255 Henry Younger was murdered in July 1862, and the speculation was that he was attacked by Captain Walley and his soldiers, although no charges were ever brought against him. Younger, Cole Younger.
256 Ibid. The study of the average wealth of guerrillas comes from James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 785. McPherson credits his information to Don Bowen, “Guerrilla Warfare in Western Missouri, 1861–65: Historical Extensions of the Relative Deprivation Hypothesis,” in Comparative Studies in Society and History (Cambridge University Press) 49, Jan. 2007 edition (January 1, 1977), 30–51.
257 Younger, Cole Younger; and Leslie, The Devil Knows How to Ride, 105–106.
258 Castel, William Clarke Quantrill, 70–71.
259 McCorkle, Three Years with Quantrill.
260 The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Volume 8, page 612.
261 McCorkle, Three Years with Quantrill.
262 Albert Castel postulated that Quantrill learned from his mistakes during these three incidents, so he really deserves the credit here. I took his analysis a little further, but he set the stage. Castel, William Clarke Quantrill, 73–84; John McCorkle reported these incidents in the first person in his reminiscences, which was interesting in that he didn’t join Quantrill until August 1862. Clearly, the story was told in the camp, and it seemed to grow, because McCorkle stated that dozens of federals were killed in the battle at the Tate House. McCorkle, Three Years with Quantrill.
263 Ibid.
264 One interesting tidbit from this incident was that a local picked up a miniature flag dropped by one of the bushwhackers. The flag is now in the collection of the Kansas Historical Society. http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/quantrill-s-flag/10154.
265 Edwards, Noted Guerrillas,156–58; also quoted in Castel, William Clarke Quantrill, 101–03; McCorkle, Three Years with Quantrill.
266 Matthew C. Hulbert, “William ‘Bloody Bill’ Anderson,” Essential Civil War Curriculum (June 2012), found at: www.essential.civilwar.vt.edu/assets/files/ECWC%20TOPIC%20Anderson%20Bloody%20Bill%20Essay1.pdf.
267 Cole Younger did not mention the collapse of the building in his memoirs years later; Darryl Levings, “Mystery Still Surrounds 1863 Jail Collapse, Deaths” Kansas City Star (October 3, 2013); Tony O’Brian, “Collapse of the Women’s Prison in Kansas City,” Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1854–1865, found at: www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/content/collapse-union-women%E2%80%99s-prison-kansas-city.
268 Younger, Cole Younger.
269 H. E. Lowman wrote this piece and several other features in March 1864. His newspaper office was completely destroyed in the raid, and it took several months for him and his business to get back on its feet. Lawrence State Journal (March 24, 1864).
270 Castel, William Clarke Quantrill, 124–25. When the bushwhackers were in Lawrence, however, Rev. Cordley reported that they were wearing their distinctive butternut blouses. But his account might have been off, in that when they arrived in town, Hoffman Collamore—who appears in a little later in this chapter—said he thought the guerrillas were Union troops because they were wearing blue.
271 According to Albert Castel, Quantrill was familiar with the terrain they were crossing, but because the night was so dark, he forced local farmers along the route to guide the guerrillas on their way. Also according to Castel, ten such unlucky souls were forced into service, then were shot when they were no longer needed. Castel, William Clarke Quantrill, 125–126.
272 Cordley, History of Lawrence, 201–02.
273 There were varying reports on the number and makeup of the Union recruits. John McCorkle wrote that many of them were “colored.” Cole Younger claimed there were two hundred soldiers; others placed the number much lower. McCorkle, Three Years with Quantrill; Younger, Cole Younger. Rev. Cordley reported that seventeen recruits were killed. Cordley, History of Lawrence, 203.
274 Ibid., 204–05.
275 Ibid., 230; according to Younger, Lane rode off on a fine steed and was chased, but his horse was too fast, and he got away. McCorkle said Lane had three pianos in his house, two that had belonged to people in Jackson County, Missouri—both stories were myths. McCorkle, Three Years with Quantrill; Younger, Cole Younger.
276 Cordley, Pioneer Days in Kansas, 179; Wilson, “Congregationalist Richard Cordley,” 192.
277 A copy of the entire description along with a transcript can be found at: www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/content/mary-savage-jane-simpson
278 Jan Biles, “Quantrill’s Raid: Abomination Against Civilians,” The Topeka Capital-Journal (June 10, 2015).
279 Much of the description of the raid came from Cordley, Pioneer Days in Kansas, 178–89 and Cordley, History of Lawrence, 198–232.
280 Castel and Leslie claim that Skaggs had taken a ring from Lydia Stone, the proprietor’s daughter. Quantrill had given the girl the ring earlier, and demanded that Skaggs give it back. Rev. Cordley, on the other hand, simply said Skaggs was so drunk he didn’t know what he was doing and wanted to kill at least one more to bring his number to thirteen. Castel, Leslie, and others refer to the hotel owned by Stone as the Whitney hotel, where Charley Hart (Quantrill) had stayed. Rev. Cordley referred to it as the City hotel.
281 Younger, Cole Younger; McCorkle, Three Years with Quantrill.
282 Cordley, Pioneer Days in Kansas, 183–85.
283 Cordley, History of Lawrence, 233–38; McCorkle, Three Years with Quantrill; Castel, William Clarke Quantrill, 136–41; Leslie, The Devil Knows How to Ride, 245–56.
284 Richard Cordley listed 126 known deaths in his History of Lawrence (243–48). A monument erected in Lawrence in 1895 listed 150 deaths. Leslie, in his The Devil Knows How to Ride (237), cites the number of 183, printed in the St. Louis Missouri Democrat, which was reported by three men from Lawrence who were in charge of the burial party, but they also noted that there were seven additional bodies. Robert Speers’s body was never recovered, and not counted, as were a number of others, making the total likely more than 200.
285 Cordley, History of Lawrence, 240–42.
286 Lawrence Journal World (August 18, 2013).
287 Cordley, History of Lawrence, 246–51.
288 Cordley, Pioneer Days in Kansas, 220–21: Rev. Cordley’s sermon was reported in Plymouth Congregational Church website, at: plymouthlawrence.com/about-us/history/.
289 Cordley, History of Lawrence, 248–49
290 Wilson, “Congregationalist Richard Cordley,” 193.
291 Ibid. 249–50.
292 “To Our Patrons …” Lawrence State Journal (October 1, 1863).
293 “Our Press and Type Have Arrived from Chicago,” Ibid. (November 12, 1863); Ibid. (November 19, 1863).
294 Quoted in Katie H. Armitage, “‘Out of the Ashes’: The Rebuilding of Lawrence and the Quest for Quantrill Raid Claims,” Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains, 37 (Winter 2014–2015): 229.
295 Ibid., 226–41.
296 Albert Castel, “Order No. 11 and the Civil War on the Border,” found at: www.civilwarstlouis.com/History2/castelorder11.htm.
297 George Caleb Bingham. “Letter to the Editor,” St. Louis Republican (February 26, 1877).
298 James G. Blunt, “General Blunt’s Account of His Civil War Experiences,” Kansas Historical Quarterly 1 (May 1932): 248–49. This article is available online at: www.kancoll.org/khq/1932/32_3_blunt.htm.
299 Castel, William Clarke Quantrill, 155–72; Younger, Cole Younger; McCorkle, Three Years with Quantrill.
300 McCorkle, Three Years with Quantrill.
301 Castel, William Clarke Quantrill, 198–99; not surprisingly, the stories surrounding Anderson’s death vary widely. Some have Lt. Col. Cox as a major, leading 150 against 300 guerrillas. Some sources claim that Cox had his men cut off Anderson’s head and put it on top of a telegraph pole. The one piece of the story that is c
lear is that Anderson was dead, confirmed by several photographs of his corpse. A recent account of Anderson’s death can be found at: opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/29/killing-bloody-bill/?_r=0
302 Wendell Holmes Stephenson, Publications of the Kansas State Historical Society Embracing the Political Career of James H. Lane 3 (Topeka: Kansas State Historical Society, 1930), 147.
303 The GAR dissolved in 1956 when its last member, the last surviving Union Civil War veteran, Albert Woolson, died in Duluth, Minnesota. For more detail about the African American GAR in Kansas, refer to Roger D. Cunningham, The Black Citizen Soldiers of Kansas, 1864–1901 (Columbus: University of Missouri Press, 2008), 53; Donald R. Shaffer, After the Glory: The Struggles of Black Civil War Veterans (University of Kansas Press, 2004), 145.
304 http://www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/content/robinson-sara; Robinson, Sara T. D. “Personal Recollections of Mrs. Sara T.D. Robinson of the Quantrell Raid of August 21, 1863.” Special Collections, University of Missouri-Kansas City.
305 Cordley, Pioneer Days in Kansas, 254.
306 The Kansas Pacific Railroad was the same line as the Union Pacific, Eastern Division, mentioned in the earlier chapter—only the name changed.
307 National Register of Historic Places, Thematic Nomination for Lawrence, Kansas (1997), found at: www.lawrenceks.org/assets/pds/planning/documents/lawrencethematicnr.pdf.
308 A detailed history and description of the Plymouth Congregational Church building is in the National Register of Historic Places Nomination, found at: www.kshs.org/resource/national_register/nominationsNRDB/Douglas_PlymouthCongregationalChurchNR.pdf.
309 A detailed description of the English Lutheran Church can be found in the National Register of Historic Places Nomination, found at: www.kshs.org/resource/national_register/nominationsNRDB/Douglas_EnglishLutheranChurchNR.pdf. In the early 1900s, the congregation outgrew its building and moved to a new church nearby. In the late 1980s, the building was nearly demolished, but a local developer stepped in, and by adaptive re-use converted the church into a suite of professional offices. www.facebook.com/pages/Ashlar-LC-Old-English-Lutheran-Church-Professional-Office-Suites/514738791918570?sk=photos_stream.
310 C. S. Griffin, “The University of Kansas and the Years of Frustration, 1854-64,” Kansas Historical Quarterly 32, (Spring 1966), 6–16.
311 Ibid., 19–20.
312 In an earlier chapter, we noted that Amos Lawrence offered $11,000 in his Emigrant Aid Company stock to build a college in Lawrence, but before Lawrence could transfer the money, he experienced a temporary financial setback and had to renege on his offer. Frank M. Blackmar, Higher Education in Kansas, 27 (Washington, DC: United States Bureau of Education, Circular of Information, in Contributions to Educational History, 1900), 23–24.
313 John H. McCool, “Down, but Not Out,” in the University of Kansas history webpage, found at: kuhistory.com/articles/down-but-not-out/.
314 Ms. Richardson lived in Lawrence for the remainder of her life, and her daughter, her granddaughter, her great-grandson, and her great-great grandson all attended and graduated from the University of Kansas. Brian Drake, “Lady First,” in the University of Kansas History webpage, found at: kuhistory.com/articles/lady-first/.
315 The cable transfer system is described in www.lowtechmagazine.com/2013/03/the-mechanical-transmission-of-power-3-wire-ropes.html.
316 National Register Thematic Nomination for Lawrence; Cutler’s History of the State of Kansas.
317 A detailed description of the Vinland Grange Hall, and a history of the Grange chapter in Vinland, the National Register Nomination, can be found at: http://www.kshs.org/resource/national_register/nominationsNRDB/Douglas_VinlandGrangeHallNR.pdf.
318 www.haskell.edu/about/history.php. The school is now called Haskell Indian Nations University, which embraces the rich and diverse native cultures. The current one thousand students, from federally recognized tribes and Alaska Native Organizations throughout the nation, can now pick from baccalaureate programs in elementary education, American Indian studies, business administration, and environmental science.
319 Cordley, History of Lawrence, 269.
320 On August 13, 2013, the Lawrence Journal-World newspaper published a delightful article about Amos Adams Lawrence. There was one little problem—the lead read that “while he never visited the city that was named after him …” which as you can see above is incorrect. http://www2.ljworld.com/news/2013/aug/18/man-who-gave-lawrence-its-name-amos-lawrence/
321 Lawrence MSS, Diary, June 7, 1884; Lawrence, Life of Amos A. Lawrence, 274; “Hon. Amos A. Lawrence,” The Lawrence Gazette (May 29, 1884); “Hon. Amos A. Lawrence,” The Lawrence Journal (May 29, 1884); “Hon. Amos A. Lawrence Visit,” Ibid. (May 31, 1884).
322 “Information in Regard to the University of Kansas” (Topeka: Kansas Publishing House, 1884).
323 Deborah Keating, “Sara Tappan Doolittle Lawrence,” found at: www.civilwaronthewesternborder.org/content/robinson-sara.
324 Steve Fry, “Digging up the Past: Lawrence Site May Yield Home of Abolitionist,” (Topeka) Capital Journal (June 1, 2005), found at: cjonline.com/stories/060105/kan_digpast.shtml#.VY2ONflViko.
325 Albert Castell, Quantrill’s biographer, noted that several of Quantrill’s later guerrillas claimed that their leader’s purpose was to head through Kentucky to Washington, DC, for the purpose of assassinating President Lincoln. Other members of his band said that claim was preposterous, and Castel agreed with the latter reports.
326 The society’s website can be found at: wcqsociety.com/
327 Starr, Jennison’s Jayhawkers, 367–82.
328 Miller’s letters have been published in: Dailey, “Josiah Miller, an Antislavery Southerner: Letters to Father and Mother,” 66–89.
329 My great-grandfather Isco Pony Sutton joined Walker on this expedition and mustered out of Company L at Fort Laramie.
330 www.kshs.org/natreg/natreg_listings/search/page:1/arch:Haskell/submit:SEARCH
331 Richard Cordley, D. D., Sermons [by] Richard Cordley, D. D., For Thirty-Eight Years Pastor of Plymouth Church, Lawrence, Kansas. (Boston, New York: Pilgrim Press, 1912). Available at: https://archive.org/details/sermonsbyrichard00cord
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