• Renée of France, Duchess of Ferrara and sister of Queen Claude, told Nicholas Throckmorton in Elizabeth I's reign "There was another cause which worked in her a goodwill towards the Queen; there was an old acquaintance between the Queen's mother and her, when the former was one of the maids-of-honour of the Duchess's sister, Queen Claude."13
• Lancelot de Carles, in his poem about Anne Boleyn's execution, "De la Royne d'Angleterre", wrote:
"Or, Monseigneur, je croy que bien savez Et des longtemps la congnoissance avez Que Anne Boullant premierement sortit De ce pays, quant Marye en partit Pour s'en aller trouver le Roy en France,Pour accomplir des deux Roys l'alliance."
or
"My lord, I am well aware that you know and have known for a long time that Anne Boullant first came from this country when Mary [Tudor] left to go to join the king [Louis XII] in France to bring about the alliance of the two sovereigns."
He went on to say:
"Apres que fut Marye revenue En ce pays, elle fut retenue Par Claude, qui Royne apres succedda."14
or
"After Mary returned to her country, she [Anne] was retained by Claude, the Queen who succeeded her".
• Sixteenth century historians and chroniclers cite this as fact. William Camden's Annales,15 his chronicle of Elizabeth I's life and reign, was written during Elizabeth I's reign and Camden was given access to William Cecil, Lord Burghley's private papers and various archives.16 He wrote that Elizabeth's mother, Anne, had served Queen Claude and Marguerite of Angoulême. Baron Herbert of Cherbury (1583-1648) also wrote that Anne was "said by the French writers to have lived in that court", referring to the French court.17
Even if you discount the evidence from the ambassadors and Francis I as referring to Mary Boleyn, which cannot be correct because of the dates, Renée of France, sister of Queen Claude, and Lancelot de Carles, secretary to the French ambassador, were in positions to know whether or not Anne served Queen Claude. There was no reason for them to lie.
I really cannot see there being any reason to doubt that Anne was sent to Margaret of Austria's court and that she went on to serve Queen Claude of France. There is certainly more solid evidence for her having attended them than for her not doing so.
Notes and Sources
1 Zupanec, The Daring Truth About Anne Boleyn: Cutting Through the Myth, chap. 2 – Mademoiselle Boleyn: Did Anne Boleyn really spend her childhood and adolescence abroad.
2 Correspondance de L'empereur Maximilien Ier et de Marguerite d'Autriche, Sa Fille, Gouvernante de Pays-Bas, de 1507 à 1519, 2:461, note 2.
3 Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, 19.
4 Paget, "The Youth of Anne Boleyn."
5 Baron de Reiffenberg, Chronique Métrique de Chastellain et de Molinet: Avec Des Notices Sur Ces Auteurs et Des Remarques Sur Le Texte Corrigé, 154.
6 Sergeant, The Life of Anne Boleyn, sec. Appendix D.
7 Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, 20.
8 Correspondance de L'empereur Maximilien Ier et de Marguerite d'Autriche, Sa Fille, Gouvernante de Pays-Bas, de 1507 à 1519, 2:273.
9 The Manuscripts of J. Eliot Hodgkin, Fifteenth Report: Appendix, Part II:30.
10 "Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 1: 1509-1514," n. 3357.
11 "Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 3: 1519-1523," n. 1994.
12 "Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Further Supplement to Volumes 1 and 2," 30.
13 "Calendar of State Papers Foreign, Elizabeth, Volume 3: 1560-1561," n. 870.
14 Ascoli, La Grande-Bretagne Devant L'opinion Française Depuis La Guerre de Cent Ans Jusqu'à La Fin Du XVIe Siècle, 233–34, De la Royne d'Angleterre, Lancelot de Carles, lines 37–42 and 49–51.
15 Camden, Annales Rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum Regnante Elizabetha.
16 Russell, "The Age of Anne Boleyn."
17 Herbert, The Life and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth., 55, 110.
6. Anne Boleyn and James Butler
In this chapter, I am going to look at the negotiations which aimed to marry Anne Boleyn off to James Butler, son of Sir Piers Butler, and to settle the dispute over the title of Earl of Ormond. But before we look at the negotiations, we need to consider who the Butlers actually were, how they linked with the Boleyn family, and why the Ormond title was under dispute.
The Butler link came from Anne Boleyn's paternal grandmother, Lady Margaret Butler, who married Sir William Boleyn. William Boleyn was the son of the wealthy mercer (and Lord Mayor of London), Geoffrey Boleyn from Blickling, Norfolk, and of his wife Anne Hoo. Margaret was born at Kilkenny Castle in Ireland, somewhere between 1454 and 1465. She was the daughter of Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond, (known as "The Wool Earl"), and of his first wife, Anne Hankford. Thomas Butler served on Henry VII's privy council and was Catherine of Aragon's first Lord Chamberlain, serving her from 1509-1512.1 Her paternal grandparents were James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond, and Joan Beauchamp. James Butler was known as "The White Earl" and was the patron of "The Book of the White Earl", an Irish religious and literary miscellany.
The simplified family tree in figure 8 shows how Anne Boleyn and James Butler were related, both being descended from James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond.
The Butler family were descended from Theobald Walter, 1st Baron Butler (d. 1205), who was of Norman origin. The family surname changed from Walter to Butler during the reign of Henry II and came from Theobald's title, Chief Butler of Ireland. You can read more about Theobald in the chapter "Anne Boleyn's Royal Blood".
The Boleyn/Butler Marriage Negotiations
On 3rd August 1515, Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond and maternal grandfather of Thomas Boleyn, died in his late eighties. He was one of the wealthiest noblemen in England and, according to Thomas Carte,2 he inherited more than £40,000 sterling plus plate. He also held two peerages – Earl of Ormond and Baron of Ormond, Irish and English peerages. Thomas Butler had no direct male heirs but he left two daughters: Anne (married to Sir James St.Leger) and Margaret (wife of Sir William Boleyn), Thomas Boleyn's mother.
Figure 8 - The genealogical link between James Butler,9th Earl of Ormonde and Anne Boleyn
Both Thomas Butler and his brother, Sir John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond, before him, had been absent from their Irish estates for a long period due to the Wars of the Roses. Their Ormond estates were managed by their cousin, Sir James Butler (d. 1487), a member of the Polestown branch of the Butler family, who came to regard the estates as his own. When Thomas Butler died in 1515, therefore, James's son, Sir Piers, considered himself to be the rightful heir because Thomas Butler only had daughters. However, the Ormond title was entailed to heirs general, not just male heirs, so Thomas Butler's daughters, Anne St. Leger and Margaret Boleyn, were the rightful heirs. Margaret's son, Thomas Boleyn, father of Anne Boleyn, put forward his claim to the Earldom with the support of his King, Henry VIII.
Thomas had obviously been close to his grandfather because Thomas Butler left him an important bequest – a white horn of ivory garnished at both ends with gold, covered with gold-barred white silk and with a gold terret ring so that it could be connected to a chain.3 Family legend had it that this horn had been in the family since the time of Theobald Walter, in the reign of Henry II, and that the famous martyr, Thomas à Becket had drunk from it.4 In his will, Thomas Butler gave instructions for it to be passed on to Sir Thomas Boleyn "to keep it for the use of his male issue." The fact that Butler left it to Thomas Boleyn, rather than the son of his eldest daughter, Anne, shows that the two men must have been close.5
Regardless of the fact that the Boleyns and St. Legers were the rightful heirs to the title and lands, Sir Piers Butler, who was on the ground in Ireland, seized the estates and started styling himself Earl. He had the backing of the Irish Lords and people, but Thomas Boleyn had the backing of Henry VIII. It was a problem. A solution needed to be found to keep both the Boleyns and St. Legers happy, but also to keep the peace in Ireland; Pier
s could help the English government control the troublesome Irish factions.
On 12th December, 1515, the Crown issued a directive granting Anne St. Leger and Margaret Boleyn "livery of lands as coheirs of their father."6 The sisters divided the 72 manors equally, with Margaret taking the ones in Essex and the counties near London. The Boleyns and St. Legers had already begun proceedings to obtain the Irish lands before the Earl's death. In July 1515, Sir Thomas Boleyn had asked Henry VIII to write to Lord Kildare, Lord Deputy in Ireland, to examine the claims of Anne St Leger and Margaret Boleyn versus those of Sir Piers Butler. Kildare replied that he'd asked Piers to appear before him and the King's council on 14th October 1515, but that Piers did not show up on that day, his wife pleading war as an excuse for his non-attendance. A date of 19th November was set for a hearing in Dublin.7 The Earl of Kildare wrote to Henry VIII to report on the hearing:
"On that day the ladies' counsel showed a livery, under the Great Seal of England, of all the lands, &c. belonging to the late Earl and an inspeximus under the Great Seal of Ireland, reciting the creation of the Earl, with a gift of 10l. yearly to be paid to him and his heirs by the mayor and bailiffs of Waterford, and certain tails by fines levied to the said Earl and his heirs general, of his manors, &c. in Dublin and Meath. To all the residue of the Earl's lands the ladies asserted their title as heirs general, and Sir Piers and his counsel would show no evidence or counsel, but prayed to be remitted to the common law."8
The ladies' evidence was impressive.
On 12th December 1515, William Rokeby, Archbishop of Dublin and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, wrote to Thomas Wolsey to inform him that he had "been much occupied with the Lord Deputy in Sir Thos. Bullene's cause."9 He went on to say that Piers wanted the case to be tried under common law but that this would not suit Thomas Boleyn. It was a delicate situation. Rokeby explained that "The Deputy would have ordered him to appear before the King in England on a certain day, on pain of allegiance, but was dissuaded by the Abp. and others, who urged the danger of rebellion, for he has now made peace and confederation with Desmond and the three greatest Irish Lords of his party. Moreover, as he calls himself an Earl, he would be loth to lose the name" and then asked Wolsey for instructions on how to proceed. No settlement was reached and the earldom was still under dispute in spring 1520 when Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey and Thomas Boleyn's brother-in-law, was sent to Ireland as Lord Lieutenant. He quickly became on good terms with Sir Piers and this relationship, combined with his desire to get home to England as quickly as possible, caused him to try and come up with a solution that would solve the dispute and keep everyone happy.
It is not clear how the idea came about, but in September 1520 Henry VIII wrote to Surrey thanking him for his reports and letters from August and September, and instructing Surrey "to ascertain whether the earl of Ormond is minded to marry his son to the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn," adding, "The King will advance the matter with Sir Thomas."10 Surrey and the Council of Ireland wrote to Wolsey on 6th October 1520, saying that they thought "it would be advantageous if a marriage were solemnised between the earl of Ormond's son, now in England, and Sir Thomas Boleyn's daughter." 11 The daughter in question was obviously Anne Boleyn, because Mary Boleyn was already married, and the son in question was James Butler, who had been born around 1496 and so was about twenty-four at this time. He'd spent his early life on the Ormond estates (in the counties of Kilkenny and Tipperary) and had made his debut at the English court in 1513 when he had joined Henry VIII's forces for the invasion of France. He took part in the siege of Thérouanne in August 1513 but suffered a serious leg injury. As a consequence, he limped for the rest of his life and became known as "Bocach" or "Bacach" ("the lame"). A marriage match between Anne and James would mean that the earldom of Ormond would pass to James and Anne on Piers' death and therefore be in the Boleyn and Butler family. However, this would also mean that Thomas Boleyn would not inherit the title, and although his feelings are unrecorded I cannot imagine him being best pleased with this compromise.
James had returned to Ireland after the siege of Thérouanne but was sent back to England when the marriage negotiations began, joining the household of Thomas Wolsey and accompanying Wolsey to Calais on embassy in August 1521. His time in Wolsey's household would further his education but also allow England to keep him as a hostage to ensure his father's good behaviour, as shown by Wolsey's letter to the King in November 1521:
"Thinks the request made to the King in Sir Piers Butler's letter very reasonable. He would do the King great service in that land, considering the towardness of his son, who is right active and discreet. Yet it would be well to see how the said Sir Piers shall acquit himself in the authority lately committed to him; no doubt, his son being in England, he will do all the better in order to get him home the sooner. On my return I will talk with you how to bring about the marriage between his son and Sir Thos. Boleyn's daughter, which will be a good pretext for delaying to send his son over."12
It must have been around this time that Anne was recalled from France. Although Francis I, King of France, was worried that the recall of his wife's lady-in-waiting, along with that of various English students in Paris, "seemed to indicate an English intention to make war on France",13 Cardinal Wolsey assured the French King that Anne Boleyn was being recalled to marry. Here is a report of this from the Spanish Calendar of State Papers:
"The ambassadors complained that Boleyn's daughter, who was in the service of the French queen, had been called home, and said this was not a sign of continued friendship. The cardinal said that he himself was responsible for her recall, because he intended, by her marriage, to pacify certain quarrels and litigation between Boleyn and other English nobles."14
This report was dated around 17th January 1522. Eric Ives points out that, seeing as the ambassador who made the original complaint on behalf of Francis I left France before 6th January 1522, we can be sure that Anne left France in late 1521.15
This is the last record we have of the marriage negotiations. We don't know exactly when the negotiations fizzled out, or why, but it seems likely that Thomas Boleyn was not happy with the plan. Anne's feelings are unknown, but I suspect she would have had little choice in the matter anyway. We do know that James Butler was still in England in October 1522 when he was recruited into the King's household, becoming an esquire-at-arms, and that he served the King for six years, returning to Ireland in 1528. Henry VIII obviously liked the man because he referred to him as "our faithful servant, James le Butler"16 and granted him land in Meath.
William Dean,17 in his thesis on Thomas Boleyn, ponders whether the relationship in about 1523 between Anne Boleyn and Henry Percy, the son and heir of the Earl of Northumberland, was broken off to keep up the pretext of the Boleyn/Butler marriage, thereby preventing trouble in Ireland. Percy was quickly married off to Mary Talbot, "the cause for such haste being the desire to break up Anne and Percy before the Butlers learned that the marriage idea was just a ruse to insure their good behaviour."18 Dean believes that Anne was used "as a decoy for the objective of keeping peace in Ireland as long as Piers believed the marriage offer to be genuine." However, Piers Butler must have discovered the truth by May 1523 because the Earl of Kildare wrote to Henry VIII telling him that that Piers had "made new bonds with the Irishry, especially with O'Keroll, by whose aid he means to defend his title to the earldom of Ormond."19
It took until 1528 for the dispute to finally be solved. A deal was brokered which involved Piers Butler receiving fourteen of the Ormond manors on a thirty-year lease, and also being elevated to the peerage, in return for relinquishing the earldom of Ormond to Thomas Boleyn. Here is the record of this deal from Letters and Papers:
"Indenture tripartite between Henry VIII. on the one part; dame Ann Seyntleger, widow, and dame Marg. Boleyn, widow, daughters and heirs of Sir Thos. Butler, earl of Ormond, and Thos. Viscount Rochford, son and heir apparent of dame Margaret, and Sir Geo. Seyntleger, son and heir apparent of dam
e Anne, on the second part; and Sir Pierce Butler, cousin and heir male of the said Earl, and Jas. Butler, his son and heir apparent, on the third part; witnessing an agreement between the parties through the mediation of Wolsey ;—that the title of the earl of Ormond, with the annuity of 10l. out of the fee farm of Waterford, shall be henceforth at the King's disposal; that Sir Pierce shall be allowed peaceable possession of the manors of Cloncurry and Turvy in Ireland, and the said dame Ann and dame Margaret of the castles and manors of Carrykmakgryffen, Roskre, Kilkenny, and a number of others; that dame Ann and dame Margaret grant to farm, to the said Sir Pierce and James his son, the castle of Kilkenny, and other lands on the west side of the river Barowe, in the counties of Kilkenny, Tipperary, and Ormond, for the term of 30 years, at a rent of 40l.; that if Sir Pierce Butler, and James, or any of their heirs, do within that time recover possession from the wild Irish of other lands west of the Barowe which should belong to dame Ann and dame Margaret, the said Viscount and Sir George, they shall enjoy them to the end of that term without paying any more rent; that dame Anne, dame Margaret, the said Viscount and Sir George, and their heirs for ever, shall enjoy the castle of Carrykmakgryffen, and other lands east of the Barowe, without let or hindrance, except the manors of Cloncurry and Turvy, but that they will grant Sir Pierce and James reasonable leases, a year after the feast of the Annunciation of Our Lady next, &c. Dated 18 Feb. 19 Hen. VIII."20
Piers became 1st Earl of Ossory on 22nd February 15282122 and Thomas Boleyn became the 9th Earl of Ormond (as well as Wiltshire) on 8th December 1529.23 Both men were finally happy.
After the fall of the Boleyns in 1536, Acts of Parliament were passed to cancel the agreement made between Piers, the Boleyns and St Legers and to allow Piers to benefit from the Ormond inheritance.24 In October 1537, Piers pleaded his case for the title of Earl of Ormond, giving proof that the earldom was "tailed to heirs male"25 and following that it was recorded that "The earl of Wiltshire is content that he [Butler] should be called earl of Ormond in Ireland, like as the two lord Dacres are called, one of the North, the other of the South."26 Thus, Butler began styling himself Earl of Ormond again, as well as Earl of Ossory.
The Anne Boleyn Collection II: Anne Boleyn & the Boleyn Family Page 6
