Dulles, Allen
Dunsterville, Major-General L. C.
Eastern Committee
Egypt/Cairo; see also Cairo Conference
El Arish
Eliot, George
Emir of Mecca see Hussein ibn Ali
Enver Pasha: and 1908 revolt; British information about his ethnic origins incorrect; as a Young Turk triumvir; a nationalist without a nation; seeks German alliance; personally known to Churchill; negotiates German alliance; offers Osman to Germany; invites sending of Goeben and Breslau to Constantinople; pushes for Turkish entry into the war on Germany’s side; and al-Masri; becomes Turkey’s “vice-generalissimo” leads Caucasus campaign; failings as War Minister; turns over command at the Dardanelles to Liman; and British capitulation at Kut; wary of German influence; and the Armenian Massacres; and Djemal’s offer to the Allies; his political position in 1917; secret talks with Lloyd George’s emissary; his new offensive against Russia; al-Masri offers to overthrow; campaigns in Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan; his views in 1918; Cabinet colleagues turn against and blame; flees Constantinople; War Office still controlled by his followers; rivalry with Kemal; blamed by British for Middle East disorders; dealings with Germany and Bolshevik Russia; Bukhara campaign; death of
Enzeli (Persia): Soviet Russian attack on the Caspian port of
Faruqi, Muhammed Sharif al-
Fatat, al-
Feisal, son of Hussein of Mecca, later King of Syria, and later still, King of Iraq: deputy from Jeddah in the Ottoman Parliament; mission to Constantinople and Damascus (1915); and al-Faruqi; believes 100,000 men will join Hejaz revolt (June 1916); should be field commander of the Hejaz revolt, says Lawrence; informed of British plans to recreate a Jewish homeland in Palestine (1917); campaigns in Arabia 309 and Transjordanian Palestine; expresses sympathy for Jews and Zionism; and Hussein; and the administration of liberated Syria; and the Damascus campaign; his dinner conversation with Allenby; importance of his contribution to Allenby’s campaigns deliberately exaggerated by Lloyd George; and the peace negotiations; and the Arab leadership of independent Syria; and France; caught between the Syrian General Congress and the French; proclaimed King of Greater Syria; defeated, deposed, and exiled by the French; and Iraq disorders; and Lowell Thomas; and Churchill’s plan to make him ruler of Iraq; his coronation; Churchill fears Turks, aided by France, will attack; Churchill and colleagues come to regard as “treacherous”
Fisher, John Arbuthnotst Baron
Fitzgerald, F. Scott: quoted
FitzGerald, Lieutenant-Colonel Oswald
FitzMaurice, Gerald
Flandin, Pierre-Etienne
Foch, Marshal Ferdinand
Fourteen Points see under Wilson, Woodrow
France see specific headings
Franchet d’Esperey, Louis-Felix-François
Francis Ferdinand, Archduke
Frankfurter, Felix
Franklin-Bouillon, Henri
Freemasonry
Frunze, Mikhail
Fuad, Ahmed, Sultan, and later King, of Egypt
Gallipoli
Gaster, Rabbi Dr Moses
Gauchet, Vice-Admiral Dominique M.
Gaza
George II, King of Greece
George V, King
Georgia (Russia)
German East Africa
Germany see specific headings
Gladstone, William Ewart
Glubb, John Bagot
Goeben (ship)
Goltz, Field Marshal Colman von der
Gorchakov, Prince Alexander Mikhailovich
Gordon, General Charles George
Gorky, Maxim
Gounaris, Demetrios
Gouraud, General Henri
Graham, Sir Ronald
Granville Browne, Edward
Graves, Philip
Graves, Robert
Great Game in Asia, the: its history
Greek-Turkish war
Greenberg, Leopold
Greenmantle (Buchan)
Grey, Sir Edward, later 1st Viscount Grey of Falloden
Gulf see Persian Gulf
Habsburg Empire see Austria-Hungary
Hagana
Hague Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land (1907)
Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas
Halil Bey
Halim, Prince Said, Grand Vizier
Hall, Captain William Reginald
Hama see “Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo”
Hamilton, General Sir Ian
Hankey, Maurice
Harding, Warren Gamaliel
Hardinge of Penshurstst Baron (Sir Charles Hardinge)
Harvard University
Hashem, House of
Hashemites
Hashimi, Yasin al-
Hejaz, the
Helphand, Alexander Israel (“Parvus”)
Hemingway, Ernest
Henderson, Arthur
Herbert, Aubrey
Hercegovina: annexation by Austria-Hungary
Herzl, Theodore
Hess, Moses
Hindenburg, Paul von
Hirtzel, Sir Arthur
Hogarth, Lieutenant-Commander David G.
Hogarth message (1918)
Homs see “Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo”
Home, Sir Robert
House, Edward Mandell; of Allied plane to partition the Middle East, remarks “They are making it a breeding ground for future war”
Hughes, Charles Evans
Hughes, William
Hungary
see also Austria-Hungary
Hussein ibn Ali, Sherif and Emir of Mecca, later King of the Hejaz: seen as a possible future Caliph by Kitchener and Kitchener’s aides; through Abdullah, seeks Britain’s support (pre-1914) against the Young Turks; Kitchener corresponds with (autumn 1914); India objects to Kitchener’s dealings with; his title, his family, and his past history; the Turks appoint him Emir (1908); his political position (1908—15); discovers (1915) Young Turk plan to depose him; pushed by the Young Turk plan into conflict with the Ottoman Empire, seeks support from Arab secret societies; at urging of secret societies, demands British support for Arab independence under his kingship in letter to McMahon; his correspondence with McMahon; and the al-Faruqi episode; his importance in the war, according to Sykes; his unimportance, according to the French; his interests in Palestine recognized by the Sykes-Picot Agreement; revolts against the Ottoman Empire; in constant communication with the Young Turks with a view to changing sides in the war; proclaims himself “King of the Arabs” Sykes and Picot visit him to roughly outline the terms of the secret Sykes-Picot-Sazanov Agreement; informed by British government of its plan to re-create a Jewish homeland in Palestine; and Sykes’s draft of the proclamation to the people of Baghdad; and the design of his flag; his conflict with Ibn Saud; thinks of proclaiming himself Caliph; his importance reevaluated by British officials; complains that Feisal has betrayed him; and the taking of Damascus; and the administration of Syria; his position (1919); the Arab Bureau’s old belief in him as leader of an Arab confederation denounced in The Times; possible annexation of Transjordan by; refuses to sign treaty with Britain (1921)
Husseini, Amin al-, Grand Muffi of Jerusalem
Husseini, Musa Kazim Pasha al-
Husseini family, al-
Ibn Rashid
Ibn Saud, Abdul Aziz, Emir of Nejd, later King of Saudi Arabia
Idrisi, Seyyid Mohammed al-
Ikhwan see Brethren
Imperial War Conference (Cabinet)
India see specific headings
India Office
Inquiry, the (US postwar plans)
Iran see also Persia/Persian Empire
Iraq
see also Mesopotamia
Ironside, Major-General Edmund
Isaacs, Rufusst Marquis of Reading
Islamic Revolutionary League
Ismet Pasha, General (Inönü)
Israel
Italy
&n
bsp; Izzet Pasha, Field Marshal Ahmet, Grand Vizier
Jabotinsky, Vladimir
Jackson, Admiral Sir Henry
Japan
Jeddah
Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John
Jerusalem
Jewish Chronicle
Jewish Legion
Jewish Peril, The (Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion)
Jordan
Journal des Débats, Le
Joyce, Lieutenant-Colonel Pierce Charles
Justice, La
Kadjar dynasty (Persia)
Kamenev, Lev
Karasu, Emmanuel (Emmanuel Carasso)
Kedourie, Professor Elie
Kemal, Mustapha: as a Turkish commander at Gallipoli; appointed Inspector General of the Ninth Army, embarks on a voyage to the interior (1919); disobeys Sultan’s order to return and rallies Turks of Anatolia around a nationalist program in revolt against the Allies; an analysis of the groups supporting his revolt; defeats French at Marash; reportedly preparing to ally with Arabs of Damascus; moves headquarters to Angora (Ankara) and declares National Pact; repeatedly defeats French (1920); establishes government in Angora, and is elected president of the Grand National Assembly; sends mission to Moscow; his rivalry with Enver, misunderstood by British, but understood by Russians; an enemy of Russian communism; and Stalin; signs treaty with, and receives military aid from, Russia; attacks British near Constantinople; as a threat to the Treaty of Sèvres; beginnings of war with Greece; increasingly draws France and Italy to his side; and the Arab-French conflict in Syria; blamed by British for Middle East disorders; and Armenia; and Afghanistan; and Soviet alliance structure; realism of his demands; gains support of Italy; reaches accord with France; and the Greek war; and the Chanak crisis; and the armistice of Mudanya 551 and peace talks at Lausanne
Kerensky, Alexander
Kerr, Philip
Keynes, John Maynard
Khedive of Egypt, the see Abbas II
Khiva
Khurma
Kim (Kipling)
King, Henry
King-Crane Commission
Kipling, Rudyard
Kitchener of Khartoumst Earl of (Horatio Herbert Kitchener): his role in creating the modern Middle East; warned by Deedes of state of affairs in Turkey; meets with Churchill as war crisis mounts (July 1914); appointed War Minister; his character, habits, and military career; his views on the World War and his strategy for winning it; he and his aides regarded as experts on the Middle East; their bias; his aides and their views; FitzGerald writes and speaks for him; his misunderstanding of Islam and his proposal of an Arab caliphate; pre-1914 dealings with Abdullah; dealings with Hussein (1914); his differences with India; and the role of the Middle East in the war; and the Dardanelles expedition; his plans for the postwar Middle East; described by Lloyd George as a lighthouse; makes Sykes his representative; and the de Bunsen committee; and the Gallipoli campaign; loss of Cabinet support; powers reduced; and Hussein’s revolt; and creation of the Arab Bureau; and the Sykes-Picot Agreement; mission to Russia; death of; thought Palestine of little value; and Sykes; and Wahhabi religious revival; and Arab nationalism
Kressenstein, Kress von
Kun, Bela
Kurdistan
Kurds
Kut, siege of
Kuwait
Labor Zionist movement
Lambert, George
Lansdowneth Marquis of (Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice)
Lansing, Robert
Last Crusade, The (Thomas)
Lawrence, T. E. (Lawrence of Arabia)
Leachman, Colonel Gerald
League of Nations; and Middle Eastern Mandates
Lebanon
Lenin, V. I. (Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov)
Lepsius, Pastor Johannus
Libya
Liman von Sanders, General Otto
Limpus, Rear-Admiral Sir Arthur H.
Lippmann, Walter
Lloyd, George
Lloyd George, David: his role in creation of the modern Middle East; political sponsor of Winston Churchill; later blames Churchill for the war with Turkey; “keen for Balkan confederation” Kitchener feels out of place with; low opinion of Cairo Intelligence; his war strategy; and Dardanelles campaign; describes Kitchener; says none of the Great Powers covets Arabia; and Gallipoli campaign; along with Bonar Law, tells Asquith to form a Coalition government; claims he fought to get high office for Churchill; blamed by Churchill; blames Churchill for the war and the Dardanelles campaign; becomes Minister of Munitions; critical of Kitchener; meets Sykes; moves away from Radicalism and Liberals and closer to Tories; becomes War Minister; overthrows Asquith and becomes Prime Minister; his presidential style of government; his focus on the Middle East; influence of Milner on; seeks postwar British hegemony in the Middle East; believes the Ottoman Empire brought about Russia’s collapse; flirts with notion of partitioning Russia; secret negotiations with Turkey; and Woodrow Wilson; and Zionism and the Balfour Declaration; and the Palestine campaign; and the Mesopotamian campaign; opposes Sykes-Picot Agreement; and Amery’s strategy; and negotiations for Ottoman surrender; aims to acquire Palestine and Mosul, and to exclude France from Syria; meets with Clemenceau, who agrees to give him Palestine and Mosul (December 1918); and the 1918 elections; claims Britain entitled to dominant role in postwar Middle East; abandons his program of domestic reforms in face of economic collapse; and the Peace Conference; abandons Syria to France; and the Treaty of Sèvres; responds to anti-Zionism of British administration in Palestine by appointing Samuel High Commissioner; and Mosul; and Persia; blames Curzon for Persian involvement; and Bolshevik Russia; his “vendetta against the Turks” criticized by Churchill; appoints Churchill Colonial Secretary; and Transjordan; opposes withdrawal from Iraq; tells Churchill what he and Balfour intended the Balfour Declaration to mean; his Greek-Turkish policies lose him support of former allies; and the Greek-Turkish war; and the Chanak crisis; his fall from power; his effect on the Middle East
Lloyd George, Roberts & Co.: represents Dr Herzl and the Zionist movement
London Conference (1920)
London Conference (1921)
London, Treaty of (1915): Italy’s agreement to join the Allies
Louis of Battenberg, Prince
Lowther, Sir Gerald
Ludendorff, Erich
Luxemburg, Rosa
Lvov, Prince G. E.
Macdonogh, G. M. W.
Macedonia: background for flourishing of Young Turkey views
McKenna, Reginald
Mackenzie, Compton
Mackinder, Sir Halford
McMahon, Sir Henry
McMahon-Hussein correspondence (1915—16)
Mahan, Alfred Thayer: invents the descriptive phrase “the Middle East”
Mahdi, the: significance of his title
Malcolm, James
Malleson, Major-General Wilfred
Mallet, Sir Louis
Manchester Guardian
Man-eaters of Tsavo, The (Patterson)
Marlboroughth Duke of (Charles Richard John Spencer-Churchill)
Marne, First Battle of
Maronites
Mason, A. E. W.
Masri, Aziz Ali al-
Masterson Smith, Sir James
Masurian lakes, Battle of
Maude, Major-General Stanley
Maxwell, General Sir John
Mazzini, Giuseppe
Mecca
Medina
Megiddo, Battle of
Mehmed V, Sultan
Mehmed VI, Sultan
Meinertzhagen, Colonel Richard
Mesopotamia (Iraq)
Mesopotamia Administration Committee
Metaxas, Ioannis
Methodist Episcopal Church
Mexico: and Zimmerman telegram
Michael, Grand Duke of Russia: refuses the throne
Millerand, Alexander
Milne, General George Francis
Milner, Alfred, Lord
<
br /> Mirghani, Sir Sayyid Ali al-
Mond, Alfred
Montagu, Edwin
Montenegro
Moore, Sir Archibald
Morgan, J. P.
Morgenthau, Henry
Mosul
Mubarak, Sheik of Kuwait
Mudros, Armistice of
Murray, General Sir Archibald
Mussolini, Benito
Naqib of Baghdad, the (Sir Sayid Abdul Rachman)
National Pact, the (Turkish)
Navarino, Battle of (1827)
Newcombe, Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart F.
Newfoundland
New Republic
New Zealand
Nicholas II, Czar
Nicolson, Sir Arthur
Nilus, Sergei
Nixon, Sir John
Norris, Captain David T.
Northcliffest Viscount (Alfred Harmsworth)
Nuri el-Sa’id
O’Beirne, Hugh
“On the Quai at Smyrna” (Hemingway)
Orlando, Emanuele
Ormsby-Gore, William
Other Club
Ottoman Armyrd
Ottoman Armyth
Ottoman Armyth
Ottoman Parliament
Painlevé, Paul
Paléologue, Maurice
Palestine
Pallavicini, Johann Margrave von
Palmerstonrd Viscount (Henry John Temple)
Pan-Islamic Propaganda Bureau
Pan-Turanian Movement
Paris Peace Conference see Peace Conference
Parker, Colonel Alfred
Parvus see Helphand, Alexander Israel
Patterson, Lieutenant-Colonel John Henry
Paul I, Czar
Peace Conference (1919)
Peake, Colonel F. G.
Persia and the Persian Question (Curzon)
Persia/Persian Empire see also Iran
Persian Gulf
Peshawar: planned Indian nationalist uprising in
Picot, François Georges see also Sykes-Picot-Sazanov Agreement
Pinsker, Leo
Pitt, William (the Younger)
Poincaré, Raymond
Poland
Popolo d’Italia
Porte see Sublime Porte
Princeton University
Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion (The Jewish Peril)
Radek, Karl
Rapallo, Treaty of (1922)
Rashid, House of
Raslovleff, Michael
Rathenau, Walter
Rawalpindi, Treaty of (1919)
A Peace to End all Peace Page 77
