by Lou Ureneck
338Powell agreed, and he Jennings to D. Davis.
339“In accordance with orders” Rhodes to Jennings, Sept. 22, 1922, MLB.
339To a person unfamiliar Jennings’s description of his meeting with Frangos is contained in his letter to D. Darius.
340The Litchfield arrived Jennings to D. Davis.
340As Jennings had feared Jennings to D. Davis.
340In its former life, Henry Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story, 17.
341In the week after Author interview with the late Admiral Ioannis Theophanides (grandson to the Kilkis commander and collector of Greek naval documents and histories) at his home in Athens. August 2011.
341Jennings and his committee Jennings to D. Davis.
343Jennings composed a message The text of the messages contained in this section come from the AKJP.
344In this ultimatum, we showed them Jennings to Darius Davis, April 8, 1923
345Powell confirmed receipt Powell, “Ship’s Diary,” Sept. 23, 1922.
346Theophanides immediately summoned Abernathy, “The Great Rescue,” 9.
346One of the merchant captains, Abernathy, “The Great Rescue,” 9. (Jennings, in his recollection, says he selected the Proponidis, but Powell’s records indicate he arrived in the Ismini. I have chosen to use Ismini because Powell’s record was contemporaneous.)
346Powell designated the Lawrence Powell, “Ship’s Diary,” U.S. Edsall, Sept. 24, 1922; Lawrence to Kilkis, AKJP.
346“From quite a way out,” Abernathy, “The Great Rescue,” 10.
347“As we approached, …” Abernathy, “The Great Rescue,” 10.
CHAPTER 30: THE EVACUATION BEGINS
348The Greek merchant ships tied Unless otherwise noted, this and subsequent references to Powell’s actions and observations in this chapter come from his ship’s diary, Sept. 13 through Sept. 30, 1922. MLB.
348The pier was made of rough A sketch of the pier is saved in the logbook of the Edsall.
349The Turkish soldiers placed Woodrooffe, Naval Odyssey, 128.
351An old woman Esther Pohl Lovejoy, Certain Samaritans (New York: Macmillan Company, 1933), 154.
351At one point, a woman became hysterical Woodrooffe, Naval Odyssey, 112.
351There was a quarter-acre wedge Lovejoy, Certain Samaritans, 143.
352“The din was terrific,” “Smyrna and the Dardenelles,” 474.
352The relief committee had been relying Biographical detail on Lovejoy: “Esther Pohl Lovejoy,” Historical Collections & Archives, Oregon Health and Science University; Kimberly Jensen, “Esther Pohl Lovejoy and the Oregon Woman Suffrage Victory of 1912,” Oregon Historical Quarterly 108, no. 3; “Lovejoy’s City Work Shines in New Light,” Portland Tribune, Oct. 19, 2012.
353“In a city with so large …” Lovejoy, Certain Samaritans, 159.
353After he and the other older Hatcherian, 38. 39
354“Outside the house where …” Hatcherian, 40.
357Among the Americans on the pier “Hasten Evacuation of Smyrna Hordes,” New York Times, Sept. 27, 1922.
358Jennings sent a message Powell, “Ship’s Diary,” Sept. 24–27, 1922.
360Five days earlier Woodrooffe, Naval Odyssey, 110.
361Piraeus ships joined Jennings to D. Darius.
362Going ashore to help “Smyrna and the Dardanelles,” 475.
363“One poor old thing sank …” “Smyrna and the Dardanelles,” 477.
363A British officer who “Smyrna and the Dardenelles,” 475.
364“In all the heat,” Woodrooffe, Naval Odyssey, 119.
364“As family after family …” Lovejoy, Certain Samaritans, 157.
365“They would be used …” Woodrooffe, Naval Odyssey, 127.
365“With great difficulty …” Lovejoy, Certain Samaritans, 160.
367The sounds of the night Lovejoy, Certain Samaritans, 151.
367“A sudden wailing …” Woodrooffe, Naval Odyssey, 128
367“There was a strange murmur …” Lovejoy, Certain Samaritans, 149.
368The young men were responding Lovejoy, Certain Samaritans, 166.
368While on the Quay “Smyrna and the Dardanelles,” 476.
CHAPTER 31: THE RHODES LETTER RESURFACES
369Caffrey did not receive a response Caffrey to Bristol, Sept. 25, 1922. MLB.
370Bristol finally responded Bristol to Caffrey at Athens, Sept. 25, 1922. MLB; “Bristol Relief Plan Denied in Washington,” New York Times, Sept. 25, 1922.
370A cable Bristol had Bristol to State Department, Sept. 25, 1922. MLB.
374The next day, September 27, Powell to Bristol, Sept. 27, 1922. MLB.
374Later, much later, Bristol would extol Powell’s action.
CHAPTER 32: REVOLUTION
375On his return to Mytilene Jennings to D. Davis.
375The revolt had begun The story of the revolt is drawn largely from a detailed U.S. intelligence report. “The Role of the Greek Navy in the Revolution, G-2 Report,” December 1930. MLB.
376On landing at Mytilene, Jennings to D. Davis.
377“The island is facing starvation …” Jennings’s cable to Powell as quoted in Edsall’s Ship’s Diary, Sept. 26, 1922. MLB.
CHAPTER 33: BRITISH ASSISTANCE
378On Wednesday September 27 This and subsequent references to Powell’s actions and observations in this chapter come from Powell, “Ship’s Diary,” USS Edsall, Sept. 27–Oct. 1, 1922. MLB.
379On Thursday September 28 “Smyrna and the Dardanelles,” 477.
380The commanding officer of the MacLeish Powell, “Ship’s Diary,” Sept. 28, 1922. MLB.
380There were thousands, Jennings to D. Davis.
380Jennings, in consultation Jennings to D. Davis.
381On this day, Prentiss Powell, “Ship’s Diary,” USS Edsall, Sept. 29, 1922. MLB. Lieutenant (j.g.) E. B. Perry and Prentiss traveled, under Turkish escort, to Alashehir, following in reverse the retreat route of the Greek army and path of the fleeing Ottoman Greek and Armenian refugees. Lieutenant Perry reported back, “All cities except Menem practically destroyed by burning. There are many stories of robbing, looting, rapine, and pillaging by the retreating Greek Army. Saw many wounded and dead Moslems passing through this country. Country absolutely desolate and all shelter and feed has been destroyed.” Merrill to Bristol, October 3, 1922. MLB. In addition, Perry sent a report, via Bristol, to the New York Herald. “All refugees evacuated Smyrna … (Turkish authorities) great desire friendship Americans/wish business relations American born Americans/wonderful opportunity American business.” Perry to STANAV, Oct. 3, 1922. MLB.
381On the following day, Powell, “Ship’s Diary,” USS Edsall, Sept. 30, 1922. MLB.
381“Pieces of paper fluttered …” Woodrooffe, Naval Odyssey, 130.
CHAPTER 34: AFTER SMYRNA
383The evacuation of Smyrna Chater, “Trek,” 568; Bierstadt, Great Betrayal, 53–68; Howland, “Greece and Her Refugees,” Foreign Affairs, July 1926: “At the time of the Greek disaster in Asia Minor 800,000 Greeks fled across the Aegean Sea to the mainland and islands of Greece, most of them destitute, and 200,000 more with their household goods and flocks trekked out of eastern into western Thrace and Macedonia. With the latter arrivals expelled from Constantinople and the ‘voluntary’ migrants from Bulgaria, Greece has had to receive and to absorb into her national life some 1,400,000 persons, or about 26 percent of her former population of approximately 5,375,000 people.”
383On that last day of September This and subsequent passages in this chapter that describe the actions and observations on Powell come from Powell, “Ship’s Diary,” USS Edsall. MLB.
383At Vourla, Turkish soldiers marched Powell, “Ship’s Diary,” Oct. 7, 1922.
383“The usual raping went on …” Lieutenant H. A. Ellis, “Report of Movements,” USS MacLeish, Sept. 30, 1922. MLB.
384On October 2, the MacLeish “Report of Movements,” USS MacLeish, Sept. 30, 1922. MLB.
384“Thousands more had only
…” Jaquith to Near East Relief, Oct. 2, 1922, NER Reports, Rockefeller Archive.
385At about the same time, Jennings to D. Davis.
385At Mytilene, Jennings constituted Jennings to D. Darius.
385People trekked over the mountains Chater, “Trek,” 559; “Report of Operations for Week Ending 3,” Ship’s Diary, Black Sea.
386President Harding convened “Harding Appeals for the Near East,” New York Times, Oct. 9, 1922.
386In November, Turkish authorities Beirstadt, Great Betrayal, 55–59; “Report of Operations,” Dec. 17, 1922, BWD.
386So, Jennings, who remained Jennings to D. Davis. See also BWD, e.g., Dec. 22, 1922.
386At Rodosto, in Thrace Jaquith to Near East Relief, Oct. 2, 1922. NER Reports, Rockefeller Archive
386“ADRIANOPLE—In a never-ending Hemingway, Dateline, Toronto.
387The tidal wave of refugees Bierstadt, Great Betrayal, 188–190. Howland, “Greece and Her Refugees,” ff.
387A refugee ship from Samsun Bruce Clark, Twice a Stranger (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009), 142.
387“Many died on their journey …” Post related his experiences in accounts that were published in many American newspapers. See, e.g., “State of Near East Refugees Held Appalling,” Eugene Daily Guard, April 28, 1923.
388Powell had remained Bristol Diary, Oct. 21, 1922. MLB.
388At the urging of his crew “The Destroyer’s Own Orphanage,” New York Times, May 20, 1923.
388Jennings had become a central Jennings and the continuing evacuation frequently appear in Bristol’s diary and his commanders’ ships’ diaries from October 1922 through February 1923. See, e.g., Bristol Diary, Nov. 9, 1922: “I received a call from Mr. A. K. Jennings accompanied by Mr. D. J. Van Dommel. I had a very amusing talk with Mr. Jennings and found just a bundle of nerves and energy, as Captain Hepburn and the other officers had told me he was.” Also, Dec. 22, 1922. BWD.
388In December, following a report BWD, Dec. 4, 1923.
388Bristol quietly resisted See, e.g., Bristol War Diary, Nov. 22, 1922: “I had a short conference with the staff, giving them in general in a few words the result of my conference with Cannellopoulos (Greek High Commissioner in Constantinople) and directed Hepburn to immediately send a strong dispatch to all our destroyers warning them against appearing in any way to escort or protect Greek ships going to Anatolian ports for refugees.”
389Bristol’s natural antagonisms See, e.g., BWD, Oct. 7, 1922, MLB: “This conversation with Mr. Nansen convinced me more than ever that we are absolute fools to give our money to the League of Nations …”
389Faced with a mounting crisis BWD, Nov. 29, 1922.
389The situation was reminiscent “Report of Operations for Week Ending Dec. 3, 1922,” BWD.
389The first refugee ship BWD, Dec. 9, 1922.
389In May 1923, as the “Powell, Halsey,” NPRC.
389“I have wondered since …” Abernathy, “The Great Rescue,” 11.
390He went ashore Amy Jennings to Schneider.
AFTERWORD
391Greece awarded Asa Jennings “Headed Relief Work at Smyrna,” New York Times, Jan. 28, 1933; Refat Bali, The Saga of a Friendship—Asa Kent Jennings and the American Friends of Turkey (Istanbul: Libra Publishing, 2009).
391An American policy of engagement The debate over the proper relationship of the United States to the Republic of Turkey was bitter in the 1920s. An insight into the division comes in the correspondence of Ralph Harlow, one of the missionary teachers at International College. Harlow was outraged about Turkish brutality and spoke out after returning to the United States. His colleague and friend, Cass Reed, remained at the college and criticized Harlow for his outspokenness and called for his resignation. Others were dragged into the dispute, which mirrored the larger debate in the country. Harlow’s papers are collected at the Amistad Research Center at Tulane. See, e.g., Harlow to Cass Reed, Dec. 27, 1922.
391In 1933, on a visit “Asa Jennings Dies on Charity Mission,” Washington Post, Jan. 28, 1933.
391After returning to Washington, “Powell, Halsey,” NPRC.
392Mark Bristol served in “Bristol, Mark,” NPRC.
392Helen Bristol, ever the industrious “Mrs. Bristol’s famous hams,” Photo and Description, Mobile Public Library.
392Dr. Hatcherian and his family This information comes from Dr. Hatcherian’s diary as well as the introduction and afterward by his granddaughter, Dora Sakayan.
392Theodora Gravou and her sisters Information on Theodora and her sisters comes from the Amalion Orphanage in Athens as well as the author’s interview (through a translator) with her daughter, Eleni, age eighty-four, in Piraeus in August 2012.
392Mustapha Kemal married “Mustapha Kemal Divorced from Wife, G-2 Report,” Constantinople, August 20, 1925. MLB. (It is a surprisingly detailed document that includes descriptions of the disputes in the marriage.)
392Arthur J. Hepburn rose to “Hepburn, Arthur J.,” NPRC.
393In January 1923, Greece and Turkey “Lausanne Peace Treaty VI. Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations Signed at Lausanne, January 30, 1923,” copy at Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Turkey. http://www.mfa.gov.tr/lausanne-peace-treaty.
393The United States and Turkey “Hughes Gives Summary of Treaty,” New York Times, August 7, 1923.
393The Turkish government continues “Turkish PM offers condolences over 1915 Armenian massacre,” The Guardian, April 23, 2014.
394In speaking of the Armenian deaths “Obama Marks Genocide Without Saying the Word,” New York Times, April 24, 2010.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
PUBLISHED AND UNPUBLISHED PRIMARY SOURCES
U.S. National Archives
Record Group 59: General Records of State Department.
Record Group 38: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.
Record Group 45: Naval Records Collection of the Office of Naval Records.
Record Group 24: Records of Bureau of Naval Personnel
Record Group 165: Military Intelligence Division
Mark Lambert Bristol Papers, Library of Congress. (Contains Bristol’s War Diary, “BWD.”)
United States Department of State / Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1922: Greece and Turkey.
National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri.
Asa K. Jennings Papers, Held by Roger Jennings, Queensbury, N.Y.
George Horton Papers, Georgetown University
Caleb Lawrence Papers, Held by Michael Smith, Orlando, Florida
Theophanides Family Collection, Athens
Gennadius Library, American School of Classical Studies, Athens.
Harvard Law School Library Charles Claflin Davis. Papers, 1917–1923
Houghton Library. Harvard College. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions Archives.
Asia Minor Research Centre, Athens
Kautz Family YMCA Archives, University of Minnesota
Izmir Municipal Archives, Izmir, Turkey
Halsey Powell Papers, Harrodsburg Historical Society, Harrodsburg, Kentucky
Gloucester County Historical Society, New Jersey
C. H. Drage Diaries, Imperial War Museum, London
Barry Domvile Diaries, Royal Maritime Museum, Greenwich
Refugees of Asia Minor Museum, Skala Loutron, Lesbos, Greece
Papers of the Council on Foreign Relations, Mudd Library, Princeton University
Aaron Stanton Merrill Papers, 1912–1950, Louis Round Wilson Special Collections, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C.
Imperial War Museum, London.
Letters Between President Cowling and Dana Getchell. Gould Library, Carleton College
Sara Corning Papers, Yarmouth County Museum & Archives, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
INTERVIEWS
Nancy Horton, Athens. August 2011; December 2012
Ionannis Theophanides, Athens. August 2011, 2012; December 2012
Vasilly Skoulakis, Athens, August 2011
Eleni Kontou (Theordora’s daughter), Piraeus, August 2012
BOOKS
Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2006.
Akçam, Taner. From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide. London: Zed Books, 2004.
Andrew, Prince (of Greece). Towards Disaster; the Greek Army in Asia Minor in 1921. Translated by Alice (consort of Prince Andrew of Greece). London: J. Murray, 1930.
Armstrong, H. C. Gray Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator. New York: Minton, Balch &, 1933.
Augustinos, Gerasimos. The Greeks of Asia Minor: Confession, Community, and Ethnicity in the Nineteenth Century. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1992.
Balakian, Peter. The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America’s Response. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.
Bali, Rlfat N. A Survey of Some Social Conditions in Smyrna, Asia Minor, May 1921. Istanbul: Libra Kitapçılık Ve Yayıncılık Kitapçlk Ve Yaynclk, 2009.
Barton, James L. Story of Near East Relief (1915–1930): An Interpretation. New York: Macmillan Company, 1930.
Beyru, Rauf. 19. Yüzyılda İzmir’de Yaşam. Beyoğlu, İstanbul: Literatür, 2000.
Bierstadt, Edward Hale. The Great Betrayal; a Survey of the Near East Problem. New York: R. M. McBride & Co., 1924.
Bole, Robert D., and Edward H. Walton. The Glassboro Story, 1779–1964. York, PA: Maple Press, 1964.
Bradford, Ernle Dusgate Selby. Mediterranean: Portrait of a Sea. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.
Bradford, James C. Admirals of the New Steel Navy: Makers of the American Naval Tradition, 1880–1930. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990.
Brandt, Allan M. The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America. New York: Basic Books, 2007.
Brewer, David. Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence. London: I.B. Tauris, 2010.
Brown, Constantine. The Coming of the Whirlwind. Chicago: Regnery, 1964.
