21. Autobiography 24; Lopez Private 7.
22. Benjamin Franklin the elder, “To My Name, 1713,” Paper 1:3–5; BF to JM, July 17, 1771; Parton 32–38; Tourtellot 139–40; Autobiography 20.
23. Autobiography 22; BF to JM, July 17, 1771; Lopez Private, 9.
24. Autobiography 22; Tourtellot 156. Boston Latin School was then generally called the South Grammar School.
25. Temple Writings, 1: 447.
26. Autobiography 25–26.
27. Autobiography 27; Boston Post, Aug. 7, 1940, cited in Papers 1:6–7. No authenticated copies of these two poems are known to have survived. The Franklin Papers 1:6–7 quote a few possible verses that may have been his.
28. Lemay Internet Doc for 1719–20, citing Early Boston Booksellers, by George Emery Littlefield (Boston: Antiquarian Society, 1900), 150–55;Tourtellot 230–32. Franklin incorrectly states that the Courant was the second newspaper in Boston. See Yale Autobiography 67n.
29. Perry Miller, The New England Mind: From Colony to Province (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 344. See also E. Digby Baltzell, Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia (New York: Free Press, 1979).
30. John Blake, “The Inoculation Controversy in Boston: 1721–1722,” New England Quarterly (1952): 489–506; New England Courant, Aug. 7, 1721, and following, ushistory.org/franklin/courant ; Tourtellot 252.
31. Lemay Internet Doc for 1721; Perry Miller, The New England Mind: From Colony to Province, 337.
32. Autobiography 26. Analysis of Franklin’s childhood reading can be found in Parton 1:44–51, 60–72; Ralph Ketcham, Benjamin Franklin (New York: Washington Square Press, 1965), 8–31; Tourtellot 166.
33. Autobiography 27; BF to Samuel Mather, July 7, 1773, May 12, 1784; John Bunyan, Pilgrim’s Progress, 1678, www.ccel.org/b/bunyan/progress/; Plutarch, Parallel Lives, ca.A.D. 100, ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext96/plivs10.txt ; Cotton Mather, Bonifacius, also known as Essays to Do Good and An Essay upon the Good, 1710, edweb.sdsu.edu/people/DKitchen/new_655/mather.htm ; Tourtellot 187–89.
34. Daniel Defoe, An Essay upon Projects, 1697, ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext03/ esprj10.txt ; Tourtellot 185.
35. Autobiography 28.
36. The Spectator, Mar. 13, 1711, harvest.rutgers.edu/projects/spectator/mark up.html ; Autobiography 29.
37. The Spectator, Mar. 1, 1711; Silence Dogood #1, Apr. 2, 1722; Silence Do-good #2, Apr. 16, 1722; Silence Dogood #3, Apr. 30, 1722; ushistory.org/frank lin/courant ; Papers 1:8–11. These dates, unlike others, are in the Old Style because they refer to editions of the Courant as dated at the time.
38. Silence Dogood #4, May 14, 1722; The Spectator, Mar. 3, 1711.
39. Autobiography 34; New England Courant, June 18, 25, July 2, 9, 1722. The excerpt is from The London Journal.
40. New England Courant, July 16, 23, 1722.
41. New England Courant, Sept. 14, 1722, Feb. 11, 1723; Autobiography 33. Franklin compresses the chronology by recalling that his name went on top of the paper right after his brother’s release from jail, which was in July 1722; in fact, it occurred after James got into another dispute in January 1723. Oddly, his name remained atop the paper until at least 1726, which was three years after he had run away to Philadelphia. See New England Courant, June 25, 1726, and Yale Autobiography 70n.
42. Autobiography 34–35.
43. Claude-Anne Lopez, an editor of Franklin’s papers at Yale, discovered a scrap of paper on which Franklin, in 1783, jotted down some dates and places designed to pinpoint his itinerary of sixty years earlier. In the Norton edition of the Autobiography, J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall note that the only boat leaving Boston for New York that week was a sloop on September 25. Franklin’s editing of the “naughty girl” passage is noted in the Signet edition, 35. James Franklin’s forlorn ad appears in New England Courant, Sept. 30, 1723.
Chapter 3
1. The Way to Health was written by Thomas Tryon (1634–1703) and first published in 1683; Autobiography 29.
2. Autobiography 49.
3. Autobiography 38.
4. Autobiography 79; Jonathan Yardley, review of Edmund Morgan’s Benjamin Franklin, in Washington Post Book World, Sept. 15, 2002, 2.
5. Autobiography 41.
6. Autobiography 52.
7. Autobiography 42. Franklin later politely revised the phrase in his autobiography to read, “stared with astonishment.” Lemay/Zall Autobiography provides a complete look at the original manuscript and all of its revisions. The governors sent to Pennsylvania were sometimes referred to as lieutenant governors.
8. Franklin recounted this tale twice to Mather’s son: BF to Samuel Mather, July 7, 1773, and May 12, 1784.
9. Autobiography 104.
10. Autobiography 48.
11. Autobiography 54.
12. Autobiography 55–58.
13. “A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain,” 1725, Papers 1:58; Campbell 101–3.
14. Autobiography 70; Campbell 91–135.
15. Autobiography 92; Poor Richard Improved, 1753; Papers 4:406. See also Alfred Owen Aldridge, “The Alleged Puritanism of Benjamin Franklin,” in Lemay Reappraising 370; Aldridge Nature; Campbell 99. For good descriptions of the evolution of Franklin’s religious thought, see Walters; Buxbaum. See also chapter 7 of this book.
16. Autobiography 63.
17. “Plan of Conduct,” 1726, Papers 1:99; Autobiography 183.
18. “Journal of a Voyage,” July 22–Oct. 11, 1726, Papers 1:72–99. The idea that “affability and sociability” were core tenets of the Enlightenment is explained well in Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (New York: Random House, 1991), 215–6.
Chapter 4
1. Autobiography 64. For overviews of life in Philadelphia, see Carl Bridenbaugh and Jessica Bridenbaugh, Rebels and Gentlemen: Philadelphia in the Age of Franklin (New York: Oxford University Press, 1942); E. Digby Baltzell, Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia (New York: Free Press, 1979). For a good overview of Franklin’s work as a printer, see C. William Miller, Benjamin Franklin’s Philadelphia Printing 1728–1766 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1974).
2. The chronology in the Autobiography is not quite correct. Denham took ill in the spring of 1727 but did not die until July 1728. Lemay/Zall Autobiography 41.
3. Autobiography 69; Brands 87–89; Van Doren 71–73.
4. Autobiography 71–79; Brands 91; Lemay/Zall Autobiography 49. The Quaker history was written by William Sewel. Franklin records that he published forty sheets of folio, which would have been 160 pages, but in fact he produced 178 pages and Keimer the remaining 532 pages.
5. Last Will and Codicil, June 23, 1789, Papers CD 46:u20.
6. Whitfield J. Bell Jr., Patriot Improvers (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1999), vol. 1; Autobiography 72–73; “On Conversation,” Pa. Gazette, Oct. 15, 1730. Dale Carnegie, in his book How to Win Friends and Influence People(1937; New York: Pocket Books, 1994), draws on Franklin’s rules for conversation. Carnegie’s first two rules for “How to Win People to Your Way of Thinking” are: “The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it” and “Show respect for the other person’s opinions. Never say, ‘You’re wrong.’ ” In his section on “How to Change People without Giving Offense or Arousing Resentment,” he instructs: “Call attention to people’s mistakes indirectly” and “Ask questions instead of giving direct orders.” Carnegie’s book has sold more than 15 million copies.
7. Autobiography 96; “Rules for a Club for Mutual Improvement,” 1727; “Proposals and Queries to be Asked the Junto,” 1732.
8. BF to Samuel Mather, May 17, 1784; Van Doren 75; Cotton Mather, “Religious Societies,” 1724; Lemay/Zall Autobiography 47n. See also Mitchell Breitwieser, Cotton Mather and Benjamin Franklin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
9. Autobiography 74; American Weekly Mercury, Jan. 28, 1729 (Shortface and Careful); Papers 1:112; Brands 101; Van Doren 94; Sappenfield 49–55.
10. Busy-Body #1, American Weekly Mercury, Feb. 4, 1729; Sappenfield 51; The Universal Instructor…and Pennsylvania Gazette, Feb. 25, Mar. 13, 1729; Papers 1:115–27.
11. Busy-Body #3, American Weekly Mercury, Feb. 18, 1729; Busy-Body #4, American Weekly Mercury, Feb. 25, 1789; Busy-Body #8, American Weekly Mercury, Mar. 28, 1729. Lemay’s masterly notes in the Library of America’s edition of Franklin’s Writings (p. 1524) describe which parts Franklin wrote and what was withdrawn in Busy-Body #8.
12. “A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency,” Apr. 3, 1729; Autobiography 77–78. Franklin draws on William Petty’s 1662 work, A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions, www.socsci.mcmaster.ca/˜econ/ugcm/3113/ petty/taxes.txt.
13. “The Printer to the Reader,” Pa. Gazette, Oct. 2, 1729.
14. “Printer’s Errors,” Pa. Gazette, Mar. 13, 1730.
15. Pa. Gazette, Mar. 19, 1730; Autobiography 75.
16. “Apology for Printers,” Pa. Gazette, June 10, 1731; Clark 49; Isaiah Thomas, The History of Printing in America (1810; Albany: Munsell, 1874), 1: 237.
17. Pa. Gazette, June 17, 24, July 29, 1731, Feb. 15, June 19, July 3, 1732.
18. Pa. Gazette, Oct. 24, 1734; not in the Yale Papers, but later ascribed to the Franklin canon by Lemay, see Lib. of Am. 233–34.
19. Pa. Gazette, Sept. 7, 1732. For an analysis of Franklin’s journalistic treatment of crime and scandal, see Ronald Bosco, “Franklin Working the Crime Beat,” Lemay Reappraising, 78–97.
20. Pa. Gazette, Sept. 12, 1732, Jan. 27, 1730.
21. “Death of a Drunk,” Pa. Gazette, Dec. 7, 1732; “On Drunkenness,” Feb. 1, 1733; “A Meditation on a Quart Mugg,” July 19, 1733; “The Drinker’s Dictionary,” Jan. 13, 1737. In Silence Dogood #12 (Sept. 10, 1722), Franklin had his sassy widow defend moderate drinking and condemn excess, drawing on Richard Steele’s essays in London’s Tatler. See Robert Arnor, “Politics and Temperance,” in Lemay Reappraising, 52–77.
22. Pa. Gazette, Sept. 23, 1731.
23. Autobiography 34, 80, 72; “Anthony Afterwit,” Pa. Gazette, July 10, 1732.
24. Autobiography 64, 81; Faÿ 135; Brands 106–9; Lopez Private, 23–24; BF to Joseph Priestley, Sept. 19, 1772; Poor Richard’s, 1738. The first volume of the Papers 1:1xii in 1959 said Deborah was born in Philadelphia in 1708, but that thinking was revised after Francis James Dallett published a paper the following year called “Dr. Franklin’s In-Laws,” which is cited in Papers 8:139. Dallett’s evidence indicates that Deborah was born in 1705 or 1706, maybe in Philadelphia but more likely in Birmingham, from which she emigrated to Philadelphia with her family in about 1711. See Edward James et al., Notable American Women 1607–1950 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), 1:663, entry on Deborah Franklin by Leonard Labaree, the initial editor of the Yale Papers. If she did cross the ocean at age 5 or so, it may have caused her lifelong aversion to ever crossing (or even seeing) it again. For a good analysis, see J. A. Leo Lemay, “Recent Franklin Scholarship,” PMHB 76.2 (Apr. 2002): 336.
25. BF to “honoured mother” Abiah Franklin, Apr. 12, 1750; Lemay Internet Doc for 1728; Parton 1:177, 198–99; Randall 43; Skemp William, 4–5, 10; Brands 110, 243; Gentleman’s Magazine (1813), in Papers 3:474n. The Yale editors of Franklin’s papers say in volume 1 (published in 1959) that William was born circa 1731, but by volume 3 (published in 1961) they note the controversy (Papers 3:89n) and suggest that perhaps he was born earlier; however, in their edition of the Autobiography, published in 1964, they reiterate “circa 1731” as the year of his birth.
26. Van Doren 93, 231; Brands 110, 243. See also Charles Hart, “Who Was the Mother of Franklin’s Son?” PMHB (July 1911): 308–14; Paul Leicester Ford, Who Was the Mother of Franklin’s Son? (New York: Century, 1889).
27. Van Doren 91; Lopez Private, 22–23; Clark 41; Roberts letter, Papers 2:370n.; Bell, Patriot Improvers, 1:277–80.
28. Autobiography 92; BF to JM, Jan. 6, 1727; Poor Richard’s, 1733.
29. “Anthony Afterwit,” Pa. Gazette, July 10, 1732; “Celia Single,” Pa. Gazette, July 24, 1732.
30. “Rules and Maxims for Promoting Matrimonial Happiness,” Pa. Gazette, Oct. 8, 1730, Lib. of Am. 151. This piece is not included by the Yale editors, but Lemay and others subsequently attributed it to Franklin.
31. Lopez Private, 31–37; BF to James Read, Aug. 17, 1745; “A Scolding Wife,” Pa. Gazette, July 5, 1733.
32. BF to Deborah Franklin, Feb. 19, 1758; “I Sing My Plain Country Joan,” 1742; Francis James Dallett, “Dr. Franklin’s In-Laws,” cited in Papers 8:139; Leonard Labaree, “Deborah Franklin,” in Notable American Women 1607–1950, ed. Edward James et al. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1971), 1:663.
33. Autobiography 112; BF to JM, Jan. 13, 1772; Pa. Gazette, Dec. 23–30, 1736; Van Doren 126; Clark 43; Brands 154–55. Franklin had editorialized in favor of smallpox inoculations in his paper before Francis was born: Pa. Gazette, May 14, 28, 1730, Mar. 4, 1731.
34. “The Death of Infants,” Pa. Gazette, June 20, 1734, ascribed to the Franklin canon by Lemay, Lib. of Am. 228.
35. Franklin writes in the Autobiography (p. 92) that he was “educated as a Presbyterian,” but the Puritan sect in Boston into which he was baptized in fact became what is now called the Congregational Church. Both Presbyterians and Congregationalists generally follow the doctrines of John Calvin. See Yale Autobiography 145n. For more on Jedediah Andrews, see Richard Webster, A History of the Presbyterian Church in America, from Its Origin until the Year 1760 (Philadelphia: J. M. Wilson, 1857), 105–12. For more on Franklin and the Presbyterians, see chapter 5, n. 7.
36. Autobiography 92–94.
37. Deism can be an amorphous concept. Despite his qualms about the consequences of unenhanced deism, Franklin did not shy from the word in labeling his beliefs. I use the word, as he did, to describe the Enlightenment-era philosophy that (1) rejects the belief that faith depends on received or revealed religious doctrines; (2) does not emphasize an intimate or passionate spiritual relationship with God or Christ; (3) believes in a rather impersonal Creator who set in motion the universe and all its laws; (4) holds that reason and the study of nature tells us all we can know about the Creator. See Walters; “Franklin’s Life in Deism,” in Campbell 110–26; Kerry Walters, The American Deists (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1992); Buxbaum; A. Owen Aldridge, “Enlightenment and Awakening in Franklin and Edwards,” in Benjamin Franklin, Jonathan Edwards, ed. Barbara Oberg and Harry Stout (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 27–41; Aldridge, “The Alledged Puritanism of Benjamin Franklin,” in Lemay Reappraising, 362–71; Aldridge, Nature; Douglas Anderson, The Radical Enlightenments of Benjamin Franklin (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997); Baltzell, Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia; Larzer Ziff, Puritanism in America (New York: Viking, 1973); Donald Meyer, “Franklin’s Religion,” in Critical Essays, ed. Melvin Buxbaum (Boston: Hall, 1987), 147–67; Perry Miller, Nature’s Nation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967); Mark Noll, America’s God (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); Simon Blackburn, The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
38. “Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion,” Nov. 20, 1728, Papers 1:101.
39. Walters 8, 84–86. Walters’s book is the most direct argument that Franklin was not espousing a literal polytheism. The opposite view is expressed in A. Owen Aldridge’s comprehensive Benjamin Franklin and Nature’s God. Read figuratively, Franklin seems to be saying that different denominations and religions each have their own gods: there is the God of the Puritans, who is different from Franklin’s own God, or the God of the Methodists, of the Jews, of the Anabaptists, or, for that matter, of the Hindus, Muslims, and ancient Greeks. These different gods arise because of differing perspectives (producing what Walters calls Franklin’s “theistic perspectivism”). Franklin believed that the idea of a God as Creator and first cause is common to all religions, and thus can be assumed true. But different relig
ions and sects add their own expressions and concepts, none of which we can really know to be true or false, but that lead to the existence of a multiplicity of gods that allow a more personal relationship with their believers. This interpretation com-ports with Franklin’s comment in his essay that these gods can sometimes disappear as times and cultures evolve. “It may be that after many ages, they are changed and others supply their places.”
40. “On the Providence of God in the Government of the World,” Papers 1:264. The Yale editors posit 1732 as its date. A. Owen Aldridge, Leo Lemay, and others persuasively argue, based on a letter Franklin later wrote about it, that it was actually 1730; BF to Benjamin Vaughan, Nov. 9, 1779. See Aldridge Nature, 34–40; Lemay Internet Doc for 1730. The Library of America edition of Franklin’s writings accepts the 1730 date. Wilhelm Niesel, The Theology of Calvin (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1956), 70; John Calvin, Commentaries, “On Paul’s Epistle to the Romans” (1539), www.ccel.org/c/calvin/comment3/comm_vol38/htm/TOC.htm.
41. Walters 98; Campbell 109–11; Aldridge Nature, 25–38; BF to John Franklin, May 1745.
42. “A Witch Trial at Mount Holly,” Pa. Gazette, Oct. 22, 1730.
43. BF to Josiah and Abiah Franklin, Apr. 13, 1738. When his beloved sister Jane also conveyed her misgivings about his emphasis on good works rather than prayer, he offered a similar mix of explanation and mild reassurance. “I am so far from thinking that God is not to be worshipped that I have composed and wrote a whole book of devotions for my own use,” he says, and then urges tolerance. “There are some things in your New England doctrines and worship which I do not agree with, but I do not therefore condemn them…I would only have you make me the same allowances.” BF to JM, July 28, 1743.
44. Autobiography 94–105, 49; D. H. Lawrence, “Benjamin Franklin,” in Studies in Classic American Literature (New York: Viking, 1923), 10–16, xroads. virginia.edu/˜HYPER/LAWRENCE/dhlch02.htm.
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