
1 “I said, ‘March!’” Chavez, Aug. 1, 1975, JEL, Box 29, Folder 572
2 “like a common language” Ibid.
3 “incredibly chaotic” Tape of NEB, Jun. 13–18, 1975, UFWA
4 “The sacrifice, they understand” JEL interview, Aug. 1, 1975
5 assigned Medina to handle Jun. 13–18, 1975, NEB
6 Cathy Murphy’s first impression http://infocus.gettyimages.com/post/cathy-murphy-how-photographing-cesar-chavez-changed-my-life
7 “the dignity of the worker” Press conference, Sep. 14, 1975, JEL, ALRA Tape 11
8 “our time has come” Transcript of 1975 UFW Convention, WORK, Box 7, Folder 7
9 “This one breaks my heart” Tape of Oct. 10, 1975, NEB, UFWA
10 “a reign of terror” Chavez press conference, Sep. 10, 1975, JEL, ALRA Tape 11
11 “most frustrating in the history” Tape of Sep. 22, 1975, NEB, UFWA
12 “just get the Chicano community” Oct. 10, 1975, NEB
13 conducted 329 elections Records of the ALRB
14 “you win them, or you lose” Tape of Feb. 15–21, 1976, NEB, UFWA
15 “It changed everything” Chavez interview in Sojourners, Oct. 1977
16 “People will sacrifice” Tape of Jul. 23–24, 1976, NEB, UFWA
17 “What kind of time schedule” Sep. 22, 1975, NEB
18 “a Christmas present” Gardner to Ross, Dec. 20, 1975, Ross Papers, Box 2, Folder 4
19 “what made the movement” Tape of Jun. 13–18, 1975, NEB
20 192 victories First Annual Report of the ALRB, ALRB
Chapter 28
Sources: Tapes of NEB meetings, Feb. 16–21, Jun. 13–15, Jul. 24, Sep. 14–15, 1976, and Mar. 14–16, 21, 1977; Medina papers; author interviews with Cohen, Ganz, Hartmire, Medina, and Milne.
1 “We’re people people” Tape of Feb. 16–21, 1976, NEB, UFWA
2 Milne was sold Milne interview
3 Chavez told the board Feb. 16–21, 1976, NEB
4 “We must be missionary” Transcript, Jul. 6–8, 1976, ADMIN, Box 29, Folder 21
5 only fifteen contracts Feb. 16–21, 1976, NEB
6 “string around your neck” Tape of Mar. 14–16, 1977, NEB, UFWA
7 “delegate more” Tape of Chavez and staff, n.d., 1976, UFWA
8 West Foods Medina notes, Medina papers
9 “no surprises” Chavez to Medina, Jul. 21, 1976, Medina papers
10 he recalled happily Tape of Sep. 14, 1976, NEB, UFWA
11 “The first contract” Ibid.
12 Harris poll Long Beach Telegram, Oct. 20, 1975
13 “one remarkable leader” Jack Newfield, Village Voice, May 10, 1976
14 “We’re here to stay” “After Push, After Shove,” Chicago Tribune, May 9, 1976
15 he wanted to proceed Medina notes, Medina papers
16 “all of us grabbed hoses” Minutes of May 3–4, 1976, debriefing, UFW 1986 Accession Box 55 [Note: The 1986 Accession has been recently combined with the UFW Administration Records; I use the box numbers where I originally found the documents.]
17 the arguments against Tape of Jun. 13, 1976, NEB, UFWA
18 Democratic National Convention Tape of Jul. 24, 1976, NEB, UFWA
19 Can we win? Ibid.
20 “a real problem” Transcript, Jul. 27, 1976, UFW 1986 Accession, Box 54
21 “We’re getting burned” Tape of Sep. 15, 1976, NEB, UFWA
22 spearheaded the opposition Advertisement from NFWM newsletter, Fall 1976, Hartmire papers; Kubo interview, courtesy of Bruce Perry
23 “don’t be bitter” “Farmworkers Cheer Chavez,” Los Angeles Times, Nov. 4, 1976
24 Chavez had been fasting Maddock interview, Paradigm Productions, FMDP
Chapter 29
Sources: Tapes of NEB meetings, Jun. 13–15, Jul. 24, Sep. 14–15, Nov. 18, 24, and Dec. 15–16, 1976, and Mar. 14–16, 21, 1977, and Apr. 4, 1977, community meeting; Hartmir
e papers; author interviews with Ganz, Hartmire, Jones, Liza Hirsch Medina, Moyer, Gilbert Padilla, and Rodriguez
1 “live and die in the movement” Tape of Jones interviewed by Walter Taylor, Jul. 24, 1976, UFWA
2 Ross observed Ross discussing the fast, Ross Tapes, FMDP
3 she ran into Joe Smith Chronology based on correspondence between Smith, McCarthy, and Hartmire and notes of Hartmire’s interviews about the Smith/Jones purges, Hartmire papers, and tape of Jun. 30–Jul. 2, 1977, NEB, UFWA
4 “a fantastic idea” Tape of Feb. 16–21, 1976, NEB, UFWA
5 “Cesar understands” Tape of Smith interviewing job candidates, Jul. 1976, UFWA
6 “a beautiful paper” Tape of Sep. 14, 1976, NEB, UFWA
7 “It’s a fucking game” Tape of Sep. 15, 1976, NEB, UFWA
8 “shattering phone conversation” Jones to Hartmire, Oct. 7, 1976, Hartmire papers
9 “We are deeply concerned” Joneses to executive board, Nov. 14, 1976, Hartmire papers
10 “right to fire me” Smith to Padilla, Nov. 17, 1976, Hartmire papers
11 “I’ve been fired” Tape of Nov. 18, 1976, NEB, UFWA
12 “I work every day” Tape of conference, La Paz, Dec. 2, 1971, UFWA
13 “reminiscent of McCarthyism” Tape of Dec. 1976 NEB, UFWA
14 “Somebody fingered Nick” Hartmire to Chavez, Dec. 1, 1976
15 Chavez offered explanations Hartmire notes on conversations with Chavez, Hartmire papers
16 Moyer focused on Chavez Moyer to Hartmire, Nov. 23, 1976, Hartmire papers
17 “Following orders is a gift” Tape of Mar. 14–16, 21, 1977, NEB, UFWA
18 his brother returned the memo Richard to Cesar Chavez, Mar. 17, 1977, INFO, Box 5, Folder 36
19 “we bullshit about democracy” Tape of Mar. 1977 NEB meeting
20 the Monday Night Massacre Tape of Apr. 4, 1977, community meeting, UFWA
21 “such a fearful night” Godfrey to NEB members, Apr. 18, 1977, Hartmire papers
22 “a mini-cultural revolution” Hartmire to NFWM staff, May 31, 1977, Hartmire papers
23 “the heart and soul” Tape of Nov. 18, 1976, NEB
24 Medina had been right Tape of Jun. 30–Jul. 2, 1977, NEB, UFWA. In fact, many tapes of Milne’s sessions are at Wayne State.
25 “a certain degree of paranoia” Moyer to Hartmire, Nov. 23, 1976, Hartmire papers
Chapter 30
Sources: Tapes of NEB meetings, Feb. 25–27, Mar. 14–16, 21, and Jun. 30–Jul. 2, 1977; tapes of the Game played at La Paz, May and Jul. 1977; Ofshe articles; Synanon Foundation archives; author interviews with Cohen, Ganz, Hartmire, Medina, and Ofshe.
1 without phones or distractions Tape of Chavez and staff, Feb. 3, 1977, UFWA
2 Synanon had grown Background on Synanon from Richard Ofshe, “The Social Development of the Synanon Cult,” Sociological Analysis, 1980; Ofshe and David and Cathy Mitchell, The Light on Synanon (Wideview Books, 1982)
3 “when I sit down” “Charles Dederich, 83, Synanon Founder,” New York Times, Mar. 4, 1997
4 radically reshaped the organization Ofshe, “Social Development”
5 the board assembled at Home Place Tape of NEB, Feb. 25–27, 1977, UFWA
6 “the game will help” Chavez to Dederich, Mar. 14, 1977, Synanon archives, Box 105
7 donating excess goods Ofshe, “Social Development,” and Stephen Trott, assistant attorney general, to William Webster, FBI director, Mar. 16, 1984, FBI files on Synanon
8 “orange crate mentality” Jady Dederich interview, Sep. 18, 1996, courtesy of Bruce Perry
9 proposed a joint venture Board of Directors meeting, Apr. 25, 1977, Synanon archives, Box 255
10 Dederich made the offer Ibid.
11 “He is a genius” Tape of Mar. 14–16, 21, 1977, NEB, UFWA
12 “They expect a return” Hartmire to Chavez, Jun. 2, 1977, Hartmire papers
13 “a revolutionary concept” Chavez to staff, Sep. 1977, Hartmire papers
14 “trained seals” Ofshe, “Social Development”
15 hoped to groom Mar. 14–16, 21, 1977, NEB
16 “broke down and cried” Tape of Jun. 30–Jul. 2, 1977, NEB, UFWA
17 Matt Rand cited Matt Rand to Chavez, May 6, 1977, Hartmire papers
18 a waiting list Presidents report, Jun. 1977, in possession of author
19 Helen watched a Game Tape of Jun. 30–Jul. 2, 1977 NEB
20 “had a good cry” Ibid.
21 described an incident Ibid.
22 “unthinkable to me” Ibid.
23 “it would be chaotic” Transcript of Organizing Department Conference, Jul. 6–8, 1976, ADMIN, Box 29, Folder 21
24 “the vanguard of this movement” Chavez report to UFW convention, Aug. 26, 1977, in possession of author
25 “You’re the sparks” Tape of Jun. 30–Jul. 2, 1977, NEB
Chapter 31
Sources: President’s newsletters; tapes of NEB meetings, Mar. 14–16, 21, Jun. 30–Jul. 2, Oct. 23, 1977, and Mar. 23–25, Apr. 3–5, Jun. 15–16, 1978; Hartmire papers; author interviews with Cohen, Ganz, Hartmire, Moyer, and Padilla.
1 the March 31, 1977, celebration President’s newsletter, Mar. 11 and Apr. 15, 1977, in possession of author
2 “It is, in fact, the day” Chavez memo to staff, n.d., Hartmire papers
3 “building communal living” Jeff Dietrich, “An interview with Cesar Chavez,” Catholic Agitator, May 1977
4 “to have a mecca” Tape of Mar. 14–16, 21, 1977, NEB, UFWA
5 Los Menos Notes from Hartmire, Chavez conversations Jun. 25–Jul. 23, 1976, Hartmire papers
6 “we can live a little better” Tape of Mar. 14–16, 21, 1977, NEB
7 he and Chavez discussed Hartmire notes from conversations, Hartmire papers
8 “This is a people’s movement!” Tape of UFW 1977 convention debrief, n.d., UFWA
9 “force yourself to be with the people” Tape of Jul. 24, 1976, NEB, UFWA
10 “just plain folk” Tape of Oct. 23, 1977, NEB, UFWA
11 “life of the union” Tape of Jun. 15–16, 1978, NEB, UFWA
12 “don’t take one plugged nickel” Tape of speech, Sep. 28, 1972, JEL Tape 107
13 “things have changed” Tape of Mar. 23–25, 1978, NEB, UFWA
14 “thirteen-year-old cause” Tape of Jun. 30–Jul.2, 1977, NEB
15 phase out its subsidy Woodcock to Chavez, Feb. 14, 1976, OOP2, Box 26, Folder 4
16 60 percent of the union’s income UFW 1977 LM2 report, U.S. Department of Labor
17 “we don’t have a movement” Tape of Mar. 14–16, 21, 1977, NEB
18 “It is not helping people” Hartmire notes, Hartmire papers
19 “We’re all afraid” Tape of Mar. 14–16, 21, 1977, NEB
20 “disaster area” Leo and Mary Jane Nieto to Hartmire, May 24, 1977, Hartmire papers
21 “a real struggle” Moyer to Hartmire, Jul. 11, 1978, Hartmire papers
22 “don’t think much of the idea” Richard Chavez to Cesar, Apr. 1, 1977, INFO, Box 5, Folder 36
23 a royal greeting Detailed itinerary of trip, OOP2, Box 36, Folder 8; DH, Box 19, Folder 21
24 “a hell of a lot better” Bernard Wideman, “Cesar Chavez Hails Philipine’s Rule,” Washington Post, Jul. 29, 1977
25 “clear the record” Higgins to Chavez, Jul. 29, 1977, AALA, Folder 1977
26 “Ninety percent support” Tape of Chavez talking to NY boycotters, n.d., UFWA
27 “Mistakes were made” Moyer to Hartmire, Sep. 19, 1977, Hartmire papers
28 “I did not praise martial law” Gerard Sherry, Monitor, Oct. 27, 1977
29 “don’t own your own soul” Higgins, JEL, Box 37, Folder 743
30 “We’re experimenting” Tape of Jun. 30–Jul. 2, 1977, NEB
31 “everyone’s in the garden” Tape of Mar. 14–16, 21, 1977, NEB
32 “our dream is a Poor Peoples Union” Transcript of Ross speech, May 1977, Ross papers, Box 1, Folder 8
Chapter 32
Sources: Tapes of NEB meetings, Mar. 14–16, 21, Jun. 30–Jul. 2, 1977; Drake oral histories on FMDP; Ganz, “Plan for the Vegetable Industry”; author interviews with Cohen, Ganz, Hartmire, Medina, and Esther and Gilbert Padilla.
1 “come to the crossroads” Tape of Mar. 14–16, 21, 1977, NEB, UFWA
2 “incapable of moving” Ibid.
3 “I give an order” Ibid.
4 “What is our union business?” Chavez to staff, Jul. 13, 1977, OOP2, Box 18, Folder 44
5 “I’m rotting away” Drake to Chavez, Jul. 1977, OOP2, Box 18, Folder 44
6 “being absolutely incredulous” Tape of Jun. 30–Jul. 2, 1977, NEB, UFWA
7 “part of history” Tape of Mar. 14–16, 21, 1977, NEB
8 “shadow of the law” Ibid.
9 He opened the meeting Tape of Jun. 30–Jul. 2, 1977, NEB
10 “I used to do that” Ibid.
11 one-sentence oath Copy of oath, UFW 1986 Accession, Box 54
12 signed the oath Tape of Jun. 30–Jul. 2, 1977, NEB
13 a love letter Tape of Jun. 30–Jul.2, 1977, NEB, and interviews with Esther Padilla, Gilbert Padilla, and Hartmire
14 Chavez’s infidelities Based on interviews with more than a dozen key union staff members who lived in Delano and La Paz between 1964 and 1988.
15 “a natural attraction” Tape of organizing conference, 1967, Yinger archive, on FMDP
16 “My marriage is on the rocks” Tape of Jun. 30–Jul.2, 1977, NEB
17 Cesar prepared notes “My Marriage Meeting,” Jul. 4, 1977, UFW 1986 Accession, Box 54
18 “she is just so damn real” Tape of Helen’s birthday, Jan. 1978, La Paz, UFWA
19 “most productive in the movement’s history” President’s Newsletter, Jul. 22, 1977, in possession of author
Chapter 33
Sources: Tapes of NEB meetings, Mar. 23–25, Apr. 3–5, Jun. 15–16, 25, 1978; Govea and Hartmire papers; Kirsten Zerger journals; author interviews with Cohen, Dalzell, Ganz, Hartmire, Medina, Nathan, Rutkowski, and Tramutola.
1 told Jacques Levy Levy notes Sep. 23, 1973, JEL, Box 6, Folder 205
2 Ganz responded Ganz to Chavez, Feb. 27, 1978, Govea papers
