2. Grimes, Absalom Grimes, 3, 5; Marleau, “Sam Clemens: Steamboat Pilot for the Confederacy,” 84; Webster, Mark Twain: Business Man, 60.
3. Rachels, “Introduction,” in Mark Twain’s Civil War, 5, 6; Shoemaker, “The Story of the Civil War in Northeast Missouri,” 72; Gerteis, The Civil War in Missouri, 16, 31.
4. Cox, Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor, 7; AMT, 3:658; Gregory, “John A. Quarles,” 234; “Story of a Pilot of Old,” Trenton Times, 4 May 1909, 2; Lorch, “Mark Twain and the ‘Campaign That Failed,’” 467.
5. MTCI, 441; “Mark Twain’s War Experiences,” New York Times, 7 October 1877, 10; “The Private History of a Campaign That Failed,” 194–95; N&J, 2:486; Hannibal Tri-Weekly Messenger, 29 September 1857, 3; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 166; HF&TS, 14; AMT, 1:338. Grimes (Absalom Grimes, 8) asserted that the motley crew of militia were called the Ralls County Rangers, not the Marion Rangers.
6. Grimes, Absalom Grimes, 7; “Mark Twain’s War Experiences,” New York Times, 7 October 1877, 10; Bush, “Mark Twain’s Lincoln,” 157; Fulton, The Reconstruction of Mark Twain, 38; Dempsey, Searching for Jim, 272; “The Private History of a Campaign That Failed,” 193; MTCI, 441; AMT, 1:444; Mark Twain Speaking, 382.
7. “Ab. Grimes,” New Orleans Picayune, 1 September 1879, 3; “Military Matters,” St. Louis Missouri Republican, 5 June 1861, 3; Grimes, Absalom Grimes, 6; Jane Lampton Clemens to SLC, Orion Clemens, and Mollie Clemens, 12–14 October 1862, UCLC 46956; Webster, Mark Twain: Business Man, 63.
8. Cox, “Walt Whitman, Mark Twain, and the Civil War,” 196; Fulton, The Reconstruction of Mark Twain, 29.
9. “The Private History of a Campaign That Failed,” 203–4; MTCI, 214, 259, 449; Following the Equator, 680.
10. MTCI, 441; N&J, 2:105; AMT, 3:652.
11. Grimes, Absalom Grimes, 12; Gerteis, The Civil War in Missouri, 41; Rachels, “Introduction,” 8.
12. “The Private History of a Campaign That Failed,” 201, 204; Grimes, Absalom Grimes, 12, 14, 18; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 130, 166; SLC to John Ralls, late June 1861, UCCL 13644; MTL, 1:144; Fitch, “Fitch Recalls Mark Twain,” 6F; Marleau, “Sam Clemens: Steamboat Pilot for the Confederacy,” 84.
13. Grimes, Absalom Grimes, 18.
14. Budd, Mark Twain: Social Philosopher, 6; Cox, “Walt Whitman, Mark Twain, and the Civil War,” 194; Foner, Mark Twain: Social Critic, 255; Fulton, The Reconstruction of Mark Twain, 33; Howe, “Transcending the Limits of Experience,” 420; Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain, 208, 296; Levy, Huck Finn’s America, 34; Loving, Confederate Bushwhacker, 107; Masters, Mark Twain: A Portrait, 36; Pattee, “Introduction,” xlv; Quirk, Coming to Grips, 73; Schmitz, “Mark Twain, Traitor,” 26–30; Blount, “Introduction,” in Mark Twain, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County and Other Sketches (1996), ed. Shelley Fisher Fishkin, xxxiv–xxxv.
15. Dempsey, Searching for Jim, 269; Everett Emerson, The Authentic Mark Twain, 10; Holcombe, History of Marion County, 931–32; Lorch, “Mark Twain and the ‘Campaign That Failed,’” 470; Wagenknecht, Mark Twain: The Man and His Work, 231.
16. Meyer, “Mark Twain on the Comstock,” 197; “How Twain Saved the Union,” 1.
17. Lorch, “Lecture Trips,” 431; Lorch, “Orion Clemens,” 358; HF&TS, 311; Fanning, Mark Twain and Orion Clemens, 32; Ralph P. Lowe to Abraham Lincoln, 18 February 1861, UCLC 48740; Ralph P. Lowe to Edward Bates, 24 January 1861, UCLC 48738; Orion Clemens to SLC, 7 January 1861, UCLC 46943; William McKee to Edward Bates, 30 January 1861, UCLC 48739.
18. Ralph P. Lowe to Edward Bates, 24 January 1861, UCLC 48738; Edward Bates to William H. Seward, 12 March 1861, UCLC 48742; AMT, 2:4; “Letters from Frank Fuller,” Twainian 15 (July–August 1956): 1; Rogers, The Pattern for Mark Twain’s Roughing It, 4; Orion Clemens to Elisha Whittlesey, 13 June 1861, UCLC 49991; Orion Clemens to William H. Seward, 13 May 1861, UCLC 49985.
19. Miller, “Samuel L. and Orion Clemens vs. Mark Twain,” 2; Lorch, “Lecture Trips,” 453; RI, 20; MTCI, 259.
Chapter 7
1. Roughing It (1993), 576; Webster, Mark Twain: Business Man, 94; RI, 20–21; Greeley, An Overland Journey, 12–13.
2. Ludlow, The Heart of the Continent, 10; RI, 25, 39; Gribben, Mark Twain’s Library, 753.
3. RI, 26; MTL, 4:348; Orion Clemens to SLC, 11 March 1871, UCLC 47025; Roughing It (1993), 542–43.
4. RI, 118, 127.
5. RI, 112; Bowles, Across the Continent, 87; Arrington, Brigham Young: American Moses, 325.
6. RI, 147, 149; IA, 205; “Letter from ‘Mark Twain,’” SFAC, 11 August 1867, 1; MTL, 1:177–78; “The Noble Red Man,” 427–28.
7. HF&TS, 50. “Fenimore Cooper’s Literary Offenses,” 5–6; RI, 415; Mark Twain Speaking, 49; Greeley, An Overland Journey, 151–52; Richardson, Beyond the Mississippi, 367. SLC met A. D. Richardson of the New York Tribune, Samuel Bowles of the Springfield Republican, and Schuyler Colfax, the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, in San Francisco in August 1865; see MTL, 3:407.
8. MTL, 1:155; ET&S, 1:290; RI, 170.
9. “From Nevada Territory,” St. Louis Missouri Republican, 10 December 1862, 2. Orion Clemens contributed three letters under the title “From Nevada Territory” and the pseudonym Carson to the St. Louis Missouri Democrat between 16 September and 26 November 1861. The first letter, 16 September 1861, 1, is dated 19 August 1861, five days after Orion Clemens and SLC arrived in Carson City. A copy of it is preserved in notebook 1 in MTP. The other two letters are reprinted in Rogers, The Pattern for Mark Twain’s Roughing It, 47–49, 53–57. In addition, Orion apparently contributed three unsigned Carson City letters printed in the St. Louis Missouri Republican for 10 December 1862, 20 December 1862, and 6 January 1863.
10. “Items from Washoe,” SFB, 28 August 1861, 3; Mark Twain’s Letters, ed. Paine, 772; MTL, 1:132, 1:159; Marsh, Letters from Nevada Territory, 696; Mack, Mark Twain in Nevada, 74, 77; RI, 161.
11. MTL, 1:357; Webster, Mark Twain: Business Man, 72–74, 82; “Mark Twain,” New Orleans Times-Democrat, 7 May 1882, 3.
12. Mack, Mark Twain in Nevada, 64; “The Legislature,” SFAC, 11 September 1861, 4; Orion Clemens to Elisha Whittlesey, 21 August 1861, UCLC 49323; Orion Clemens to Whittlesey, 24 December 1861, UCLC 49326.
13. RI, 188; “The Nevada Legislature,” SU, 5 October 1861, 1.
14. Orion Clemens to Elisha Whittlesey, 24 December 1861, UCLC 49326; Orion Clemens to W. H. Jones, 29 April 1863, UCLC 49351 (also in Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 6 [January–April 1963]: 1–22); Elisha Whittlesey to Orion Clemens, 22 March 1862, UCLC 49421.
15. Elisha Whittlesey to Orion Clemens, 13 March 1862, UCLC 49320; Orion Clemens to Elisha Whittlesey, 24 December 1861, UCLC 49326; Miller, “Samuel L. and Orion Clemens vs. Mark Twain,” 3; RI, 168, 189.
16. W. H. Jones to Orion Clemens, 19 March 1863, UCLC 49346; Orion Clemens to W. H. Jones, 29 April 1863, UCLC 49351.
17. Orion Clemens to Elisha Whittlesey, 3 February 1862, UCLC 49398; Orion Clemens to Elisha Whittlesey, 17 September 1862, UCLC 49467; Orion Clemens to Elisha Whittlesey, 24 December 1861, UCLC 49326; Orion Clemens to Salmon Chase, 12 February 1862, UCLC 49401.
18. Wiegand, The Use of Legal Tender Notes, 4, 17.
19. Treasury Department comptroller to Orion Clemens, 5 March 1863, UCLC 49520; W. H. Jones to Orion Clemens, 1 April 1863, UCLC 49347; RI, 189; Orion Clemens to W. H. Jones, 29 April 1863, UCLC 49351; Orion Clemens to W. W. Ross, 10 September 1864, UCLC 49964; MTL, 1:159.
20. RI, 192; Roughing It (1993), 577.
21. Marsh, Letters from Nevada Territory, 273, 371; “The Proclamation,” GHN, 6 May 1864, 2; “Personal,” GHN, 18 August 1864, 3; “Doings in Nevada,” New York Sunday Mercury, 7 February 1864, 3, rpt. Mark Twain of the Enterprise, 122–26.
22. Josh, “That Poor Widow,” GHN, 19 December 1863, 2. This is virtually Sam’s only reference to Latinos in the West, though nearly a hundred Spanish speakers resided in and around Virginia City in 1860; see James, The Roar and the Silence, 35.
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23. Carson, “From Nevada,” St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 26 November 1861, 3; Marsh, Letters from Nevada Territory, 205; “Letter from Nevada Territory,” SU, 22 November 1862, 3.
24. AMT, 2:5; Orion Clemens to Nevada Territory, 25 August 1863, UCLC 49920, 30 March 1864, UCLC 49947, 14 April 1864, UCLC 49951, 4 May 1864, UCLC 49959, and 13 August 1864, UCLC 49963; MTL, 1:313; Doten, “Early Journalism in Nevada,” 182–84; Fischer, Mark Twain in the West, 44.
25. Carson, “From Nevada,” St. Louis Missouri Democrat, 26 November 1861, 3; “From Nevada Territory,” St. Louis Missouri Republican, 6 January 1863, 1; “The Nevada Incorporation Bill,” Sacramento Bee, 18 December 1862, 2; Marsh, Letters from Nevada Territory, 201.
26. MTL, 1:124, 1:130, 1:132; IA, 205; RI [1993], 614–15.
27. “The Silver Mines at Virginia City,” Cincinnati Enquirer, 25 January 1864, 1; ET&S, 1:399; RI, 379; “Coal Wanted,” California Farmer and Journal of Useful Sciences, 1 August 1862, 148; “Great Consumption of Firewood in Washoe,” SFB, 29 March 1864, 2; NCT, 18 April 1862, 2; NCT, 2 December 1863, 2; Stockton (Calif.) Independent, 20 January 1863, 3; “Our Carson Correspondence,” SFAC, 24 October 1861, 1.
28. RI, 171, 176; MTL, 1:124, 1:132.
29. RI, 193, 194; AMT, 3:646; Norris, McTeague, 132; “Letter from the Humboldt Mines,” SFAC, 9 September 1861, 1; Marsh, Letters from Nevada Territory, 691; IA, 284; MTL, 1:147; Collected Tales, 1:132; DeLaney, “The Truth about That Humboldt Trip,” 2–3.
30. RI, 203, 217; “The Humboldt River Mines,” SFB, 25 September 1861, 2; MTL, 3:370.
31. Mollie Clemens to Orion Clemens, 17–18 November 1861, UCLC 46947; “Letter from the Humboldt Mines,” Marysville (Calif.) Appeal, 7 February 1862, 1; RI, 213.
32. “Letter from the Humboldt Mines,” Marysville (Calif.) Appeal, 7 February 1862, 1; “Letter from Esmeralda,” SFB, 6 May 1862, 3; “Letter from the Humboldt Mines,” SU, 6 May 1862, 1; “Esmeralda,” SFAC, 16 April 1862, 1.
33. Orion Clemens to Mollie Clemens, 16–17 January 1862, UCLC 46949; RI, 226; Berkove, Insider Stories, 1036.
34. ET&S, 1:277, 1:280; RI, 232–38.
35. AMT, 1:295; “Letter from Esmeralda,” SFAC, 22 February 1862, 2; “Esmeralda,” SFAC, 16 April 1862, 1; MTL, 1:187, 1:195, 1:236–37; “The Esmeralda Mines,” SFB, 22 July 1862, 1; “Mines in Esmeralda,” SU, 22 July 1862, 2; “Progress of Aurora,” SFB, 4 August 1862, 1; “Letter from Esmeralda,” SFB, 6 May 1862, 3; “From the Esmeralda Mining Region,” SFB, 29 May 1862, 3; “Starvation in Esmeralda,” SFB, 5 June 1862, 3; N&J, 1:137; “An Old Landmark,” VCTE, 2 December 1879, 1; Goodwin, As I Remember Them, 253.
36. Mark Twain Speaking, 55; MTL, 1:187, 1:205, 1:207, 1:209, 1:214; AMT, 1:447; Phillips, “Mark Twain’s Partner,” 69.
37. MTL, 1:214–15.
38. RI, 288, 291; Cox, Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor, 95; Tom Sawyer, 194; Phillips, “Mark Twain’s Partner,” 70; AMT, 1:445.
39. RI, 278; Branch, “Fact and Fiction,” 239–40, 242, 246; MTL, 1:224, 1:229–30; “Late from Washoe,” SU, 22 July 1862, 2.
40. McGrath, Gunfighters, 3; “The Quicksilver Business,” EB, 29 January 1864, 3; Colcord, “Reminiscences,” 115; “Mining Operations in Esmeralda District,” SU, 25 June 1862, 3; RI, 251; “The California Pioneers,” New York Tribune, 14 October 1869, 5.
41. MTL, 1:221, 1:229; RI, 251, 252, 255, 258; “From the Esmeralda Region,” SFB, 23 June 1862, 2; Richardson, Beyond the Mississippi, 373; Wager, “A Critical Edition,” 385; AMT, 1:447.
42. MTL, 1:208; “From Esmeralda,” SFB, 30 April 1862, 3. A second, similar letter from Aurora, “Military Movements in Nevada Territory,” probably by SLC and/or Phillips, appeared in the Silver Age on 14 June and was reprinted in the San Francisco Bulletin, 19 June 1862, 3.
43. ET&S, 1:467; MTL, 1:196.
44. Most modern biographers aver that SLC contributed the Josh letters to the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise in the spring and summer of 1862. The earliest source explicitly to document this claim did not appear until 1900, however. In 1912 in his official biography Paine (mis?)identifies Josh as the author of Territorial Enterprise sketches, a claim he repeats five years later in his edition of Mark Twain’s Letters: “Sometimes, during idle days in the camp,” SLC “had followed old literary impulses and written an occasional burlesque sketch, which he had signed ‘Josh,’ and sent to the Territorial Enterprise, at Virginia City” (Mark Twain’s Letters, ed. Paine, 81). The mythology that accreted around the Josh letters soon crystallized.
45. MTL, 1:214; “How to Prospect a Mine!,” SFB, 23 May 1862, 3.
46. SFB, 24 July 1862, 1; Scharnhorst, “On Samuel Clemens’s Lost ‘Josh’ Letters,” 52–68.
47. MTL, 1:207; Jane Lampton Clemens to SLC and Orion Clemens, 12 and 14 October 1862, UCLC 46956.
48. MTL, 1:229; “Affairs in Aurora,” SFAC, 1 August 1862, 1; Miller, “Samuel L. and Orion Clemens vs. Mark Twain,” 7.
49. AMT, 2:238–39.
50. “Mark Twain’s First Success,” New York Times Illustrated Magazine, 25 June 1899, 6. The earliest known attribution to SLC of this parodic Fourth of July 1862 speech in the Territorial Enterprise appeared over seven years later in the Hamilton (Nev.) Daily Inland Empire and was reprinted as “Mark Twain,” Mariposa (Calif.) Gazette, 5 November 1869, 2. It fails to mention “Josh,” however, and the phrasing is slightly different: “I was sired by a Revolutionary soldier and borne by a Continental dam.” For what it’s worth, one of the Mike Fink–like characters in the raftsman’s passage SLC omitted from Huck Finn similarly exclaims, “Sired by a hurricane, dam’d by an earthquake, half-brother to the cholera”; see LM, 45.
51. Davis, The History of Nevada, 1:393; AMT, 2:238–39.
52. “A Beautiful Sentiment,” Sacramento Bee, 24 July 1862, 2; “Esmeralda Correspondence,” Sacramento Bee, 21 July 1862, 1; Mark Twain of the Enterprise, 92–95; “A Beautiful Illustration,” Como (Nev.) Sentinel, 16 July 1864, 2; Stewart, “Samuel Clemens’s Friends at Lake Tahoe,” 98–105; VCDU, 25 March 1865, 2; “On Gov. —— Who Loves to Talk Nonsense,” DV 335, MTP; “Personal,” Esmeralda County (Nev.) Star, 6 July 1862, 2; “Reminiscences of Mark Twain,” Shreveport (La.) Caucasian, 3 May 1910, 4; James, “Mark Twain and the Pacific Coast,” 118.
53. Miller, “Samuel L. and Orion Clemens vs. Mark Twain,” 8; “Mark Twain, Printer,” Inland Printer 67 (September 1921): 783; SLC to Orion Clemens, 28 July 1862, UCCL 12723; MTL, 1:231, 1:233.
54. Mark Twain Speaking, 57–58. See also RI, 295: “if, at that time, I had been offered a salary to translate the Talmud from the original Hebrew, I would have accepted—albeit with diffidence and some misgivings—and thrown as much variety into it as I could for the money.”
55. MTCI, 274.
56. Mark Twain at the Buffalo Express, 112; Paine, Mark Twain: A Biography, 200; “Walker River Mines,” GHN, 30 January 1864, 1; MTL, 1:239; RI, 265; “A Sketch of Things in the Esmeralda Region,” SFB, 12 November 1862, 3.
Chapter 8
1. Goldman, Gold Diggers and Silver Miners, 16; Bancroft, History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming, 168, 321; James, The Roar and the Silence, 245; Caron, Mark Twain: Unsanctified Newspaper Reporter, 89; Fatout, Mark Twain in Virginia City, 209; Kaplan, The Singular Mark Twain, 105; J[ames] L[.] L[aird], “Washoe Correspondence,” Sacramento Bee, 20 October 1862, 4; Joe Goodman to Dan De Quille, 5 May 1863, UCLC 48717; Doten, Journals of Alfred Doten, 716.
2. RI, 214, 379; “Bancroft Scraps,” Nevada Miscellany, 16 July 1863, 105; O.H., “Letter from Nevada Territory,” SFAC, 8 April 1862, 1; Oskaloosa (Kans.) Independent, 28 February 1863, 2; “Mark Twain’s Letter,” SFMC, 13 August 1863, rpt. Twainian 11 (March–April 1952): 3; ET&S, 2:520; Smith, The History of the Comstock Lode, 32; MTL, 1:258.
3. Lord, Comstock Mining and Miners, 214; Goodwin, As I Remember Them, 185; RI, 303.
4. RI, 305.
5. Cosmos [Almarin B. Paul], “Letter from Washoe,” SFB, 16 May 1860, 1; Frank Soulé, quoted in M
orris, Lighting Out for the Territory, 100; Thomas Starr King, quoted in Smith, History of the Comstock Lode, 29; Richardson, Beyond the Mississippi, 373; Browne, “A Peep at Washoe,” 147, 151, 153; Browne, “Washoe Revisited,” Harper’s Monthly 30 (May 1865): 684, and Harper’s Monthly 31 (June 1865): 10; Goldman, Gold Diggers and Silver Miners, 21.
6. Goldman, Gold Diggers and Silver Miners, 14, 37; Ward, Artemus Ward, 150; Graham, Handset Reminiscences, 138; “From Nevada Territory,” St. Louis Missouri Republican, 10 December 1862, 2; MTL, 1:159; RI, 360.
7. “Rowdyism,” Sacramento Bee, 7 September 1863, 1; Goldman, Gold Diggers and Silver Miners, 6, 33–34, 63–66, 133; Walker, San Francisco’s Literary Frontier, 97.
8. Ticknor, “Mark Twain’s ‘Missing Chapter,’” 307.
9. Beebe, Comstock Commotion, 35–37; Lord, Comstock Mining and Miners, 213–14; Webster, Mark Twain: Business Man, 110; “The Passing of a Pioneer,” San Francisco Examiner, 22 January 1893, 15; Hingston, “Introduction,” 4; RI, 313; “Territorial Enterprise,” Sacramento Bee, 9 April 1863, 2; De Quille, “Salad Days of Mark Twain,” 13–14; McEwen, “In the Heroic Days,” 15; Lewis, “Introduction,” xi; “Daggett’s Recollections,” San Francisco Examiner, 22 January 1893, 15.
10. Marsh, Letters from Nevada Territory, 653; Joe Goodman to Dan De Quille, 5 May 1863, UCLC 48717.
11. Stewart, “Mark Twain’s Return from Aurora,”; “Daggett’s Recollections,” San Francisco Examiner, 22 January 1893, 15; McEwen, “In the Heroic Days,” 15; Millard, “Mark Twain in San Francisco,” 369; RI, 168; NCT, 18 July 1862, 2; NCT, 10 March 1863, 2.
12. Loomis, “Dan De Quille’s Mark Twain,” 336; MTCI, 167, 274; “Jos. Goodman’s Memories of Humorist’s Early Days,” San Francisco Examiner, 22 April 1910, 3; Marleau, “‘There is a Rumor on the Streets,’” 12; Emerson, The Authentic Mark Twain, 13.
13. MTCI, 125, 274; RI, 298; “Mark Twain’s Letters from Washington,” VCTE, 7 March 1868, 2; ET&S, 1:21; Collected Tales, 1:311. There was actually a Tennessee newspaper at the time titled the Knoxville Whig and Rebel Ventilator.
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