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About the Author
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Acknowledgments
I’m very grateful to my agent, Luigi Bonomi of LBA; to my editors, Sherise Hobbs at Headline in London and Peter Wolverton at Thomas Dunne Books in New York; to my former editor Martin Fletcher and to Ann Verrinder Gibbins and Jane Selley for their continuing excellent work on my books; to the rest of the teams at Headline and at Thomas Dunne Books, including Beth Eynon, Christina Demosthenous, Emily Gowers, and Emma Stein; to Alison Bonomi and Ajda Vucicevic at LBA; to Nicki Kennedy, Sam Edenborough, Jenny Robson, Simone Smith, and Alice Natali at the Intercontinental Literary Agency; and to my many foreign publishers and translators.
As with my other novels in this series, much of the diving and archaeology that I’ve written about here is based on my own experiences. My brother Alan has been my companion on many wreck dives in recent years, and his photo of me underwater can be seen in the design cover of this book. Mark Milburn dived with me in Gunwalloe Cove in Cornwall when we discovered the wreck of the Grip, and since then we’ve found much older wrecks in those waters. My excavations at Carthage were carried out under the auspices of the Carthage Museum and were funded by the British Academy, the Cambridge University Faculty of Classics, and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. I’m very grateful to the staff of the National Archives at Kew and the archivist of the Clan Line for assisting with my research on convoys off West Africa. I owe much to my grandfather, Captain Lawrance Wilfred Gibbins, for having talked to me about his wartime experiences as a Merchant Navy officer. My research on the Abyssinia campaign benefited from assistance I received at the Royal Engineers Library in Chatham, the Cambridge University Library, and the India Office Collections of the British Library, and I’m also grateful to Heidelberg University Library for allowing me to see the original tenth-century manuscript of the Periplus of Hanno. Lastly, I owe a special thanks to my daughter for suggesting that we visit Bletchley Park, and for freediving with me off Cornwall just as Rebecca does with Jack in this novel.
Map showing the main places mentioned in the novel, including the Horn of Africa and the seas beyond the Strait of Gibraltar explored by early Carthaginian navigators.
And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying … they shall make an ark of acacia wood: two cubits and a half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the breadth thereof, and a cubit and a half the height thereof. And thou shalt overlay it with pure gold, within and without shalt thou overlay it, and shalt make upon it a crown of gold round about … And thou shalt make staves of acacia wood, and overlay them with gold … The staves shall be in the rings of the ark; they shall not be taken from it. And thou shalt put into the ark the testimony which I shall give thee …
The Book of Exodus 25:10–16 (King James Bible, Revised Version)
… we sailed along with all speed, being stricken by fear. After a journey of four days, we saw the land at night covered with flames. And in the midst there was one lofty fire, greater than the rest, which seemed to touch the stars. By day this was seen to be a very high mountain, called Chariot of the Gods.
Thence, sailing along by the fiery torrents for three days, we came to a bay, called Horn of the South. In the recess of this bay there was an island … full of savage men … they had hairy bodies, and the interpreters called them Gorillae. When we pursued them we were unable to take any of the men; for they all escaped, climbing the steep places and defending themselves with stones; but we took three of the women … we killed them and flayed them, and brought their skins to Carthage.
For we did not voyage further, provisions failing us …
The Periplus of Hanno, 6th century BC (Originally written in Phoenician, translated from the Greek by Wilfred H. Schoff)
Prologue
Southern Erythraean Sea (present-day Red Sea) during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, 584 BC
The man with the braided beard lurched forward, his hands on his knees, panting hard. Even his breathing seemed cracked, desiccated, like the hard crust of salt on the foreshore around him, as if the skin of the earth were burning and peeling away with his own. The sun had nearly reached its zenith, and it was as hot as the very furnace of Ba’al Hammon in Carthage, at the place of sacrifice where he and his crew had made offerings a lifetime ago at the start of their voyage. For a moment he wondered whether he was back there still, whether the torment of the past weeks had been nothing more than a nightmare inflicted on him by the gods, a punishment for sailing to lands so far beyond the Pillars of Hercules that even the gods themselves held no sway.
He shut his eyes, feeling them smart with the dryness, seeing the white blotches of blindness that had begun to appear over the last few days. He opened them again, blinking hard against the light that reflected off the cracked mosaic of salt around his feet. This was no nightmare, but it was far beyond any reality he had ever experienced before. He turned around, staggering, and shielded his eyes with one hand against the glare, seeing the distant form of his ship where it had heeled over and held fast in the shallows, and in the other direction the hazy forms of his four companions, two of them struggling with their burden as they made their way across the salt flats toward the mountains. The heat shimmer on the flats had made him think of the mirages he had seen as a boy in the desert south of Carthage, and had given him a spark of hope that he might one day make it back there alive. He tried licking his lips, but his tongue was like sandstone. He had to reach the foothills and find water soon, or die.
He staggered forward again, shouldering the sack that contained their meager remaining provisions: a few dried fish, handfuls of wild grain collected during their last foray ashore, some nuts and roots. The other ships of the fleet seemed a distant memory now, ships full of grain and amphorae of olive oil and wine to stock the outposts they had established along the desert shore beyond the Pillars of Hercules, seeking the place the Greeks called Chrysesephon, the Land of Gold. They had found it, a beach where the native traders brought them nuggets of river gold as big as a man’s fist, gold they were willing to trade for textiles dyed with the royal purple of Tire. But instead of turning back then, their coffers filled, he had ordered the remaining ships to carry on, past burning mountains crowned with rivers of red, past rivers teeming with fish with teeth like lions’, along a desolate sandy shore strewn with the skeletons of whales where the other three ships had all been driven to destruction in a terrible storm, sweeping the men shrieking and yelling into the pounding surf to join the rotting carcasses that lined the shore as far as the eye could see.
His was the only ship to make the southern cape, the very extremity of Africa, a stormy, rocky pinnacle pounded by the surf where they had erected a pillar with a bronze plaque dedicated to Ba’al Hammon before turning northeast and sailing up the far shore. He had wept there, thinking of his brother Himilco. Three years earlier they had stood together at the Pillars of Hercules, drinking wine and eating olives, planning the greatest trading expeditions ever undertaken. Himilco would sail
north to the Cassiterides, the Tin Isles, with elephant ivory and textiles and olive oil. If he could find the source of the tin the Greek middlemen brought to Massalia, then they could bypass the overland route through Gaul and ship it directly to the Mediterranean, monopolizing the trade. If he himself, Hanno, could sail south and find Chrysesephon, they would be doubly blessed, and great fortune and fame would be theirs.
But then, as they had assembled their ships, from Gades, from Carthage, from their ancestral homeland in far-off Phoenicia, another mission had befallen them. The ships of Tire and Sidon in Phoenicia had brought news of the fall of the kingdom of Judah to the Babylonians, of the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar and the exile of the Jews to Babylon. And one of the ships had brought something else, something that had led him to this place at the edge of existence, an artifact whose form he could just see being carried ahead of him through the haze toward the mountains: the greatest treasure of the people of Judah, the box that contained the holy testament of their God, the golden shrine that they called the Ark of the Covenant.
He swallowed, wincing with the pain in his throat, and glanced back one last time at his ship. She was already settling into the ooze, the painted eyes on either side of her prow staring up at the mountains, her mast raked forward where they had laid it for the final run ashore. She had served them well, her tightly caulked hull waterproof like skin, supple and strong, made from the cedar of Phoenicia that the shipwrights still preferred at Carthage, timber that kept away shipworm and would not rot like the others. No other ship had sailed this far from the Pillars of Hercules, had endured such winds and mighty seas, had kept true to the course when all else seemed against them. He had kissed her prow and wept as he left her, taking a fragment of wood from the hull to place inside the next ship he would construct at Carthage, if Ba’al Hammon willed that he should survive. His last act had been to scratch his name and that of his brother on an amphora sherd and toss it into the sea behind the ship, just as they had done together that day at the Pillars of Hercules, as the sign of their pact.
He hoped that Himilco had been as lucky with his ship, built at Gades by Iberian wrights in the Atlantic fashion, with a flatter bottom so that she could rest upright on the foreshore when the tide was out. He had wondered about the shallow depth of her keel, whether she would hold course with a wind on her beam in the way that his own ship had. When he saw his brother again, when Himilco too had returned from his great voyage, they would use all their newly won experience to design the best ship to withstand the ocean beyond the Pillars of Hercules. Then they would undertake the ultimate voyage they had dreamed of that day together, sailing at the head of a great fleet for the fabled shore they knew lay far across the open ocean to the west.
He remembered the day of their departure from Carthage almost two years before, a morning of shimmering seas when the air was clear of dust from the desert and the sun glinted off the bronze on the temples, the marble blindingly bright. They had rowed their ships slowly through the landlocked harbor, past the crowded vessels of their Phoenician kinsmen from Tire and Sidon who had fled the onslaught of the Babylonians. Carthage had suddenly seemed unassailable, the most powerful city in the Mediterranean. They had passed the assembled magistrates and the crowd who were there to cheer them on, showering the deck with flowers and olive boughs for good luck. As the beams were pulled away from the harbor entrance they had heard the first shriek from the great bronze mouth of Ba’al Hammon on the platform above, the first belch of smoke and whiff of roasting flesh. The priests had chosen Hanno’s own nephew to propitiate their departure, and he and Himilco had watched from their ships as the infant had been held aloft and then rolled down the maw of the god into the furnace below. The screams came out from the belly as if from a huge trumpet, echoing and rebounding off the harbor walls, and the priests had raised their arms to the mountain of Bou Kornine to the east, a sure sign that the sacrifice had worked. Ba’al Hammon had protected Hanno on his voyage, and he had prayed every day that the eye of the god had been on Himilco too, had kept him safe and well.
He thought again of those ships of Tire and Sidon, and of the cousin from one of the ships who had sought him out one night before the voyage. With him he had brought a robed man who had revealed himself as an Israelite named Ezekiel, a prophet who had fled Jerusalem before the might of Nebuchadnezzar. The king and priests of Jerusalem had entrusted Ezekiel with a sacred treasure, and he and four companions had brought it in the cousin’s ship to Carthage. Ezekiel had known of Hanno and his impending voyage, word having spread among the shipmasters of Phoenicia, and he had come to him with a proposition. Forget the riches you might make in trade, in gold and tin and whatever else it is you seek, he had said. A far greater reward will be yours if you take on my cargo, if you deliver it to the appointed place. He had spread out the contents of the sack he had been carrying, gold coins from the kingdom of Lydia, gold chains and bars, gold amulets and scarabs and masks encrusted with dazzling jewels. All of this now, and twice this amount again when you return.
He had described the destination, and Hanno had agreed. It was on his course, on the far shore of Africa, not far south of Egypt. Ezekiel had told him what to look out for on the western horizon. He and the priests had chosen the circuitous sea route because the desert to the south of Jerusalem was fraught with danger, the Babylonians having overrun Egypt and the caravan trails infested with brigands. All Hanno had to do was to deliver the cargo to a mountain called the Chariot of Fire, to the followers of Ezekiel who would be waiting there and who would escort him south to another great mountain fastness, an impregnable plateau known only to those who had gone in secret to this place from Judaea to await the arrival of their sacred treasures. There, those who had met them would take the object to a place of concealment and then return with the animal skins that had covered it, giving them to him to take back to Carthage. The skins would be flecked with gold on the inside from the gilding of the object, and would be affirmation to Ezekiel that the deed had been done. Hanno was to set the skins up on poles outside the temple of Ba’al Hammon as if they were trophies from some exotic animals he had taken on the voyage, and then he would receive the remainder of his payment.
And Ezekiel had given Hanno a warning. The hanging animal skin was the Egyptian sign of the imiut, a curse-offering from the cult of the black dog Anubis, guardian of the dead. When the Israelites had fled Egypt, they had stolen a portable shrine for their holy objects with a life-sized statue of Anubis on top, protecting the funerary goods that had once been inside. When the Israelite prophet Moses had been instructed by their god to create a receptacle for his commandments, it was this box he had chosen, calling it the Aron Habberit, the Ark of the Covenant. Ezekiel had told Hanno this because he had known of the superstitions of sailors, of those like Hanno who knew many gods. He had said that the power of Anubis was still there, the power of the one who shall not be seen, the one whom the Egyptians always kept shrouded. He had warned that anyone who dared lift the hides and cloths that covered the Ark would be instantly struck dead. Hanno had never once looked underneath, even when they had needed to replace the rotting leopard skins covering it with new hides they found in Africa, flayed from the gorilla women his men had hunted on the west coast.
Anubis was not the only god who concerned Hanno. The Israelite god, the one the Phoenicians called the God of the Testament, whose words were said to be in the Ark, was surely as much a cousin of Ba’al Hammon as he and Himilco were cousins of their kinsmen from Phoenicia and Israel itself; with the world’s most perilous sea voyage ahead of him, he could not afford to let any god rain down his wrath upon him, Egyptian or Phoenician or Israelite. Like any good Phoenician, he respected the gods of everyone with whom he traded, and always hedged his bets.
He stared ahead, feeling faint. The gorilla skins on the Ark might take Ezekiel aback, but by now they would be imprinted with its shape; they would be all the proof that was needed that the Ar
k had been delivered. He took another heavy step forward, cracking the encrusted shore. There was something more powerful than fear of the gods that had kept him true to his word. Ezekiel’s gold had spoken. Hanno was a Phoenician first and foremost, with trade in his blood. Ezekiel’s gold and jewels would make him the wealthiest man in Carthage: able to afford the bounty he had promised his sister for giving up her infant for sacrifice, able to dedicate a new temple at the harbor entrance where he would hang the trophies of his voyage, able to make sure his brother Himilco would want for nothing if his own voyage to the Cassiterides had failed to reap a profit. And Ezekiel had also known something else—that the word of a Phoenician was his true word, his covenant, as binding as that between the Israelites and their god. Hanno would do everything in his power to see his cargo delivered, and to banish all thoughts of return until then.
For now, he needed to summon his remaining energy to cross this desolate wasteland, a place where even Ba’al Hammon seemed to have forsaken him. He staggered forward another few steps, his feet crunching through the salt rind, his ankles raw and bloody from pulling them out against the crust. He tried to remember details of their voyage to keep his mind from wandering. He remembered setting up the bronze plaque on the southern cape weeks before. When they had finished, they realized that the native people had emerged from the bush and were watching them, and Hanno had flung himself on the ground as if worshipping the plaque, hoping that the natives would see its sanctity and leave it intact. Their interpreter from the land of the gorillae told the people that to damage the plaque would be to bring certain death, just as Ezekiel had told Hanno about the Ark. The people, called Lembana by the interpreter, had seemed suitably awed, and had brought offerings of fresh fruit and meat that Hanno’s men had gratefully devoured, caring little that the offerings had been meant to satisfy this unknown new deity rather than their own desperate hunger and thirst.
Testament Page 1
