by G. J. Meyer
At the end of his preparations: One gun for five yards of front is in Paschall, 73.
Plumer’s artillery would fire three and a half million: Wolff, 171.
Though it did not come cheaply: Casualty numbers are in Paschall, 73.
In the process they killed: Casualty figures are in ibid., 75.
“The fighting on the Western Front”: Parkinson, 137.
“The slope,” said an Australian: Wolff, 239.
The Italian commander in chief: Casualty figures for Tenth and Eleventh Isonzo are in Banks, 201.
The Germans and Austrians, whose thirty-three divisions: The numbers of divisions are in Mosier, 292.
Italian casualties totaled three hundred and twenty thousand: The numbers are in Evans, Battles, 43.
The price had been almost exactly: Paschall, 77.
The British, Canadians, Anzacs, and French: Casualty figures for Third Ypres are in Evans, Battles, 41, and Paschall, 79.
On November 20, near Cambrai: The numbers are in Mosier, 290.
Of the 216 new Mark IV tanks: The numbers are in Paschall, 126.
The British found themselves: The number of divisions is in Mosier, 298.
On the Western Front, the year had taken: Numbers of soldiers killed on the Western Front in 1917 are in ibid., 284 and 299.
PART SIX
1918: Last Throw of the Dice
Several books previously credited for their usefulness in earlier parts of this book were also particularly helpful in connection with 1918. Among them are L. L. Farrar’s Arrogance and Anxiety (illuminating in connection with diplomacy), Holger H. Herwig’s The First World War, and the fourth volume of Gerhard Ritter’s The Sword and the Sceptre. The author is also indebted to Corelli Barnett for the final section of The Swordbearers, to Roger Parkinson’s Tormented Warrior: Ludendorff and the Supreme Command, to Alan Palmer’s The Gardeners of Salonika, and to the following works dealing with 1918 exclusively: The Battle for Europe 1918 by H. Essame; Crisis 1918 by Joseph Gies; 1918: The Last Act by Barrie Pitt; and To Win a War by John Terraine.
The latter’s casualties totaled: King, Generals and Politicians, 194.
General Pétain, the commander in chief: Clayton, 161.
It had fought off more than: Details of the French operations are in Terraine, To Win a War, 11.
With its larger population: British casualty figures are in King, Generals and Politicians, 194.
Some four hundred and fifty thousand fit and ready: Essame, 32.
British production of ammunition: Tonnage of shells and total British shipments to the continent are in ibid., 23.
Lloyd George had regarded Haig: Haig’s pledge to the Conservatives not to replace Haig and Robertson is in Pitt, 33.
In 1917 Vienna conscripted: Herwig, 353.
That left it with no remaining: Ibid., 366.
Monthly rifle production was plummeting: Weapons production figures are in Herwig, 357.
It still had forty-four divisions: Numbers of divisions are in Herwig, 366.
“The Attack in Trench Warfare”: Pitt, 44.
The goal was to create: Herwig, 395.
“pined for the offensive”: Barnett, 280.
He declared that no offensive: Ludendorff’s conditions are in Pitt, 42.
“reconciliation chancellor”: Gies, 17.
Kühlmann, who pursued negotiations: Kühlmann’s diplomatic objectives, and the divide-and-conquer objectives of German diplomacy generally, are the subject of Farrar, Divide and Conquer.
Seven hundred and fifty thousand: Herwig, 362.
The intensity of the discontent: Pitt, 39.
“the speedy conclusion of peace”: Parkinson, 159.
Forty thousand strikers: Pitt, 39.
Between thirty-five hundred and six thousand: Herwig, 381.
“including an unequivocal declaration”: Gies, 66.
“We make a hole”: Asprey, German High Command, 367.
“fractured”: Kohut, 47.
“one of those strange figures”: Steinberg, 26.
“He would really be so pretty”: Kohut, 47.
“a one-armed man should”: Ibid., 43.
“The emperor is like a balloon”: Ponsonby, 363.
“Nothing will change”: Kohut, 214.
Fifty-seven British, Indian: Essame, 26.
While withholding infantry: The numbers of laborers sent, and the numbers put to work, are in ibid., 15.
He had ninety-nine divisions: Pitt, 62.
This was less than half: The number of corps to be shifted is in Gies, 75.
Haig, who had been obliged: King, Generals and Politicians, 47.
“I am sick of this d--d life”: Terraine, To Win a War, 37.
Gough, whose Fifth Army: Miles and division totals are in Gies, 76.
Ludendorff was aggressive as always: The positions of Ludendorff and Kaiser Wilhelm at this meeting are in Herwig, 383.
“no war, no peace”: Terraine, To Win a War, 21.
The Russians were now so helpless: German gains are in Stevenson, Cataclysm, 321.
Russia relinquished: Details of what Russia signed over at Brest-Litovsk are in Pitt, 45; Terraine, To Win a War, 22; and Asprey, German High Command, 360.
The delegation’s chief refused: Goodspeed, 239.
At a time when they needed: The number of occupation troops that Germany required is in Ritter, 4: 116.
Ukraine alone soaked up: Herwig, 386.
In the west he was assembling: The number of German troops is in Stevenson, Cataclysm, 325; the number of divisions in Cataclysm, 326.
“no one was anxious to detain him”: Bruce, 60.
In spite of the immensity: The numbers are in Pitt, 45.
Between February 15 and March 20: Herwig, 392.
Ludendorff had had 150 divisions: Terraine, To Win a War, 22.
The results were at the front: The number of divisions is in Herwig, 395.
“The objective of the first day”: Barnett, 291.
Among them the three had almost: Division numbers are in Gies, 76.
Byng and Gough had fully a third: The deployment of troops is described in Barnett, 291.
“I was only afraid”: Pitt, 57.
“There are strong indications”: Barnett, 300.
The German attack force: Division and gun numbers are in Palmer, Victory 1918, 167.
By March 20 the fourteen divisions: Barnett, 293.
It included twenty-one divisions: Ibid., 293.
Along a line of more than: Pitt, 71.
“It was flamethrowers forward”: Gies, 82.
To the extent that Gough’s army could maintain the semblance: The extension of Gough’s line is in Barnett, 307.
He sent six of his best divisions: Ibid., 311.
By the time this message arrived: Ibid., 312.
Eight of the divisions with which Gough: Ibid.
Haig asked Pétain for an additional: Haig’s request, and the number of divisions sent by Pétain, are in Pitt, 95.
An enormous new cannon: Asprey, German High Command, 383.
“If an English delegation came”: Herwig, 406.
Early on the morning of Sunday, March 24: Pitt, 93.
They ended Sunday’s march: Parkinson, 157.
Haig understood the importance: Terraine, To Win a War, 46.
“save Amiens or everything’s lost”: Gies, 99.
“In my opinion…it was essential”: Barnett, 326.
By March 26 the offensive was essentially: Pitt, 100.
“Today the advance of our infantry”: Terraine, To Win a War, 48.
The Germans had captured twelve: Pitt, 109.
They had inflicted more than: Casualty and prisoner numbers are in Asprey, German High Command, 391.
“The Allies are very weak”: Freidel, 85.
“there were reports of occasional”: Parkinson, 174.
“I talked earnestly, urgently”: Hocheimer’s treatment of Ludendorff is described in ibid., 176.
“the war has spared me”: Ibid., 157.
He was promoted to colonel: In their biographies Goodspeed, Parkinson, and Tschuppik all explore the meaning of Ludendorff’s transfer away from the high command headquarters.
Ninety German divisions had been thrown: Herwig, 408.
The scale of the losses: Essame, 48.
Britain was not notably better off: Pitt, 111.
“that it could not take Amiens”: Ritter, 4: 233.
“all political questions were”: Barnett, 278.
“all powers necessary”: Pitt, 111.
Georgette…opened modestly: Details are in ibid., 120.
“Every position must be held”: Essame, 48.
“The conquest was a nightmare”: Gies, 118.
“a gigantic struggle beginning”: Parkinson, 149.
On April 24 nine divisions: Keegan, Illustrated History, 374.
“Gray-blue figures out of the half-buried”: Gies, 121.
General von Kuhl, chief of staff: Kuhl’s view of the consequences of the failure are in Pitt, 130.
His casualties since the start of Michael: Numbers are in Barnett, 331.
“The absence of our old”: Terraine, To Win a War, 53.
Though French and British losses: Numbers of arriving American troops are in Palmer, Victory 1918, 177.
An office was established in Paris: The 12-million-ton figure is in Freidel, 73.
The Americans would install: Eisenhower, 57.
It broadened conscription, drafting: Gies, 124.
The French had 103 divisions: Ibid., 143.
“J’ai dit”: Essame, 58.
More than twenty divisions were assembled: The numbers and the words in quotes are in Essame, 59.
“Hundreds upon hundreds of wounded”: Heyman, 122.
“We are supposed to care”: Ibid, 124.
More than fifteen thousand women: Ibid, 120-21.
“For the first time I was going”: Ibid, 122.
In France 85 percent of women: The data are in Steven C. Hause, “More Minerva than Mars: the French Women’s Rights Campaign and the First World War,” in Higonnet et al, 106.
In Germany alone more than five million: Ferguson, 267-68.
Female employment in French munitions factories: Hause, “More Minerva,” in Higonnet et al, 104.
In Germany alone more than one and a half million: The data are in Karin Hausen: “The German Nation’s Obligation to the Heroes’Widows of World War I,” in Higonnet et al, 128.
Hutier’s troops advanced: German gains are in Essame, 72.
By the end one hundred and eighty-six thousand German: Terraine, To Win a War, 150.
“had probably the greatest capacity”: Serle, 377.
Eleven days after Hamel—one wonders how: Pitt, 179.
Twenty-three divisions, four of them American: Gies, 229.
“Machine guns raved everywhere”: Terraine, To Win a War, 78.
In March the Germans had had three hundred thousand: The numbers in this paragraph are in Essame, 101.
“Midnight,” a German soldier: Gies, 248.
The Germans lost more than six hundred and fifty officers: Ibid, 131.
The troops were in such a sorry state: Parkinson, 164.
On the second day they were driven back: Herwig, 370.
But Britain and France alike: Drafting of fifty-year-old Britons is in Paschall, 165.
Workers at ammunition factories: British labor troubles are in Terraine, To Win a War, 126.
Their casualties in August alone: German casualties, and the following sentence on the declining number of divisions, are in Herwig, 424.
“dangerous and likely to lead”: Palmer, Gardeners of Salonika, 49.
It included one hundred and sixty thousand men: Troop numbers are in ibid; the January 1916 total on 52, the May total on 63.
Rumors circulated to the effect that: Ibid, 95.
The Entente had more than half a million: Pope and Wheal, 418.
“the gardeners of Salonika”: Palmer, Gardeners of Salonika, 71.
“I bear you no ill-will”: Ibid, 183.
“I expect from you savage vigor”: Ibid, 186.
Two hundred and fifty thousand Greek: Pope and Wheal, 418.
“The man could escape even now”: Parkinson, 175.
On the British part of the front: Essame, 149.
“for nearly three years the last”: Swettenham, 33.
“the pride and wonder of the British”: Ibid., 171.
“He had a tremendous command of profanity”: Dancocks, 18.
They never once failed: Ibid., 174.
He wanted not only to capture: Essame, 155.
Fifteen thousand German troops: Ibid., 158.
But Pershing had eight hundred and twenty thousand men: Ibid., 157.
“We could not answer every single cry”: Terraine, To Win a War, 131.
“as a result of the collapse”: Palmer, Gardeners of Salonika, 228.
Ludendorff, all options exhausted: Ritter, 4: 339.
“clung to that news like a drowning”: Ibid., 4: 340.
The war had rarely been bloodier: Terraine, To Win a War, 224.
“I have seen prisoners coming”: Ibid., 129.
The French now had nearly 40 percent: Clayton, 163.
When the Canadians finally broke through: Terraine, To Win a War, 166.
Almost ninety percent of the men: Terraine, To Win a War, 163.
“revolution from above”: Ritter, 4: 342.
“broken and suddenly aged man”: Terraine, To Win a War, 158.
“the one prominent royalist liberal”: Palmer, Victory 1918, 234.
General Wilhelm Gröner: Gröner’s report on missing troops is in Herwig, 442.
The blood continued to flow: French casualties are in Clayton, 162.
“If the Government of the United States”: Parkinson, 181.
“Our enemies merely pay”: Ritter, 4: 365.
In Italy an Allied force of fifty-six divisions: division numbers are in Herwig, 436.
“soldier’s honor”: Ritter, 4: 366.
“I am a plain ordinary citizen”: Ibid., 367.
“You will stay”: Ibid., 368.
“looking forward to proposals”: Ibid., 369.
He received thirty-nine replies: Herwig, 445.
These included German withdrawal: The terms of the Treaty of Versailles are examined clearly and in detail in Sharp, 102-29.
“No no no!”: Essame, 205.
Something on the order of 9.5 million men: Overall casualty figures are in Ferguson, 295.
“Central Europe is aflame”: Sharp, 130.
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