The Most Decorated Dog in History
Sergeant Stubby
A Short Tale from BEYOND THE CALL OF DUTY
Heart-warming stories of canine devotion and bravery
by Isabel George
Dedication
To my parents who showed, by example, that courage, loyalty and love really can conquer all
Epigraph
‘A dog?’ replied Private Conroy. ‘This is no dog. This is a war hero.’
(Private J. Robert Conroy – 102nd Infantry, 26th ‘Yankee’ Division, First World War veteran and master of Stubby, canine hero of the trenches. Smithsonian records.)
Contents
Cover
Title Page
Dedication
Epigraph
Chapter 1: Sergeant Stubby – The Most Decorated Dog in History
Afterword
Bibliography
About the Author
Copyright
About the Publisher
Chapter 1
Sergeant Stubby –
The Most Decorated Dog in History
The elegant lobby of the Hotel Majestic in New York teamed with activity. Honoured to be hosting a reception for homegrown heroes of the First World War, staff had rolled out the red carpet to welcome their distinguished guests. But what was that scruffy looking dog doing there? The staff scurried around and quickly drew lots to decide which one of them was going to tell the veteran soldier, his chest was bristling with medals, that his Bull Terrier was not welcome in the hotel.
The job fell to the manager who glanced down at the elderly looking dog in the unusual leather coat as he announced, ‘I’m sorry, sir, but dogs are not allowed in this hotel.’
It was a pity the manager had not taken a closer look at the dog’s coat. If he had spared a moment he would have seen that it was covered in military honours. If he had bothered to ask, he would have been told that the dog had survived seventeen of the bloodiest battles in the last eighteen months of the war and saved countless lives by detecting the first whiff of the invisible toxic gasses that plagued the trenches and the far-away howl of an approaching shell. Gassed, shelled, shot at and traumatized, Stubby survived it all. A soldier dog suffering as the men were suffering.
Private John Robert Conroy reeled back and gathered his breath, ‘A dog?’ he replied …
The story of Stubby is legendary. He was a not very big stray dog from nowhere, adopted by a young American soldier. They both ended up in the trenches of the Western Front in 1917 and both survived against all the odds. Their story is a testament to devotion and companionship, faith and love.
It all began on the campus of Yale University where the 1st Connecticut Regiment from Hartford area and the 2nd Connecticut Regiment from New Haven had been sent for training ahead of being deployed to France to assist in the war against Germany. The two forces were short of the 1,000 men required to form a regiment and so they were combined to become the 102nd Infantry and part of the 26th ‘Yankee’ Division of Massachusetts. One of the young recruits was John Robert Conroy. Conroy had decided, along with an increasing number of men of his age, that joining the ranks of the United States Army, Navy or its embryonic aviation unit was a duty to their country. By April 1917, when America entered the Great War, as it was known then, these men were to form the backbone of the first deployment of US infantry.
America was at war despite the efforts of its President, Woodrow Wilson, to keep them out of what appeared to be a European conflict. But it was the British Royal Navy’s secret code breaking unit – Cryptanalytic, Room 40 – that broke the German diplomatic code and intercepted a message that the US Government simply could not ignore and that was destined to change the course of the war. The message was a proposal from Berlin to Mexico suggesting that if the US decided to join the war then Mexico should join too but not as her ally but as the Keiser’s ally and that together they should then enlist Japan. Such an alliance would make it impossible for the US to take its eye off its own shores or deploy troops to Europe. The effective slowing of the Allies’ offensive would then give Germany the breathing space it needed to launch a fleet of submarines that could strangle Britain by cutting off valuable supplies. And the payback? If Mexico offered its support then Germany would help reclaim territory lost seventy years before in the Mexican-American War, land that included Texas, North Mexico and Arizona. The deal was there in black and white and once revealed, the Zimmermann Telegram, as it became known, could not be ignored. Wilson may have won his presidency on the strength of his anti-war stance but now he was forced to use this damaging document to build support for and to justify America joining Britain and France against Germany. The President could no longer hold fast to neutrality as a defence. He called for war and on 6 April 1917, the US Congress declared the country’s entry into the Great War.
Although America had not officially participated in the war from its declaration in 1914, many US citizens had joined the war effort in the only ways open to them: they could join a British regiment if they had the appropriate family connections or they could sign up with the French Foreign Legion and use that route to fight with the Allied Forces. The drive to join up increased throughout 1916 and James Robert Conroy was as enthusiastic as the next man to be part of a great victory in Europe and he joined the 26th ‘Yankee’ Division as they set up their encampment and started their training in the vicinity of the Yale Bowl.
When basic training permitted, the recruits were allowed into town in the evening to unwind and have some fun and it was then the young Private Conroy noticed a yellowish dog begging for attention and food. The dog did not have the look of a scared and downtrodden street dog. He was different. Certainly not handsome but obviously full of spirit and character, the dog was mostly American Bull Terrier with maybe a strain of Bulldog thrown in. He had the breed’s determined, jutting jaw and proportionately small, pointed ears. His stout, solid body was covered in short bristled hair which was the shade of wet sand.
Yes, he was a little shabby but he was proud and carried himself well. He had the bearing of an aristocrat who had temporarily fallen on hard times.
‘Hey, Conroy. Do you see that dog over there?’ a fellow recruit said. ‘Have you noticed it’s been following you?’ The young army volunteer had noticed the dog out of the corner of his eye and it seemed that as soon as the soldier appeared the dog did too. In the town, on the sports field or during training at some point, he would be there. Conroy found himself looking out for the dog and sooner or later he always turned up. The dog knew where to find the man and one afternoon he decided he would come and wait for him at the main gates to the camp. Everyone who saw him sitting there so patiently guessed he was waiting for Conroy and sure enough, when the soldier appeared, the dog gave him a crazy welcome. It was the first defining moment in their relationship.
For Conroy, just the sight of the dog sitting waiting for him was enough to prompt a big decision. He was going to adopt the sandy dog, there and then and take him into the camp. It was a bold thing to do as he knew pets were not allowed on site and he had no idea how much longer they would be there before being shipped overseas. He didn’t know if he would be allowed to keep his new friend but he was going to try. He smuggled the dog into the barracks where he made a bed for him under his own bunk. Finding a name for a dog with a stubby tail was easy. Stubby had arrived and Stubby was there to stay. All Conroy had to do was keep him safe and, for the moment, that meant keeping him hidden.
It was lucky for Conroy that his sergeant was a dog lover and intelligent enough to see that Stubby was a huge morale boost to the men. He was furious when he discovered that the dog’s name had been added t
o the regimental strength but soon realized that it was not worth admonishing the men for doing all they could to protect their unofficial mascot. Instead, the sergeant decided to turn a blind eye to Stubby’s presence and so it was that the mascot dog joined the men in everything they did, including full combat training.
Stubby was exposed to the deafening clout of ammunition and exploding shells. He learnt to drop down and crawl along, his stomach brushing on the ground, as the men did the same beside him. The more he heard the high-pitched whining of the shells, the quicker his reactions became. He was never scared and never ran from Conroy’s side, no matter how loud the battle noise. He very quickly developed a sense for detecting the shells overhead long before the men could hear them. Picking up the distant whine, Stubby would drop down and freeze in this position. Months later, in the trenches of France, this would become a very useful early warning system for his infantry friend and many men had Stubby to thank for saving their lives. But at that moment on the training ground at Yale, the dog’s habit of putting his paws over his ears just before an explosion seemed like nothing more than an amusing party trick.
Stubby had been Conroy’s partner for almost a year when the presidential decree for general mobilization of troops was signed in May 1917. By then Stubby was used to all the bugle calls, drills, marches and routines of camp life. He could even salute. Mimicking the men, he put his right paw up to his eyebrow and each time he did it he impressed his audience. After a year in the company of the 26th ‘Yankee’ Division, Stubby was as much a soldier as any of the men and they recognized him in that way too. There was no way Conroy, or any of the others, was going to leave Stubby behind when they shipped out to Europe so a plan was devised to smuggle the dog onto the truck leaving the camp and then the train to the transport ship, the SS Minnesota, bound for France.
There was no problem getting Stubby past their own sergeant but the transport ship guards would have plenty to say if they discovered a Bull Terrier hidden in some-one’s kit bag. And that was another problem: Stubby was too big to hide in a bag. The best chance the men had of disguising the dog was to make him look like an extra, if very small, human. Under the cover of Conroy’s great-coat, the dog was successfully transferred on board and then into the ship’s coal bin where he spent the first twelve hours of the journey. One of the men watched the door at all times, until Conroy felt they were far enough out to sea to let him out. But he was still careful to keep Stubby under wraps – it was unbearable to even imagine that, given an unsympathetic commanding officer, the men could be ordered to throw their dog overboard. But they were lucky. The officers who did catch a glimpse of Stubby when he took his strolls on deck did nothing to harm him. They could see how valuable the little animal was to the men and right there and then in the confines of the ship he was safe. And although it must have been a very uncomfortable journey for everyone, the men were entertained by Stubby who had acquired a set of soldier’s dog tags made for him by one of the ship’s machinists. It was a gift that told the dog, ‘You’re a soldier now.’
Conroy’s army-issue greatcoat was to come in handy again at the other end of this long journey – to smuggle Stubby off the SS Minnesota. Wrapped like a small person in the long wool coat, Stubby knew instinctively to stay quiet as they were, by no means, home and dry. It was a miracle that Stubby had survived the journey from the US to France, not just because it was fraught with the danger of him being discovered but because of the unhealthy way the men were packed on board the ship.
By the time they reached their final destination, soldiers and dog alike were more than ready to disembark. But, for the men of the 102nd Infantry, their patience needed to last out a little longer until they were on their way to the camp. It was there that Conroy met their commanding officer who took one look at Stubby and asked how on earth the private had gotten this far with a dog all the way from Yale Field, Connecticut. Conroy had nothing to lose now, except the most precious companion he had known so he explained how Stubby had befriended him and become such a very special member of the division. Stubby was happy to salute on command and the CO could see that the dog was well behaved and loyal. As Conroy held his breath, almost expecting the officer to issue an order to abandon the dog, the decision came to make Stubby the mascot of the 102nd Infantry, 26th ‘Yankee’ Division and with that status he would be able to accompany the men into the trenches and see active service at their side. Conroy could not have wished for a better outcome. His relief was almost tangible.
It was October 1917, and the American Expeditionary Forces were beginning to enter the battlefields of the Western Front. They had no idea what they were about to face or the unimaginable horror they were to experience.
The war had been raging for three years and most of the idyllic French countryside had been utterly devastated. The war-torn landscape resembled a moonscape. Craters made by shells designed to rip up the earth and anyone in their path covered the ground for as far as the eye could see. The devastation caused in battle was reflected on the land; huge areas blackened by the unrelenting bombardment of shells, machine guns and flame throwers were bare of living things. There was no green on the ground or on the stricken trees, only grey ash and the charred remains of the living.
The young soldiers from America arrived with drive and enthusiasm to see justice done and the perpetrators put in their place. But what they found on the ground was a battle plan that had made no sense for three years and resulted in the deaths of millions of people. The 26th ‘Yankee’ Division had their first glimpse of the Western Front on a chill October morning. They were one of the first US Forces to land in France and the first thing that hit them was the cold. Led by Douglas MacArthur (who was to make a name for himself later as one of the foremost generals of the Second World War and the War in the Pacific), the men marched up the line as best they could in the muddy conditions and stood to attention to wait for further orders.
That first view of the Western Front was a sight that would remain with the survivors for the rest of their lives. The ground that had been churned over by shells, tanks and the charge of cavalry horses had now absorbed the autumn rains covering everything as far as the eye could see into an ocean of thick, yellow mud. The soldiers trudged through the mire towards their designated spot passing the line of field hospitals as they went. Seeing the vast number of casualties and their horrific injuries was not good for the morale of men who had been on the front for less than twenty-four hours. The dead and the dying lay everywhere. The pitiful sight of horses drown in the mud, their nostrils flared as they took their last breath from the surface.
It was this kind of horror that had Conroy holding on extra tight to Stubby, the dog he was carrying safely in his arms. Wading through the mire, Conroy made a silent promise to his friend: ‘I will not let anything happen to you. I promise I will get you home safe and to live a life beyond this hell of war.’ Stubby looked at Conroy as if he understood every word. It was a knowing look that the soldier would see on his dog’s face many times and one he came to rely on in moments when despair could have taken hold. He reached that emotional black spot many times but Stubby was always there to bring him back from the brink.
A great deal of coffee was consumed and cigarettes smoked as the men stood around the camp braziers waiting for their orders. The winter of 1917–18 was particularly harsh and it was enough for the men to do to wait and keep warm and alive. The mud fields of the Champagne Marne, where they were dug in at the front line, were now frozen solid and this made the task of moving heavy artillery virtually impossible. During the autumn rains, the heavy gun carriages had lodged fast in the mud and many sank taking the horses and the men – who were trying to the last to get the horses free – with them.
When the churned-over earth froze, the hard peaks and deep troughs claimed the transport in a different way, running it aground. Any thaw caused the water to trickle down the sides of the trenches and create a wall and a floor of thick ice overnight. The
trenches were just six to eight feet wide and retained whatever fell both day and night: snow, rain, ice – it all lingered there to torment the soldiers. The incredible cold took away any feeling they had in their fingers and toes while the constant thud of artillery deadened any ability to process thoughts.
Here there was no escaping the harshness of the winter and how Conroy saved Stubby from dying from exposure is anyone’s guess. But whatever shelter he created and however many blankets he borrowed, he kept Stubby alive. On 5 February 1918, the 102nd Infantry moved to the front line at the Chemin des Dames, Stubby alongside them. He could have felt in no doubt that he was amongst friends and Conroy was his master.
This was Stubby’s first taste of conflict and he adapted to its noises and smells without a whimper. The almost constant snap of the rifles and roar of the heavy artillery fire did not appear to phase him. Maybe the exposure he had in training was enough to give him confidence. But this time the ammunition was real not dummy. The snip-ers were German crack shots and the exchange of fire between the trenches was capable of taking life – and frequently did.
In March 1918, a change in the weather gave the Germans exactly what they wanted. Months of freezing snow and thick ice meant any chance of a German offensive had been frustrated. Now, with the great melt underway, the German Army focussed its sights on a massive offensive against the British, Canadian, French and American Forces facing them. The spring offensive got underway with everything being thrown at the Allies in an attempt to break them down. At this time, a quarter of a million US soldiers were being sent to fight the war overseas every month. And although many were inexperienced, they made up for it with gallons of sheer enthusiasm. The emphasis was to get as many men as possible overseas so any form of training was short and basic. A rifle and a bayonet were the soldiers’ essentials. And the idea was to get into the war and get it finished as it had already gone on far longer than the Allies expected. But they were about to meet a new enemy – trench gas.
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