The Lagoon

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The Lagoon Page 53

by Armand Marie Leroi

body, of, 146–150, 256–257, 262

  household, of 146–150, 319–326, 311–313

  eels, 228–229

  life-cycle & reproduction of, 231–232

  elephants, 52, 99–100

  ‘nose’ of, 137–139

  Ellis, John, 278

  elements, 27, 78, 80, 91, 158, 162, 165, 166, 242–244, 357

  embryogenesis, 152, 193, 180, 195, 197–202, 215

  Renaissance interpretations, 200–201

  sex determination & genetic inheritance, 216–217

  Empedocles, 21, 181, 288

  cosmos, view of, 80

  ‘Love and Strife’, 80–81

  metabolic theory, 165

  On Nature, 20

  Purifications, 20

  sex determination & genetic inheritance, 216

  Enquiries into Plants (Theophrastus), 33, 295

  ‘entity’ (ousia), 141, 159, 339

  Epicurus, 81

  epiglottis, 145

  epigenesis, 201

  Explanations of Plants (Causis plantarum), Theophrastus, 33

  eyelids, 84–85

  evolution, 86, 92, 113, 128, 136, 185n, 206–207, 208, 264, 273–274

  experiments, discussion of, 362–365

  family household & social structures, 311–312

  fan mussel, 304, 321

  fan mussel crab, 304, 321

  females, view of, 187–188, 306

  figs, 244–245, 246, 247

  fig wasps, 227

  ‘first element’, view of, 331–332, 337–338

  fish

  cartilagenous, 72–74, 129, 255n, 259, 322

  bones and cartilage of, 109, 111, 125–126, 281

  behaviour of, 45, 69–70, 69, 69q, 70, 259

  embryos of, 194, 196, 258

  fertilization and roe of, 258–259, 182n, 184

  migrations of, 376

  sexuality of, 190, 190n, see also ‘eels’

  teeth of,

  sounds made by, 44

  spawning of, 240, 241n, 258

  form (eidos), 88–90

  Aristotle’s view of, 88–90

  Plato’s view of, 88

  fossils, 294

  early knowledge of, 292–295

  ‘four causes’, 91–92

  final cause, 372

  ‘that for the sake of which’, 86, 87, 136–137

  frogfish, 73n, 137, 149, 239n

  Gasparrini, Guglielmo, 246

  gender differences, 306–307

  genitalia,

  female, 187

  male, 184–186

  Generation of Animals, The (Aristotle), 182, 289

  bees, generation of, 249–250

  fertilization & the acquisition of a soul, 189–192

  figs, references to, 245–246

  human characteristics, 308

  ‘Ladder of Nature’, 277

  nurture of embryos, 347q

  sexual intercourse & pleasure, 188

  Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne, 280

  Cuvier, G., dispute with, 280–282

  Law of Compensation, 283–284, 285

  Philosophie anatomique, 291

  teratology, foundations of, 291

  Unity of Plan, 281

  geometries of animals, 108, 110, 305–306

  Gesner, Konrad, 101

  Glaucon, ideas of, 24–25

  goby (fish), 17

  god, 336–337, 339–340

  Greek Birds, Glossary of (Thompson, D. W.), 13

  Greek Fishes (Thompson, D. W.), 143

  ‘guts of the earth’ (gēs entera), 229

  Halieutica (Oppian), 153

  Harvey, William, 200–201, 356–357, 357q

  heart,

  function of, 175–176, 305

  in humans, 47, 60, 63–65, 64, 65n, 168, 171–172

  in other animals, 60, 109, 167, 168

  heat, understanding of, 166

  Heavenly Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge (Borges, J. L.), 105

  Heavens, The (Aristotle), 228, 347q

  celestial bodies, 331

  cosmos, view of, 328

  Heraclitus, 20

  Hermias (Tyrant of Assos), 28

  death of, 29

  Herodorus, History of Heraclea, 53

  Herodotus

  Arion, story of, 114

  as source of information for Aristotle, 51

  Hesiod, 18–19

  Aristotle’s analysis of the theories of, 20

  Hippocrates, 20–21

  Corpus Hippocratium, 21, 213

  genetic inheritance, view of, 218

  Historia animalium (Aristotle), 3–4, 35, 42q

  accuracy of? 66–67

  Alexander the Great, as source of information, 48–49, 50, 52

  analogues, 109–111

  balance of nature & animal conflict, 323–324

  birds & classification of, 135–136, 141

  catfish, 69–70, 69q

  chameleon, 46–47q

  classification of animals, 111–113, 112q, 116–117

  Ctesias of Cnidus, as source of information, 50–51

  cuttlefish, 10, 10, 59–60, 154, 154q

  description of & background to, 42–44

  Diogenes of Apollonia, quotes from, 63

  dogfish, 72–74, 73q

  dolphins, 114–116

  eels, 228–229

  elephants, 99–100, 100q, 137–140, 138q

  epiglottis, function of, 145

  figs, 244–245, 245q

  fish, 44–46

  geometries of animals, 108, 110

  goldcrest (bird), 135q

  Herodotus, as source of information, 51

  hieroscopic texts, 43

  honey & honey bees, references to, 247–252, 251, 309–310

  human anatomy, 62–66, 62q, 63q, 64

  human embryo, studying of, 181

  hyena, 53–54, 54

  ‘intelligence’, 83–84

  ‘kinds’, differences between, 107–108

  Length and Shortness of Life, The, 260–261

  lions, 52

  mammals, 48

  Movement of Animals, The, 86–87

  myths & fable, 44

  nature & efficient design, 148–149

  paper nautilus, 72

  Parts of Animals, The, 87, 90, 126, 136, 147, 318

  plants, 109

  Polybus of Cos, quotes from, 63

  Pyrrha, lagoon (Lesbos), 14, 16–17, 376–377

  reproductive biology, 186

  ruminant, stomachs of, 118–119q, 119

  sea urchin, edible, 67

  sea urchin, long-spined, 142–144

  sexual intercourse & pleasure, 188

  shells, 3–4, 3–4q, 5q, 410

  sources consulted, 43

  spleen, function of, 145

  structure & order of, 117–119

  swallows, references to, 449

  Syennesis of Cyprus, quotes from, 63

  teeth, 81–82

  Theodore of Gaza, translation of, 99, 99q

  Thompson, D. W., translation of, 13–14

  woodpecker, middle spotted, 67

  Historia animalium (Gesner, K.), 101

  History of Heraclea (Herodorus), 53

  hoopoe (bird), 134

  human anatomy, 62–66, 175–176

  dissection, 62

  heart, 63–64, 64, 65q, 175–176, 305

  humans

  anatomy of, 62–66, 175–176

  characteristics of, 307–308

  embryo, studying of, 181

  gender differences, 306–307

  hands, importance of, 308

  sexual desire, 187–188, 188n

  hummingbird, 283

  hybridization, 290–291

  hyena, 53–54, 54

  Iliad, 50, 230, 319

  inheritance, 212–213, 290

  ancestral reversions/atavisms, 219–221

  Corpus Hippocratium, 213

  inherited features, 217–218

  pangenesis, 21
4

  ‘particulate’ v. ‘blending’ inheritance, 219

  pleiotropy, 286

  epistasis, 285

  sex determination, 215–217

  insects, 108n, 167, 168–169, 175n, 191, 192, 227, 230, 253, 261, 281

  cicada, 235–236, 236, 261

  fig wasps, 227

  see also bees

  Ischomachus, 310

  Jaeger, Werner, 346

  Jost, Alfred, 216

  kingfisher, 240

  Klein, Jacob Theodore, 67

  Kuhn, Thomas, 228

  La végétation de l’île de Lesbos (Cantartzis, P. C.), 15

  ‘Ladder of Nature’, 277–279

  Law of Compensation (Geoffroy, É.), 283–284, 285

  Le règne animal (Cuvier, G.), 279

  Leake, William Martin, 30

  Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 230–231

  Length and Shortness of Life, The (Aristotle), 260–261, 373q

  Lesbos, 30

  Aristotle, moving to, 32

  ‘bird winds’, 135

  description of, 14, 35

  description of by Longus, 265

  Eresos (Erresos), 32, 295

  fossils, existence of, 294–295

  Kolpos Kalloni, 15, 34–35, 377, see also Pyrrha, lagoon

  modern day visits to, 34

  Mount Olymbos, 14–15

  Mytilene, 34

  Mythymna, 142, 143

  Petrified forest, 295

  Vrissa, 294

  Potamiá Valley, 205, 207

  Pyrrha, lagoon, 14, 16–17, 376–377

  saltpans, 15

  Skala Kalloni, 269–270

  Skamanoudi, 103

  Vouváris (river), 135, 231, 257, 265, 318

  Leucippus, 79

  Life of Luxury (Archestratus), 18

  life histories, animal, 253–260

  lifespans, animal, 260–262

  Linnaeus, Carolus

  Aristotle’s influence on, 276

  hybridization, 290

  ‘Ladder of Nature’, 277–278

  Systema naturae, 101, 278

  lion, 52

  lungs, 44, 109, 175, 175n, 177, 263, 454

  Lyceum (Athens), 410

  Apollo Lykeios, sanctuary of, 6

  Aristotle’s school at, 6, 7, 345–346

  library at, 352

  Sulla’s razing of, 6

  Theophrastus, head of, 350–351, 351

  Magnus, Albert, 276, 354, 355

  Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de, 221

  mammals, 48, 50, 66, 74, 108, 109, 118, 119, 184, 254

  mantis shrimp, 75

  Medawar, Peter, 353, 464

  mechanistic theories, 360–361, 369–371

  Mendel, G., 221

  menses (see also wind eggs), 183–184, 189, 190, 197, 199, 215–216, 220, 307

  metabolic theory, 163, 166–167

  growth & transformation, 164–165

  Metaphysics (Aristotle), 19, 39–40q, 90–91, 290, 378

  altruistic animal species, 322–323

  cosmos, view of, 319–320, 319–320q, 333

  God & religion, view of, 336–337, 339–340, 339q

  Hesiod, analysis of theories of, 20

  Thales of Miletus, analysis of theories of, 19–20

  theories and ideas, 40–41

  Meteorology (Aristotle), 243

  migration & seasonal habits of animals, 241

  Mount Olymbos (Lesbos), 14–15

  Movement of Animals, The (Aristotle), 86–87, 173–174, 174q

  embryo development, 199q

  Müller, Heinrich, 71

  muscles, 172, 198

  murex (snail) 16, 35, 225–226, 226, 235

  mutations (lysis), 220, 292, see also ‘ancestral reversion / atavism’

  Natural History Museum (London), Bird Hall, 97, 98

  nature, balance of, 323–325

  natures, 23, 75, 86, 90–91, 296, 299, 369

  natures, formal, 75, 90, 296, 299

  natures, material, 143, 144, 210

  natural selection, 82–83, 326–327

  Aristotle’s view of, 273

  Natural Theology (Paley, W.), 84q

  Argument from Design, 85

  Naturalis dispositio echinodermatum (Klein, J. T.), 67

  Naturalis historia (Pliny the Elder), 48–49, 100–101, 115, 254n

  elephants, 100q

  nematode (embryogenesis), 201, 232, 286

  Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 130q, 340

  balance of nature, 325

  noses, inheritance of, 137, 217–218, 218, 219–220

  Novum organum (Bacon, F.), 359, 359q

  nutrition, 108, 145, 148, 150, 163, 166, 168

  octopus, 68, 71, 71, 72, 104, 124–125, 154

  Odysseus (pelican), 269

  Ogle, William, 274–275, 298

  On Generation & Corruption (Aristotle), 375q

  On Growth and Form (Thompson, D. W.), 13

  On Nature (Aristotle), 77

  On Nature (Empedocles), 20

  On Nature (other writers), 77

  On Stones (Theophrastus), 294

  ontogeny, animal species, 253–257

  life-history features & variations, 256

  Oppian, 153

  organs (‘instrumental parts’), 136

  Organon, 124, 126

  orgasm, 187–188, 188n

  Origin of the Species (Darwin, C.), 207–208, 208q, 284, 284q

  origins of the state, 311–312, 314–318

  oyster, 205, 224

  generation of, 226

  Paley, William, 84

  Palsson, B. Ø., 177

  pangenesis, 214

  Papadatos, George (bookshop), 3

  paper nautilus, 70–72, 71

  Parts of Animals, The (Aristotle), 87, 90, 292, 318

  birds, 136

  elephants, 100q

  horns, position of, 147

  human characteristics, 308

  scientific method, 126

  ‘perfection’

  of progeny, 253–254, 277, 305, 403, 440, 450, 454

  of adults, 253–254, 277–279, 305–308

  pig (feet), 209

  pipefish, 258

  Phaedo (Plato), 84

  soul, definition of, 156

  Philip II of Macedon, 28, 49

  Physics (Aristotle), 81, 181

  Book II, 8, 233, 243

  cosmic change, 328

  physiologoi, 18–19

  Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, 83–84, 215

  ideas and theories of, 20

  Socrates’s view of, 22–23

  pigeon, 8, 182, 185, 207–208, 254, 256–257

  pilchard, 103–104, 116, 238, 258,

  plants & flowers

  figs, 244–245

  lifespan diversity, 261, 262

  plant transformations, 296–298

  seasonal growth of, 244

  study of, see ‘Theophrastus’

  Plato

  Academy of, 24

  Aristotle, at The Academy, 22, 27–28

  definition & understanding, 106

  Forms & ontology, 88

  intelligent design, 85–86

  mathematical reasoning, 26–27

  origins of animals, 26

  Republic, The, 24, 28, 210, 318

  Socrates, writings on, 24–25

  soul, definition of, 156–157

  Timaeus, The, 25–26, 85–86, 87, 88, 277, 289, 306, 321–322, 332

  works by (mentioned), 411

  Pliny the Elder, 48–49

  Naturalis historia, 100–101

  Plutarch, Aristotle, teaching of Alexander the Great, 49q

  pneuma, 172–173

  fertilization & the acquisition of a soul, 192

  Politics (Aristotle), 147

  balance of nature, 324q

  classification of states, 317

  democracy & origins of the state, 314–318

  family household & social structures, 321

 
Politics I (Aristotle), 311

  Politics III (Aristotle), 105–106, 106q

  Polybus of Cos, 63, 193

  Pomponazzi, Pietro, 356

  Popper, Karl, 92

  porphyra (snail), see ‘murex’

  Posterior Analytics (Aristotle), 124, 126, 129–130, 348

  preformationism, 201, 220, 441

  Problems (Aristotelian text?), 234

  Purifications (Empedocles), 20

  Pyrrha, lagoon (Lesbos), 14, 16–17, 376–377

  Aristotle at, 270

  Historia animalium (Aristotle), 16

  Questions on Nature (Seneca the Younger), 19

  Redi, Francesco, 230

  regeneration, 253n, 254, 262

  religion, 336–337

  Metaphysics (Aristotle), 339–340

  Metaphysics (λ, 10), 310, 322, 323, 333

  structure of, 336–337

  reproductive biology

  female genitalia, 187

  male genitalia, 184–185, 186

  sexual intercourse & pleasure, 187, 439

  women & sexual pleasure, 187–188

  Republic, The (Plato), 24, 28, 318

  eugenics, 210

  soul, definition of, 157

  resource allocation, 149, 256

  rock rose, 12

  Royal Society, The, 359

  ruminants, stomachs of, 118–119

  saltpans (Lesbos), 15

  Sappho, 77

  scientific method & syllogistic reasoning, 124–127

  sea horse, 268, 270

  sea urchin, 108

  edible, 16, 58, 67

  long-spined, 142–144, 142

  Seneca the Younger, Questions on Nature, 19

  senses, & sensory transmission, 169–172

  sex determination & genetic inheritance, see ‘inheritance’

  sexual intercourse & pleasure, views on, 187–188

  sheep

  bio-geography of, 206

  on Lesbos, 205, 207

  Syrian fat-tailed, 204, 210

  shells, 410

  collecting, 4

  Historia animalium (Aristotle), 3–4

  Simplicius, 81

  Socrates

  background & ideas of, 22

  Cicero’s view of, 23q

  eyelids, 85, 85q

  physiologoi, & their ideas, 22–23

  Plato’s writings on, 24

  Xenophon’s view of, 23q

  soul, definition of, 156–159

  Aristotle’s view of, 157–159

  cybernetics, 176–177

  ‘explanatory causes’ of Aristotle, 160

  functions of, 163

  heart, function of, 175–176

  interpretation of Aristotle’s view, 160–162

  Phaedo (Plato), 156–157

  pneuma, 172–173

  nutritive, 163, 166–167, 175, 176, 190, 264, 325

  Republic, The (Plato), 157

  Soul, The (Aristotle), 157q

  structure of, 163, 167–169

  sensitive, 163, 169–174

  vitalism, 161

  vivisection, 168

  slaves, 62, 311, 312–314, 320

  Soul, The (Aristotle), 157q, 336, 336q

  Speusippus

  Aristotle, teaching of, 24

  Plato’s Academy, 28

  spleen, function of, 145

 

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