by Mark Pagel
accelerated change in, 252–54
in autism, 128–29
in brain, 251–64
clustered similar, 48, 55–56
in deception, 314, 316–24; see also gender differences
in dog breeds, 101–2
domestication and, 254–64
in dyslexia, 128
language and, 283–93
proposed late change in, 59–60
random drift and, 60–62, 127–28
in talent, 100–102, 110, 113–19, 122–29
twin studies and, 115–17
see also kin selection
genetic markers, 206–9
neutral, 55–56
genetic meritocracies, 125
genetic relatedness, degree of, 175–76, 179–80, 211–12, 323, 366
genetic variety, 100–102, 110, 113–19, 122–29
heritability of, 117–19
genomes, 31, 33–34, 48, 125, 134, 251–54, 263, 283–85
HARs of, 252–54, 265
loci of, 80, 81, 82
genomic imprinting, 320–24
George III, King of England, 296
Germanic languages, 57, 297, 298, 300
germline, 76
Gibraltar, 29, 45
globalization, 367, 368
global warming, 227
God Delusion, The (Dawkins), 158
God-Save-the-Queen scenario, 181–84, 189
Gombrich, E. H., 138, 235
good judgment, 10, 25–26
Good Samaritans, 194–95, 212–13
Gora island, 49–50
gorillas, 50, 234, 315, 322
reproduction rate of, 66, 67
gossip, 98, 193, 219, 232
Grahame, Kenneth, 281
grandmother hypothesis, 67
Gray, Russell, 297
Great Escape, The, 304
greed, 13–14, 183, 189
Greek language, 296, 297, 300, 303
Greeks, ancient, 94, 243
greenbeard genes, 206–9, 211–18, 222
“green” centers, 359–60
grooming behavior, 258
Grotte de Rouffignac cave paintings, 111–12
group action, 216, 230–31
religious promotion of, 150–53, 159
group cohesion, 96, 165
group commitment, 232
competing to cooperate in, 226–31
following norms in, 222–23
initiation procedures in, 216–17
religion as advertisement of, 153–58, 162, 213–14, 223
group conflicts, 150–53, 156, 193
see also warfare
group identity, 49–54, 56, 57–58, 81, 82, 303–5, 368–69
group selection, 96–98, 197–98
group thinking, 98
growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10), 324
Guare, John, 364
guilt, 88, 123
gunpowder, chemistry of, 182
Guns, Germs, and Steel (Diamond), 61
Hadamard, Jacques, 328
Hadza tribe, 229–30
hairlessness, 256–61
backless dress and, 261
clothing and, 258, 259
dating of, 259–60
ectoparasites and, 257–61
in sexual selection, 260–61
hair removal, 261
Haiti, 2010 earthquake in, 149
haka chant, 166
Haldane, J. B. S., 175
Hamilton, William, 11, 187, 189, 206, 211, 316–17, 321, 323–24
Hamilton’s rule, 211–12
Han Chinese, 48, 262
hand axes, stone, 43, 46–47, 59
flaking of, 39–40
handicap principle, 154–55, 213–15
Harrison, Geoffrey, 54–55
Hawaii, 36
Hawk-Dove game, 120
Hawkes, Kristen, 228, 229
Hawking, Stephen, 91–92
Hayes, Keith and Catherine, 291
head lice, 259
height, 108, 118
couples sorted by, 107
Henry V (Shakespeare), 165–66
Hensel, David, 138
herbivores, 245–46
heritability, 117–19
Herzog, Werner, 112
Hidden Persuaders, The (Packard), 325–26
Hill, Kim, 95
Hirst, Damien, 138
HIV virus, 248, 257
homeopathy, 145
Homer, 137, 166, 167, 360
hominins, 2, 29–37
Homo, 29–38, 250–51
ancient DNA of, 29, 31, 33–34, 322–23
common ancestors of, 30, 34, 234, 277
environmental adaptations of, 38
extinctions of, 30, 33, 37, 43, 45, 68
number of species of, 2, 30, 34
social complexity lacked by, 278–79
social learning of, 43–45
H. antecessor, 31
H. denisovan, 31, 33–34, 235
H. erectus, 30–31, 33, 34, 68, 90, 251, 257, 277
brain size of, 234
hand axes of, 43
H. ergaster, 31, 251
H. floresiensis, 34–35
H. gautengenis, 30
H. habilus, 30, 234, 251, 277
H. heidelbergensis, 31, 234, 251
H. sapiens, 31–37
archaic (premodern), 31, 32, 33–35, 37, 44, 68
H. sapiens neanderthalensis, 37–38, 251; see also Neanderthals
H. sapiens sapiens, 1–5, 29–68
Americas colonized by, 35
archaic species’ interbreeding with, 33–34, 44
artifacts of, 32–33, 44, 46–47, 59, 61, 112–13, 130, 236
biodiversity reduced by, 37
characteristics of, 1, 6–8, 29–30, 130
common ancestry of, 4, 60
in Europe, 29–30, 33–34, 37, 48, 263–64, 280
extinctions caused by, 37
foreheads possessed by, 235–36
gracile appearance of, 45, 255
hairlessness of, 256–61
Neanderthals vs., see Neanderthals
near-extinction of, 4
“out of Africa” migrations of, 4, 30, 32, 33, 34–35, 36, 47, 59–62, 89–90
Pacific colonized by, 35–36, 47–48, 60–61
population expansion of, 62–68
recent emergence of, 1–2, 4, 31
reproductive rate of, 66–68
social learning by, see social learning
as sole survivor of Homo lineage, 250–51
species coexistent with, 29–30, 33–35, 90
symbolic thinking of, 32–33, 38, 236, 278
world occupied by, 2, 4–5, 32, 33–38, 44, 46, 47–48, 54, 59, 62, 89–90, 93, 127, 369
homunculus, 270, 286, 308, 353, 357
Hong Kong, 343
honor killings, 8, 202, 224–25
Hoover, J. Edgar, 187
Hornstein, Henry, 196
hostile forces of nature, 244–45, 247–48
Human Accelerated Regions (HARs), 252–54, 265
Hume, David, 140, 146, 147–48, 269–73
Humphrey, Nicholas, 148, 247–48
hunter-gatherers, 24, 39, 92–95, 96, 168, 197, 336, 346
ancient European, 297
central place foraging of, 359
economies of scale of, 358–59
female dispersal of, 322
female reproduction rates of, 66–67
food sharing by, 228–31
homicide among, 92, 94–95
specialization of, 102
splitting of, 359, 360
starch digestion in, 48
steatopygia in women of, 261–62
warfare among, 92–94
hunting, 26, 33, 59, 128, 228–31
by Neanderthals, 44–45
persistence, 249–50, 257
Hurtado, Magdalena, 95
Hussein, Saddam, 152
Hutu-Tutsi genocide, 88–89, 90–91, 193
“I and thou,” 269–70, 308–9, 324, 332, 333, 334
IBM, 334
Deep Blue computer of, 332
Ice Age, 29, 35, 45
Ice Man (Ötzi), 93
id, 321–22, 323
ideas, 3, 21–27, 88, 205, 331
as memes, 21–26, 152
social learning and, 46
identity, 7, 12, 13, 19, 48, 81–84, 269–73, 307–9
group, 49–54, 56, 57–58, 81, 82, 303–5, 368–69
Iliad (Homer), 137, 166, 167, 360
imitation, 2, 69, 247
hyper-, 244
by infants, 243–44
in social learning, 37–45, 61, 236–44, 335–40
immune system, 25–26, 105, 160–61, 176, 248, 257–58, 286
imprinting, 5–7
genomic, 320–24
India, 15, 33, 34, 94, 186, 296, 345
Indo-European language family, 296–99, 302, 303
Indonesia, 33, 174–75
infanticide by males, 315
infants, 87, 263–64, 291
anonymity at birth of, 314–16
imitation by, 243–44
language preference demonstrated by, 51
prenatal growth of, 320–21
see also children
influenza virus, 25, 160–61, 248, 340
initiation procedures, 216–17
innovations, 69, 108–10, 119, 127, 129–31, 236–44, 247, 335–40, 361, 362
insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2), 321
Intel Corporation, 8086 computer chip of, 241–42
intelligence, 88, 180, 233, 236, 258, 265, 307, 335, 369
deception’s co-evolution with, 173–74, 309–16
see also social intelligence
intentional stance, 140–41
Internet, 83, 219, 338–40, 352
introduced species, 65–66
Inuits, 9
inventiveness, 235–44, 247, 256, 328, 369
Irving, John, 273
Israel, 32, 102, 346
Japan, 73
Japanese macaques, 9, 39, 41
Jericho, 102, 346
Jesuits, 141
Jesus, 133, 153, 157, 350
jewelry, 32, 236
of Kenyan women, 52
Neanderthal, 44
jingoism, 81–82
John, Gospel According to, 133, 157
Johnson, Lyndon B., 187
Jolly, Alison, 247–48
Jones, Sir William, 296
Judges, Book of, 304
Junger, Sebastian, 83–84, 97, 216–17
Kahneman, Daniel, 145
Kamikaze pilots, 73, 85
Kant, Immanuel, 270
Kasparov, Garry, 332
Keeley, Lawrence, 92, 193
Kenya, vii–viii, 52
Kierkegaard, Søren, 157–58
Kinglake, Alexander, 282–83
“King’s Eyes,” Persian, 332
kin selection (nepotism), 70–71, 76–78, 151–52, 174–76, 179–81, 228, 367
religious invocation of, 152
special and limited form of, 81–87, 89, 90, 211–12
suicide bombers and, 152
Kinzler, Katherine, 51
knowledge, 49
accumulation and transmission of, 2–3, 4, 26–27, 41, 46–47, 69, 70, 135, 161, 232, 237, 337–38
loss of, random drift in, 60–62
kookaburra, 66
Korak speakers, 49
Korean War, 159
Koro speakers, 50
Krebs, John, 24
Kubrick, Stanley, 43
Kulick, Don, 50–51
kuru, 310
lactase, 263
lactose tolerance, 263–64
Lakon speakers, 50
Lakota Indians, 185–86
Laland, Kevin, 336–37, 340
languages, 1, 5, 8, 10, 13, 36, 118–19, 127, 244, 265, 275–306, 348
censorship of, 276
compositional nature of, 276
consciousness and, 333–34
cooperation and, 220–21, 279–83
cultural survival vehicles separated by, 49–54, 56, 57–58, 303–5
dating emergence of, 277–78, 280
density of, 49–50, 53, 304
designed, 303
as digital communication system, 276, 289–93
diversity of, 49–51, 53, 302, 303–4
extant, number of, viii, 48, 303
extinction of, 305–6
families of, 296–300
FOXP2 gene linked to, 254
genetic factors and, 283–93
group identity defined by, 49–54, 56, 57–58, 82, 303–5
innately programmed preference for, 51
intentional differentiation of, 50–51, 304, 305
music and, 166
niches of, 50–51
nuanced expression achieved by, 289–91
original mother tongue of, 299
outsiders identified by, 304
physical apparatus of, 275, 278, 289, 299
proto-, 278
religion and, 144
social behavior regulated by, 279–81
social complexity’s need for, 278–83
splitting events in, 304–5
languages, words of, 276, 289–90, 293–305
common fundamental vocabulary of, 294
competition among, 300–302, 306
conservation of, 297–300, 302–3
extinct, 301
global etymologies of, 299
infrequently-used, 300, 301, 302
most-frequently-used, 293–95, 297–98, 299, 302
onomatopoeic, 299
phonemes of, 289
possible number of, 301–2
related, 296, 297–98, 299
shortened, 300–301
sound vs. meaning of, 300–301, 302
stability of, 295–96, 302
Zipf’s law of, 301
Lapita people, 35–36
Lascaux Cave paintings, 111, 112
Latinate (Romance) languages, 57, 297, 298
Latin language, 296, 300, 303
Leakey, Louis, 30, 43
Leakey, Mary, 30
learning, 13, 38–42, 66, 161
reinforcement schedules in, 141–45
stimulus enhancement in, 40–42
see also social learning
LeBlanc, Steven, 92
Lee, Robert, 256
Levant, 32
Levinson, Orde, 168
Lewis, Meriwether, 52–53, 185–86
Lewis and Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery (Duncan and Burns), 52–53
Lewis and Clark expedition (Corps of Discovery), 52–53, 185–86
liberals, political, 122
lice, 257, 294
clothing-adapted, 259, 260
head, 259
life, history of, 2, 129, 181–87
life-dinner principle, 24, 26, 145–46, 152, 160–61
life expectancies, 317
List, John, 200–201
literature, 137, 140, 166–68, 173, 360
basic plots of, 139
Little History of the World, A (Gombrich), 235
lizard, side-blotched (Uta stansburiana), 121, 122
local rules, 349–58, 361, 362
agents of, 350–53
of bird flocks flying, 353
Locke, John, 5, 169, 308
Lord’s Prayer, linguistic evolution of, 295–96
Loudwell, Richard, 309
Lucy (A. afarensis), 30
Luria, Alexander, 169
macaques, Japanese, 9, 39, 41
machines, dependency on, 22
Magellan, Ferdinand, 260
magical thinking, 139, 141–45
malaria, 248, 257, 258
male dispersal, 322, 324
Malevich, Kazimir, 132
mammoths, opercula of, 111
Mandarin language, 305–6
&n
bsp; Mangareva language, 302
Maori war canoes, 93–94
Mao Zedong, 159, 163–64, 366
marathon foot races, 249
Marlowe, Frank, 229
marriage, 192
martyrs, religious, 21
Marx, Karl, 136
Massow, Ivan, 138
material culture, 59
mating practices, 36–37, 121
facial preferences in, 48
sexual selection in, 153–55, 260–62
matriliny, 37
Matrix, 22
Matthew, Gospel According to, 153
Mattick, John, 292–93
Mayan civilizations, 361
Maynard Smith, John, 75, 181–84
McCann, Madeleine, 339
McLuhan, Marshall, 155
meerkats, 8
Melanesians, 34
melanocortin I receptor gene, 259–60
memes, 21–26, 152, 331
cultural enhancers vs., 135–38, 145–46, 158–64
defenses against, 22–26
memory, 308–9, 332–33
enhancement of, 166–68
menopause, 67, 265
mental illness, 309–11, 313–14
mental simulations, 249–50, 330–31
meritocracies, 125
Metzger, Gustav, 138
MGM, 334
microcephalin gene, 265
Middle Ages, 21, 102–3, 168
cathedrals built in, 162–63
Milgram, Stanley, 364
milk, 256
adult digestion of, 48, 263–64
milk bottle tops, birds’ piercing of, 38–39, 40
Millennium Bridge, 237–38
millennium bug (Y2K), 22
mind/brain dualism, 139–40
mind drugs, 135–38
minds, 14–15, 21–27, 80, 133, 269–73, 338
biases of, 138–45, 149
divided, 316–24
intentional stance and, 140–41
mind viruses, 136, 152, 160–62
minimalism, artistic, 138
Miró, Joan, 109
missing years, 59–62
Mithen, Steven, 112, 165
mitochondria, 255, 318–19
mnemonic devices, 169
Moa birds, 37
mobility, lack of, 54–56, 113, 122, 364, 365
molecular biology, 74, 259, 324
Mongolia, 36
monkeys, 45–46, 99, 234, 258
group beliefs in, 151–52
monks, 21, 143
Montaigne, Michel de, 310
moral decision making, 328–29, 330
moralistic aggression, 89, 90–91, 94–95, 195–96, 224, 226
morality, 8, 14, 89, 94, 96, 123–24, 158, 197, 223–24
innate sense of, 328–29
Morse code, 287, 288
multiculturalism, 367–69
music, 2, 4, 8, 10, 30, 44, 109, 112, 132–46, 236
as cultural enhancers, 132–38, 139, 146, 164–69
as memes, 135–38, 145–46
memory enhanced by, 166–68
modern bizarre, 132–33
origins of, 164–65
musk oxen, woolly, 45–46
mutual aid societies, 79–81, 85, 87, 208
“Myths About Hunter-Gatherers” (Ember), 92
naked mole rats, 259
