by Robert Nye
That she hath thee is of my wailing chief,
A loss in love that touches me more nearly.
Loving offenders, thus I will excuse ye:
Thou dost love her because thou know’st I love her;
And for my sake even so doth she abuse me,
Suff’ring my friend for my sake to approve her.
If I lose thee, my loss is my love’s gain,
And losing her, my friend hath found that loss;
Both find each other, and I lose both twain,
And both for my sake, lay on me this cross.
But here’s the joy: my friend and I are one;
Sweet flattery! then she loves but me alone.
I must admit that I do not find this very convincing. It strikes me that Mr Shakespeare was trying to cheer himself up.
The sonnet addressed to Lucy Negro is more truthful. From it, I have sometimes surmised that Shakespeare wanted the three of them in bed together. It would not much surprise me. Lucy Negro’s bed was wide. And it is said that when done whipping she liked to have two men pleasure her at the same time, one at the front door, one at the back:
Two loves I have of comfort and despair,
Which like two spirits do suggest me still:
The better angel is a man right fair,
The worser spirit a woman colour’d ill:
To win me soon to hell, my female evil
Tempteth my better angel from my side,
And would corrupt my saint to be a devil,
Wooing his purity with her foul pride.
And whether that my angel be turn’d fiend
Suspect I may, yet not directly tell;
But being both from me, both to each friend,
I guess one angel in another’s hell:
Yet this shall I ne’er know, but live in doubt,
Till my bad angel fire my good one out.
This, then, was William Shakespeare’s true Dark Lady. Lucy Negro, mistress of the enchanted house in St John Street, the Abbess of Clerkenwell, was his ‘woman colour’d ill’, and his living exemplar of the fact that as he says in sonnet 127, ‘In the old age black was not counted fair’. That is the first sonnet which is addressed to the Dark Lady. Mark well that it uses the word BLACK three times in its fourteen lines. Not ‘dark’, sir. BLACK.
Never despise the obvious, my friends. When Shakespeare goes on in these sonnets about the blackness of his mistress, he means just what he says. It should be readily discernible that from the outset it is not merely a matter of the lady having dark hair. It is her total blackness that obsesses and fascinates and torments him. Her hair is black, her eyes are black, her skin is black. No doubt, since he called her his ‘female evil’, and again characterised her cunt as a ‘hell’ in the last line of sonnet 129, Mr Shakespeare would have said that Lucy Negro’s heart was black as well. And yet, as I insist, he worshipped her, which is to say that he went on loving her through hate and out the other side. He may still be imprisoned in her seventh room, but the sonnets are not.
Lucy Negro appeared before the Queen’s Bench, that year I first came to London, charged with keeping a house of ill repute. Her friends in high places kept her out of jail on this occasion. Later she was not so fortunate. In January 1600, she was sentenced to a spell in the Bridewell, though even then strings were pulled and she was spared the usual carting through the streets. Her name appears on the warrant as ‘Morgan or Parker’.
She died in 1610 – of the pox, it was said. She was a queen bee that had buzzed herself to death. It was bruited about that she had the pox as early as 1595, and that she had stung others along the way. It is possible that Mr Shakespeare caught the foul disease from her. That would explain some of the vehemence of his expressions in her regard. It is possible also that Lucy Negro gave him, first, blains, and then the Neapolitan bone-ache, or (as some call it) the malady of France. In short – sigh, Phyllis!
Lucy Negro died a Papist, so I have it on good authority. May her strange soul rest in peace. I thought her, sir, a not dishonest woman. Her house was like no other I was ever inside.
There are several epitaphs, of which I quote one by Davies of Hereford as being typical:
Such a beginning, such an end. This I’ll not applaud.
For Luce did like a whore begin, but ended like a bawd.
But we can’t leave things there, with such hobbling moral comment. Not for one who was in many ways the mistress of her craft. Better to quote Mr Shakespeare’s reference to Mrs Overdone in Measure for Measure as ‘a bawd of eleven years’ continuance’. Was he thinking of Lucy Negro when he wrote that? Measure for Measure was first performed at Court at the Christmas festivities of 1604, and it was then about eleven years since Lucy Negro first set up her house in St John Street.
What more is there to say of such a woman? Like Cybele, her forehead was crowned with the twin towers of the impossible, those strange second thoughts of all the twice-born in the world. Apuleius, the African from Madaura, had his Lucius the Ass blessed with a vision of her. He called her Queen Isis. Others have called her Ceres and Hecate, Minerva, Diana, Venus, Bellona, Proserpine, Juno, Aphrodite. These are all one. In London, for a spell, she was known as Lucy Negro. She revelled in cynical songs and expressions, and in lascivious attitudes and gestures, and she came among her followers with a whip, yet she was in her heart what she said she was, a girl-child who had been carried in a sheet on her mother’s back, a KINCHIN-MORT. She would furiously demand coitus, yet she gave herself for love because she loved it. Her desire for sexual gratification seemed unlimited, yet there was that in her which lifted her high above her body threshing on the bed, and crowned her head with stars, and made a poet love her and adore her. Like Messalina she was driven to prostitution perhaps in an attempt to find satisfaction and relief with one man after another, yet she became for William Shakespeare his most demanding Muse.
Sometimes I think that Mr Shakespeare lived a life of allegory, and that his work was a commentary upon it. When I think that I think of Lucy Negro. The women in his plays all flow from her. As for the sonnets, they are full of the conflict of the masculine and the feminine, the Apollonian and the Dionysian, and their resolution is the interweaving and fusion of those two great forces. William Shakespeare learnt most of Dionysus in the house of Lucy Negro.
‘Not many men amuse me by meaning to,’ she said once, when I displeased her.
I think that Mr Shakespeare was one of those exceptions. I hope at the end, at least, she knew his worth.
Let Shakespeare’s disciple John Weever have the last rhymed word on the subject of Lucy Negro. Among his epigrams there are verses about a woman he calls Byrrha which I am sure are about the mistress of that house in St John Street, Clerkenwell:
Is Byrrha brown? Who doth the question ask?
Her face is pure as ebony, jet-black.
It’s hard to know her face from her fair mask;
Beauty in her seems beauty still to lack.
Nay, she’s snow-white, but for that russet skin,
Which like a veil doth keep her whiteness in.
Weever was in many respects a weevil, but I always found this moving. He must have followed Mr Shakespeare to the whore-house, and worshipped the Dark Lady from afar.
Chapter Seventy-Eight
Of eggs and Richard Burbage
Anne brought me two more eggs. And she told me her name. It is not Anne exactly. It is Polly!
All this has left me too excited to start writing today’s chapter of my Life of the late Mr Shakespeare, which should be on the subject of some of the leading actors in our Company, and particularly Mr Richard Burbage. So I’ll leave that for a moment. Here is what happened.
Today is the Feast of the Transfiguration, the 6th of August. This is a feast day I have always kept. I love the idea of Christ’s shiningness passing from his soul to his body, as he stood on Mount Tabor before St Peter, St James, and St John. The way Luke describes it in his Gospel* it must have bee
n like the atmosphere when suddenly lit up passingly by the sun. As such, a miracle of that kind I can most readily venerate – unlike, for example, Christ’s walking on the waves of the sea.
I never tasted fish nor flesh since Jane died. I never drank either wine or any beer. My chief food is oatmeal boiled with water, which some call gruel; and in summer, now and then, a salad of some cool choice herbs which I purchase of Pompey Bum. For dainties, or when I would feast myself, upon a high day such as this, I like to eat the yolk of a hen’s egg, if I can. And what bread I eat, I cut out the middle part of the loaf, but of the crust I never taste. Now and then, when my stomach serves me, I eat some suckets – dried sugar-plums. But more commonly I have my mulberries.
Knowing my liking for yolks on such a day as this, you can imagine my delight when I opened my door to a gentle knock and found my whore-child standing there with a basket on her arm and a crisp white linen cloth folded over the basket. I knew at a glance what was under that napkin.
‘Why do you bring me these gifts?’ I made bold to ask her.
‘Better an egg today than a hen tomorrow,’ the sweet girl replied.
This I found extraordinary. I asked her, had she heard of Rabelais? Of course, she had not. Yet it comes in his third book, the self-same saying: Ad praesens ova, cras pullis sunt meliora. It is when Bridlegoose is going on about the scribes and scriveners. Perhaps it is one of those proverbs you get in several languages.
Anne looked so innocent, standing there with her little wicker basket. She was wearing a kirtle, grass-green, that came down to her ankles. It was almost impossible to associate this visitor with the naked nymph I had watched at Sapphic work on the body of the Countess. All the same, memories of that other sweetness did float into my mind as she flitted about the room.
I gave her a pickled mulberry. Against my window, the sunlight making a black bonfire of her hair, she leant and sucked it prettily, and pronounced it good. Her pleasure surprised me, for I do not think she would lie for the sake of politeness. I had supposed the last mulberry was not to her tender taste.
Anne did not stay more than five minutes, but they were the best five minutes I have known for years. The sunlight seemed to follow her about my chamber. She dusted my table with her green sleeve, and fanned her cheeks with the top page of my manuscript. She expressed no interest in it, though it has now achieved the height of a small hill. After she’d gone, I sat and held that top page to my nostrils. It was the last one where I wrote of Lucy Negro. Now it is soaked in the scent of a second KINCHIN-MORT.
When she said she had to go, I made her a bow. ‘May I ask,’ I murmured, ‘to whom I owe the honour of all these eggs?’ (I did not want her to know that I knew her name.)
I swear that she blushed! So I’m right, and she can’t have been long at the game.
‘My name is Anne Flinders,’ she said. ‘But those who like me call me Polly.’
I stood there, friends, mouth open, in the doorway. I could not move my tongue. She must have thought the old man living up here in the eaves of Pompey Bum’s brothel was, after all, an idiot. It was simply too much for me – the thought, all at once, that this exquisite vision of loveliness who has also been so kind to a crazy stranger is known to those who like her by that name which has always been closest to my heart, the name of that girl in the song, O (long-lost!) Polly Dear.
I kissed her hand, the better to prevent her seeing the tears that had come to my eyes.
She spun in a flurry of green petticoats. Then she was gone.
Those eggs were delicious. I fear I ate each part. This has left me with a torment in my gut, but I do not regret the eating.
It occurs to me that when Anne – when Polly first brought eggs to me, why, I ate those first eggs knowing there could be plague in them. Yet that is melodramatic. Of all things brought to eat by other hands perhaps eggs were the safest while the plague still raged in London. There was a shell after all between the meat and any possible contagion. All the same, what if the very chickens were infected? It is, I suppose, not impossible. I think I knew that when I ate them, in some dark antechamber of my mind. Perhaps I longed for death at the young whore’s hands? Death as her speckled gift? Death as her bright yolk given to me, a kindness granted to the old crazed man in the attic? Well, had there been death in those first eggs, I would never even have begun my Life of William Shakespeare, let alone got so far along in it as I have now.
The principal actors in our Company, known at that time as the Lord Chamberlain’s Servants, were Richard Burbage, William Sly, Thomas Pope, George Bryan, and Will Kempe. Later, Augustine Phillips and Henry Condell, both members of the Lord Admiral’s Company, and John Heminges, from the Queen’s, joined our band. Some fifteen more players were soon added, the main ones being John Lowin, Joseph Taylor, Alexander Cook, Samuel Gilburne, William Cowley, and your servant. With the exception of Kempe, last seen trying to hop across the Alps to win a bet, all these remained faithful to the Company and died in harness. I tell a lie. Lowin became a publican in his old age, and for all I know is still alive at Brentford. Otherwise, Pickleherring must be the only one of us left.
Reader, I doubt if Mr Shakespeare would have played the leading parts in his own plays even if Richard Burbage had not existed. Shakespeare was not a genius as an actor. Burbage (in my opinion) may have been. Roles such as Romeo and Bassanio and Henry V were made for him to fill. He was a natural lover and soldier, and a hero just to look at, with a very fine, rich speaking voice besides, and much grace and charm of movement. There was never an awkward bone in his whole body, and he had that gift which some (very few) actors have, that once he came on stage your eyes never left him.
Though partial to a tot of rum, Richard Burbage never fluffed his lines. He always endeavoured to perform as near the apron as he could, so that his great rolling vocables would reach to the back of the house even when he whispered. Playing so many girls’ parts opposite him, I appreciated that his breath usually smelt pleasantly of aniseed, though I never saw him chew it. So warm he was in the interpretation of his parts, so entirely believable, that he could reduce me to tears on the stage – something no other actor was ever capable of. The audience was similarly affected. One day, when he threw himself into Ophelia’s grave, a spectator jumped up on stage and tried to pull him out.
The younger son of anchor-man James Burbage, the founder of our Company, he was about two years older than Mr Shakespeare, but he always looked younger. It was only in the parts of ‘potent, grave, and reverend signiors’ that our author had the edge – I cannot imagine Richard Burbage playing Prospero, for instance. It was his great personal charm which made plausible in Richard III that immediate conquest of the widow of the man he has murdered, a seduction which Burbage used to perform over the very coffin. I have seen other actors attempt this, but none who made it credible.
Madam, do you know why Juliet falls in love with Romeo at first sight, and Rosalind with Orlando? I will tell you. It is because Richard Burbage played Romeo and Orlando first on stage, and he was so good-looking and so full of grace when young.
Sir, do you know why Queen Gertrude says that Hamlet is fat and scant of breath and offers him her napkin during the duel with Laertes? It is because Dick Burbage, when he got older, put on weight, and he found himself often out of breath and mopping the sweat from his brow during this scene, so Mr Shakespeare wrote in those lines for Gertrude to give him a moment to rest during the fight and to provide an excuse and reason for him doing so. This was, I think, a mark of Mr Shakespeare’s affection for Burbage, that he wrote this into Hamlet just for his sake. It has occurred to me, though, that anyone who does not know the physical shortcoming must find Gertrude’s words and actions quite a puzzle.
Othello and Lear were Richard Burbage’s other great roles, and he also played Hieronimo in Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy.
He was a skilled painter in oils, as well as an actor. In 1613 and 1616 he painted the device for the shield of Francis, Earl of R
utland, with Shakespeare writing the motto on the first occasion. He died three years after Mr Shakespeare, and all that was mortal of him lies buried now in the church of St Leonard’s, Shoreditch, under a stone that bears a perfect epitaph for an actor:
EXIT BURBAGE.
Talking of eggs, as today I must, I have a story which says much of Richard Burbage and his appetite for life. I heard him once, at that Oxford inn where our Company were staying when on tour, lean over the bannisters and roar down the stair-well in his best King Lear voice:
‘Mrs Davenant! Three of those six eggs you sent up for my breakfast were bad! I’ve eaten them all, but don’t let it happen again!’
As for me, I seem to have written a little song to celebrate Polly’s giving me more eggs on this transfigured day. It has nothing to do with the girl or the occasion, that I can see, but the lines came into my head, so I’ve written them down. Here they are:
Sing a song of eggshells,
Who’s to pay the rent?
What’s the use of fairy tales
That you never meant?
What’s the use of living?
What’s the use of jam?
All you get is what you want –
Never who you AM.
But I’m a comedian, not a poet, and the jingle does scant justice to my joy. It even sounds bitter, which might be considered curious and perverse.
* Luke, 9.28–36; also Matthew, 17.1–13, and Mark, 9.2–13.
Chapter Seventy-Nine
A few more facts and fictions about William Shakespeare
Listen. I could tell you several more uninteresting things about William Shakespeare, in a line with those one or two uninteresting things which have already crept into this book despite my best efforts. As regards the latter, I mean such things as the fact that the poet was the first son and third child of John Shakespeare, a country trader settled in Stratford, and of Mary his wife. And that he was baptised, for instance, on the feast day of Saints Cletus and Marcellinus, about whom next to nothing is known, and that when he was eighteen years old he got with child a woman named Anne or Agnes Hathaway, who was eight years older than himself, and that her relatives saw to it that he married her.
