by Lou Ureneck
State Department cables, 62–63, 68–69, 80, 250–51, 255–56, 333–34
Britain
Bristol and, 50–51, 130–35, 152, 249, 250, 251
Gallipoli Campaign, 32–33, 126, 223–24
Great Fire and refugee rescue, 223–28
Greek ship refugee evacuations and, 360–61, 363–65, 378–82
naval presence in Smyrna harbor, 78–79, 87, 103–4, 152–53
Near East oil and, 241–44
postwar division of Ottoman Empire, 11–15, 245–46
Turkish War of Independence and, 16, 31, 34, 57–58, 62, 78–79, 153, 182, 192–93, 192n, 223, 269
in World War I, 83, 85, 125–26, 171–72, 245
British in Smyrna, 111, 153, 161, 164, 181, 182
evacuation of, 78–79, 80, 98, 104, 152–53, 197, 291
British Mandate, 15, 124, 245–46
Brooks, USS, 219–20
Broussa, 252–54
Brown, Constantine, 100–101, 107–9, 116, 148, 182, 255, 271–72, 333
Brown, John, 140
Buckle, Hugh C., 360–61, 363
Bugdonvich, John, 140
Burmah Oil Co., 243
Byzantine Empire, 13
Caffrey, Jefferson, 328, 369–72, 376
Caldwell, Samuel L., 72, 88
Campbell-Geddes, Auckland, 131, 285
Cannon, James, Jr., 326–27
Carathina, George, 284
Caravan Bridge, 76, 154, 155
Cardiff, HMS, 225–26, 227
Cardos, Captain, 340
Carthage YMCA, 21
Casaba Railroad, 38, 43, 76, 81, 196
Casaprian, Haroutoun, 200n
Casey, USS, 381
Centre College, 260
Chanak, 153, 182, 224, 299, 331, 362
Cherfeddine, 145–46
Chesme, 127, 136, 139, 164, 375, 383
Chicago Daily News, 100–101, 271–72, 333
Chicago Herald, 39–40
Chicago Tribune, 65n, 100–101, 195
Chicago White Sox, 75
Chigiltepe, 34–35
Chios, 313, 375–76, 384–85
Cholera, 291, 387
Christian Science Monitor, 254–55
Christians in Smyrna, 37–39, 43–44, 150–51, 159, 188
evacuation of, 178–80, 204, 231, 270
refugees flooding into Smyrna, 77–78, 91, 177
Theodora’s story, 92–94, 286–89, 381
Christians in Turkey, 159–60, 231, 386–87
American Protestantism and, 21–22
Horton’s desire to protect, 37–39, 42 43, 63, 85
Noureddin’s decision to expel, 174–76, 178
postwar division of Ottoman Empire and, 10–13, 245–46
Sevres Treaty and, 14–15, 246–47
Turkish slaughter of, 82–84, 125, 150–51, 159–60, 170, 176–78; death marches, 9–10, 15–16, 63–64, 84–85, 294–97
U.S. policy towards, 63–64, 86, 101; pressure to intervene, 325–37
Christie, Jean, 80, 202–3
Chrysostomos, 44, 172–73, 177
Churchill, Winston, 32, 269
Ciepiewicz, John, 140
Citta Di Torino, 309
Clayton, John, 100–101, 107–8, 116, 120, 148, 149, 161, 181, 195, 215, 281–82, 359, 381
Cleo, 315
Cleopatra, 22
Cleveland, Grover, 40
Colby, Chester, 243–44
Constantine I of Greece, 162, 299, 342, 377, 403–4n
Constantinople, 11, 13, 16, 48–50, 331, 387–88
Constantinople Club, 255
Constantinople Relief Committee, 132, 141
Constantinople Women’s College, 254
Constantinopoli, 309–14
Coogan, Jackie, 130
Coolidge, Calvin, 393
Corning, Sara, 143, 221, 265
relief efforts, 134, 142, 143, 165–66, 180, 215; orphanage girls, 202–4
Council on Foreign Relations, 135, 423n
Crane, Stephen, 40
Crete, 13, 125
Crocker, Louis, 154–55, 184–85
Croesus, 42
Crusades, 13–14
Curacoa, HMS, 307, 360–63, 365, 366, 381
Curzon, George, Lord, 131, 245, 269, 285
Custom House Pier, 26, 117, 268, 361
Cyprus, British seizure of, 124
Damascus wind, 191–92
Daniels, Josephus, 102
Danos, Chrys, 254–55
Daragatch Road, 218, 297
D’Arcy, William Knox, 241–43
Dardanelles, 15, 32, 125–26, 223–24, 329
Davis, Charles Claflin, 146, 205, 212
Great Fire and, 215, 218–19
refugee situation, 157–59, 174, 177, 187, 194–95
relief efforts, 134, 138–41, 156–59, 174, 177, 178, 231–34, 280
rescue efforts, 218–25, 227, 272, 278, 303, 310–11, 316, 317
Turkish occupation of Smyrna, 147–48, 160–61
De Brock, Osmond, 78, 80, 106, 152–53, 222–24, 251
De Candolla, Gabriel, 360
Deutsche Bank, 244
Dickinson College, 137
Diseases, 281–82, 291–92
Djemal, Ahmed, 125–26
Dobson, Charles, 156, 178
Domingo, Friola, 140
Domvile, Barry, 223, 224, 225
Dortch, William P., 276
Dos Passos, John, 100, 219
Dotch, SS, 352, 353
Drage, C. H., 225–26
Dreiser, Theodore, 40
Duckworth, Arthur, 218
Dulles, Allen, 61, 63, 131, 326, 333, 393, 425n
Dulles, Nataline, 95
Dumesnil, Henri, 106–7, 108, 116, 194–95, 220–21, 222, 268–70, 315, 362–63, 381
Dumlupinar, 35, 108, 313
Dunn, Robert S., 30, 53–54, 97, 99
Dutch hospital, 166, 180, 202, 203–4, 215
Eastern Telegraph Co., 60, 69, 116
Edgar Quintet, 87, 90, 106–7, 127, 362
Edib, Halide, 132, 300–301, 301n, 304, 305–6, 316
Edsall, USS, 227–28, 255, 263–68, 273, 274, 276, 280, 307, 315, 318, 339, 346, 361, 378–79, 388, 389
Egypt, British seizure of, 124, 172
El Dorado (movie), 90, 222
Enver, Ismail, 125–26
Ephesus, 22
Ernest Renan, 87
European (Frankish) Quarter, 25, 110–11, 152, 197
Evacuations
of Americans in Smyrna, 2–6, 193–95, 199–200, 205, 212–13, 215
of British nationals in Smyrna, 78–79, 80, 98, 104, 152–53, 197, 291
of French and Italian nationals in Smyrna, 197, 222, 227
of refugees of Black Sea ports, 385–87
of refugees in Smyrna. See Refugee evacuations of Smyrna
Evans-Thomas, L. C., 58
Evon, Agnes, 142–43, 221
relief efforts, 134, 142–43, 165–66, 180, 215; orphanage girls, 202–3, 230–31
Evzones, 31, 375
Ferrell, Thomas, 96
Fevzi Pasha, 29–30, 162
Fig industry, 24
Fikriye, 304–5, 306
Fire in Smyrna. See Great Fire of Smyrna
First World War. See World War I
Fisher, John, 242–43
Fisk, Pliny, 25–26
Fiske, Bradley A., 56
Fiume, 12
Ford Motors, 65
Foreign Missions Board, 326
France
evacuation of French nationals, 197, 222, 227
naval presence in Smyrna harbor, 78–79, 87, 103–4, 268–70, 273–74
postwar division of Ottoman Empire, 11, 14–15, 245–46
refugee evacuations and, 268–69, 273–75, 291–92, 294, 309, 325, 336, 362–63
Turkish War of Independence and, 16, 37, 57, 78–79, 106–7, 120–21, 133–34, 173, 253–54, 268–70, 277–78
in World War I, 83, 85, 125�
��26, 341
Frangos, Athanasios, 313–14, 338–42, 345, 376
Frankish (European) Quarter, 25, 110–11, 152, 197
Franz Ferdinand of Austria, 244
French Foreign Legion, 133
French Mandate, 15
Friedman, Harry, 140
Fuat, Ali, 122–23
Gabriella, SS, 389
Galata Bridge, 49
Galazio Street, 42, 77, 85, 86, 105, 137, 143, 146, 151, 192, 197, 212
Galileo, 268
Gallipoli, 32–33, 126, 223–24
Garroni, Eugenio Camillo, 334–35
Gary Tobacco Co., 89, 214, 249, 276
“Gasoline Alley” (comic strip), 65n
Gaylord, Thomas A., 201–2
“Genocide,” 9, 393–94
Geological Survey, U.S., 65
Georgetown University, 85
Germany
alliance with Ottoman Empire, 11, 13, 83, 125–26, 341
Near East oil and, 243, 244
postwar inflation in, 62
postwar treaty and, 14
in World War I, 11, 32, 83–86, 125–26, 245, 262, 304
Getchell, Dana K., 80, 81, 201
Glassboro Academy, 96
Glencart Castle, HMHS, 262, 263, 267
Godfrey, Arthur, 115n
Golden Horn, 49
Goldman, Emma, 100
Gonatas, Stylianos, 376
Gordon, Annie, 200
Grand Bretagne Hotel, 314–15
Grand Bretagne Restaurant, 77
Gravos, Theodora, 92–94, 286–89, 381, 392
Great Britain. See Britain; British in Smyrna
Great Fire of Smyrna, 1–6, 191–222
American evacuations, 1–5, 197–205, 211–15
American property losses, 275
Armenians’ alleged role, 271–72
beginning of, 196–97
British rescue, 224–28
Hatcherian and, 237–40
Hepburn and, 205–6, 213–14, 216–19, 231–32
Kemal and, 303
morning after, 229–36
origins of, 206–11; Turkish soldiers lighting fires, 200, 206, 207, 218–19, 227, 232–36
Prentiss’s reporting on, 218, 219, 265–66
Greece
Balkan Wars, 82–84, 403n
Bristol’s claims of Greek atrocities, 133–34, 148, 150, 181–82, 250–51
claims to Smyrna, 12–14
defense of Smyrna, 105–7, 109–10, 115, 117–18
Jennings’s negotiations with prime minister, 342–46, 375–76
naval presence in Smyrna harbor, 78–79, 87, 103–4
occupation of Smyrna, 12–14, 20, 251
Paris Peace Conference, 12–13, 51
population exchange with Turkey, 393–94
refugee crisis after evacuations, 387–88
refugee evacuations to Mytilene, 310–18, 338–47, 357–59, 362, 370–71, 377, 380, 384–85
retreat along Sea of Marmara, 159–60
retreat from Smyrna, 67–68, 118–19, 138–39, 146
September 1922 Revolution, 314, 375–77
Turkish occupation of, 13–14
war with Turkey. See Greek-Turkish War
Greek merchant ships, 339–47
British assistance with evacuations, 360–61, 363–65, 378–82
Jennings’s promise of protection, 338–40, 343–45, 345n, 369–70, 374
plans for evacuation, 267, 274–75, 285, 314, 315, 316–18, 330
refugee evacuations, 160, 348–68, 378–84
Greek Quarter, 25, 157, 195, 197, 237
Greek Revolution, 314, 342, 375–77
Greek Southern Army, 35, 105
Greektown (Chicago), 41
Greek-Turkish War, 15–17
background to, 11–15
Hadjianestis and, 105–6, 108–9, 113–14, 115
Hatcherian and, 45–47
Hemingway’s reporting on, 31n, 292–93
Horton and, 36–39, 43–44, 77–78, 105–6
Kemal in, 14, 29–35, 122, 127
Sevres Treaty and, 14–15, 16, 153, 245–47
in Smyrna, 20, 78–79, 99–100, 105–6, 109, 113–14, 115, 118–21
Grinnell College, 193
Griswold, Roger, 81, 88, 276–77
evacuation of Americans, 205, 214–15
refugee evacuations, 346, 381
relief efforts, 117, 278, 280, 317
Gritzalia, 93–94
Guaranty Trust Co., 50–51, 57, 58
Guardian Assurance Co., 207
Guichet, Rene, 196
Gulbenkian, Calouste, 244
Haci Ali, 301
Hadjianestis, Georgios, 105–6, 108–9, 113–14, 115
Hadjiyannis, Stamatis, 405–6n, 433–34n
Halsey, William “Bull,” 260
Halsey Powell, USS, 392
Hamid Bey, 132–33, 148, 252, 336
Hamilton, Birchall, 140
Harding, Florence, 66
Harding, Warren G., 251
background of, 67
Phillips and Horton cables, 61, 66–67
pressure to intervene, 63–64, 246–47, 325–28, 335, 386
Sevres Treaty and, 245, 246–47
Teapot Dome scandal, 245, 246–47
Harlow, Ralph S., 72
Harvard College, 61
Harvey, George, 328
Hassam Pasha, 174
Hatcherian, Elisa, 45–46, 168–69, 353–54
Hatcherian, Garabed
arrest of, 240, 319
background of, 45–46
evacuation of, 353–57
Great Fire and, 237–40
later life of, 392
as prisoner of war, 319–24
Turkish occupation of Smyrna, 168–70
Turks advance on Smyrna, 45–47
Hatcherian, Hatcheres, 45, 354–55
Hatcherian, Vartouhi, 45, 353–57
Heck, Lewis, 52–53
Heizer, Oscar S., 337
Helzel, George, 196
Hemingway, Ernest, 31n, 100, 132, 133, 292–93, 386–87
Hepburn, Arthur J.
American interests in Smyrna and, 139–42, 153–54, 174–75, 178–79, 205, 220, 231, 317
arrival in Smyrna, 136–37, 138–43
background of, 137–38
Bristol and, 98, 135, 137–42, 149–50, 152, 153, 161, 165, 174, 178–79, 182–83, 219, 220, 231, 236, 269, 272, 317, 332–33
Britain’s war against nationalists, 182, 192–93
drinking of, 138n
evacuation of Americans, 1–6, 193–94, 197–200, 204–6, 213–15
Great Fire and, 205–6, 213–14, 216–19, 231–32
Greek retreat from Smyrna, 138–39
Horton and, 141, 143–44, 146, 182–83, 188, 192–94, 213–14, 215
Kemal and refugees, 268–70
later life of, 392–93
refugees and, 138, 150–52, 154–55; violence against, 150–51, 155–56, 161, 165–66, 177–79, 183–88, 191–92, 234–35, 294
refugee relief efforts, 139–40, 142–43, 183–88, 231–32, 265; and Noureddin, 149, 174–77, 186
refugee evacuations, 268–70, 272, 273, 311, 317–18, 332–33, 371; Davis and British efforts, 218–19, 220–22, 225, 227–28, 272
relief committees and, 140–42, 155–59, 160–61, 174–75, 177, 179–80, 232–36, 281, 284
Turkish occupation of Smyrna, 160–61, 165–66, 192–93
Turks enters Smyrna, 143–56, 160–61, 163, 165
Hepburn, Louisa, 220
Hepburn, Marie Japy, 137
Herodotus, 42
Hitler, Adolf, 9
Hoavannisian, Richard, xv
Hodgkinson, Percival, 313, 340
Hog Island, SS, 183
Honeycutt, Sam, 140
Hoover, Herbert, 68, 393
Horton, Catherine, 4, 36, 42, 86–87, 213, 215, 329
Horton, Dorothy, 40, 41
Horton, Geo
rge
American community and, 79, 80–82, 87–88, 141, 273, 275
Argyropoulos and, 213–14
Armenian massacres and, 82–85, 150–51, 244
background of, 36, 39–41, 82–84
Bristol and, 39, 54, 62–63, 67–69, 80, 86, 98, 131, 181–83, 251
Britain’s war against nationalists, 182, 192–93, 192n
cables to Washington, 38–39, 59–63, 66–69, 80, 81–82, 87–88, 98, 103, 251
consul postings of, 39, 41–43, 123, 125
consul posting to Smyrna, 42–43, 85–87
evacuation of Americans, 4, 77, 79, 105, 106, 178, 179, 205, 215
Great Fire and, 207, 213–15
Greek-Turkish War and, 36–39, 43–44, 77–78, 105–6
Hepburn and, 141, 143–44, 146, 182–83, 188, 192–94, 213–14, 215
naval protection requests of, 68–69, 81–82, 86, 87–88, 90, 98–100, 131
refugees and, 68, 77–78, 80, 143–44, 152, 178, 273; press reports, 181–83, 255; violence against, 150–51, 182–83, 187
relief committee and, 89–91, 139, 179
Turks enter Smyrna, 143–44, 146
Horton, Nancy, 42–43, 43n, 86–87
Hotel Splendid, 109, 162, 196, 235
Housepian, Marjorie, 234n
Houston, Victor Stuart, 219–20, 228, 374
Howells, William Dean, 40
Huerta, Victoriano, 261
Hughes, Charles Evans, 61, 63–64, 131–32, 246, 327–29
Hunters Club, 77
Huron, USS, 102
Idaho, USS, 341
Ilhan, Atilla, 302–3
Invictus, 96
International College. See American International College
Iowa, USS, 137
Iraq, 15, 245
Iraq oil, 243–44, 245–46
Ireland, 332
Irish Guards, 331
Iron Duke, HMS, 78, 87, 106, 120, 195, 218, 221–27
Ismet Pasha, 29–30, 305
Ismini, 346, 348, 357, 375, 376
Israel, 15
Italy
evacuation of Italian nationals, 197, 222, 227
naval presence in Smyrna harbor, 78–79, 87, 103–4, 268–69, 273–75
postwar division of Ottoman Empire, 11, 12, 14, 15
refugee evacuations and, 268–69, 273–75, 285, 291–92, 294, 325, 334; Constantinopoli, 309–14
Turkish War of Independence and, 57–58, 78, 120–21, 147–48, 183, 195, 268–69, 274–75, 295
Jackson, Joseph “Shoeless Joe,” 75
Jacob, Ernest Otto, 27, 71, 162–63, 164
evacuation of Americans, 198, 381
Great Fire and, 235–36
refugees and, 77, 157, 158, 276, 282–84, 291, 296, 297–98
relief committee and, 114, 140, 156, 157, 158, 232–33, 278, 280
robbery of, 283–84, 332
Jacob, Sarah, 162–63, 198
Jacob Jones, USS, 109
