by Frances Gies
69. Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 50.
70. Trow-Smith, British Livestock Husbandry, pp. 117, 121; Miller and Hatcher, Medieval England, p. 217.
71. James Greig, “Plant Resources,” in Astill and Grant, eds., Countryside of Medieval England, p. 121; E.M.R., p. 60.
72. Raftis, “Farming Techniques,” in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 2, p. 338; Thirsk, “Farming Techniques,” in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 4, p. 195.
73. Walter of Henley (Hosbonderie), p. 77.
74. Joseph and Frances Gies, Life in a Medieval City, New York, 1969, pp. 102-103.
75. E.M.R., p. 81.
76. Ibid., p. 303.
77. Cart. Rames., vol. 1, pp. 489-490.
78. E.M.R., p. 52.
79. Ibid., pp.96, 117.
80. Ibid., p. 260.
81. Ibid., pp.64, 111-112, 211.
82. Ibid., pp. 13, 64.
83. Ibid., p. lvii.
84. Ibid., pp. 5, 45.
85. Ibid., pp. 66, 67, 138, 141, 171, 172.
86. Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe, New York, 1937, p. 88.
87. Homans, English Villagers, p. 236; Raftis, Tenure and Mobility, p. 139.
88. E.M.R., pp. 6-7.
89. Postan and Titow, “Heriots and Prices on Winchester Manors.”
90. Mollat, The Poor in the Middle Ages, p. 178.
91. Vinogradoff, Growth of the Manor, p. 307.
92. Hallam, “The Life of the People,” in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 2, p. 846.
CHAPTER 8. THE PARISH
1. Miller and Hatcher, Medieval England, pp. 106-107.
2. John Godfrey, The English Parish, 600-1300, London, 1969; J. R. H. Moorman, Church Life in England in the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge, 1945, pp. 2-9.
3. Cart. Rames., vol. 2, p. 136.
4. Moorman, Church Life in England, pp. 24-37; A. Hamilton Thompson, The English Clergy and Their Organization in the Later Middle Ages, Oxford, 1947, pp. 101-131.
5. Moorman, Church Life in England, pp. 26-28.
6. Chronicon de Lanercost, Edinburgh, 1839, p. 158, cited in Moorman, Church Life in England, p. 27n.
7. Moorman, Church Life in England, pp. 28-31; Godfrey, The English Parish, pp. 74-75.
8. Ibid., pp. 76-77.
9. Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, pp. 30-31.
10. Moorman, Church Life in England, pp. 90-91.
11. Ibid., pp. 92-94.
12. Ibid., pp. 95-98.
13. Myrc, Instructions for Parish Priests, p. 1; W. A. Pantin, The English Church in the Fourteenth Century, Cambridge, 1955, pp. 195-243.
14. The Autobiography of Giraldus Cambrensis, ed. and trans, by H. E. Williams, London, 1937, p. 40.
15. Cart. Rames., vol. 1, pp. 293-294.
16. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 306.
17. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 331.
18. Rot. Hund., p. 658.
19. Cart. Rames., vol. 1, pp. 305-306.
20. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 293.
21. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 320.
22. E.M.R., p. 196.
23. Ibid., p. 300.
24. Owst, Preaching in Medieval England, p. 31.
25. Moorman, Church Life in Medieval England, p. 59.
26. Colin Piatt, The Parish Churches of Medieval England, London, 1981, p. 58.
27. Adhemar Esmein, Le Manage en droit canonique, ed. by R. Genestal, Paris, 1929-35, vol. 1, p. 131.
28. Moorman, Church Life in England, pp. 64-65.
29. Manning, Handlyng Synne, pp. 201-203.
30. Chronicon de Lanercost, pp. 2-3, cited in Moorman, Church Life in England, p. 64.
31. Piatt, Parish Churches, pp. 13-26.
32. Ibid., pp. 27-28.
33. P. H. Ditchfield, Old Village Life, London, 1920, pp. 104-105.
34. Platt, Parish Churches, pp. 28-29.
35. W. O. Hassall, How They Lived: An Anthology of Original Accounts Written Before 1485, New York, 1960, p. 344.
36. Manning, Handlyng Synne, pp. 217-218.
37. Moorman, Church Life in England, pp. 68-70.
38. Manning, Handlyng Synne, pp. 108-109.
39. Owst, Preaching in Medieval England, p. 170.
40. Ibid., p. 172.
41. Myrc, Instructions for Parish Priests, p. 9.
42. Moorman, Church Life in England, pp. 79-80.
43. Owst, Preaching in Medieval England, p. 319.
44. Owst, Literature and Pulpit, p. 156.
45. Owst, Preaching in Medieval England, pp. 336-337.
46. Ibid., p. 339.
47. Ibid., pp. 341-342.
48. Pantin, English Church in the Fourteenth Century, pp. 199-200.
49. Myrc, Instructions for Parish Priests, p. 26.
50. Ibid., pp. 29-43.
51. Ibid., pp. 43-48.
52. Ibid., pp. 1-3.
CHAPTER 9. VILLAGE JUSTICE
1. Homans, English Villagers, pp. 309-327.
2. E.M.R., pp. 37-38.
3. A. E. Levett, Studies in Manorial History, Oxford, 1938, p. 111.
4. Homans, English Villagers, p. 312; E.M.R., pp. 7, 34, 47, 105.
5. Levett, Studies in Manorial History, p. 149.
6. E.M.R., p. 1.
7. Levett, Studies in Manorial History, p. 151.
8. E.M.R., p. 153.
9. The Court Baron, ed. by F. W. Maitland and W. P. Baildon, London, 1891, p. 27.
10. Ibid., p. 28.
11. Homans, English Villagers, pp. 315-316.
12. The Court Baron, p. 28.
13. Homans, English Villagers, pp. 314-315.
14. E.M.R., p. 2.
15. Martin Pimsler, “Solidarity in the Medieval Village? The Evidence of Personal Pledging at Elton, Huntingdonshire,” Journal of British Studies 17 (1977), pp. 1-11; Britton, Community of the Vill, p. 104.
16. E.M.R., pp. 2-7.
17. Homans, English Villagers, p. 315.
18. E.M.R., p. 89.
19. Ibid., p. 46.
20. Homans, English Villagers, p. 315.
21. E.M.R., pp. 30, 89.
22. Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, trans, by L. A. Manyon, Chicago, 1964, vol. 1, p. 271.
23. E.M.R., p. 5.
24. Homans, English Villagers, pp. 324-325; John G. Bellamy, Crime and Public Order in the Later Middle Ages, London, 1973, pp. 90-91.
25. The Court Baron, pp. 93-94.
26. V.C.H. Hunts., vol. 1, p. 159.
27. E.M.R., p. 3.
28. Ibid., p. 44.
29. Ibid., p. 94.
30. Ibid., p. 31.
31. Ibid., p. 94.
32. Ibid., p. 120.
33. Ibid., p. 197.
34. Ibid., p. 102.
35. Ibid., p. 94.
36. Ibid., p. 189.
37. Ibid., p. 152.
38. Ibid., p. 3.
39. Ibid., p. 152.
40. Ibid., p. 31.
41. Gies, Marriage and the Family, p. 63; Jean-Louis Flandrin, “Sex in Married Life in the Early Middle Ages,” in Philippe Aries and Andre Béjin, Western Sexuality, London, 1985, pp. 140-157.
42. E.M.R., pp. 31-32.
43. Ibid., p. 39.
44. Homans, English Villagers, pp. 312-313.
45. E.M.R., p. 42.
46. Mollat, The Poor in the Middle Ages, p. 172.
47. Homans, English Villagers, p. 320.
48. E.M.R., p. 200.
49. Ibid., p. 299.
50. Ibid., p. 94.
51. Ibid., p. 98.
52. Homans, English Villagers, p. 323.
53. Britton, Community of the Vill, pp. 170-171.
54. E.M.R., p. 153.
55. Ibid., p. 44.
56. Ibid., p. 191.
57. Ibid., p. 146.
58. Ibid., p. 154.
59. Ibid., p. 257.
60. Ibid., p. 154.
61. Ibid., p. 42.
62. Mollat, The Poor in the Middle Ages, p. 171; Duby, Rural Economy and Count
ry Life, pp. 253-254.
63. E.M.R., p. 3.
64. Ibid., p. 30.
65. Ibid., p. 247.
66. Ibid., p. 247.
67. Ibid., p. 90.
68. W. O. Ault, The Court Rolls of Ramsey Abbey and the Honour of Clare, New Haven, 1928, p. xx.
69. Britton, Community of the Vill, pp. 174-175.
70. Levett, Studies in Manorial History, p. 140.
71. Vinogradoff, Growth of the Manor, p. 364.
72. Bellamy, Crime and Public Order, pp. 32-33.
73. Ibid., p. 33.
74. Bedfordshire Coroners’ Rolls, pp. v-ix.
75. Ibid., pp. 58, 74, 76-77, 89-90.
76. Ibid., passim.; E.M.R., p. 238.
77. Bellamy, Crime and Public Order, p. 30.
78. Ibid., p. 160.
79. Ibid., p. 113.
80. Ibid., p. 87.
81. Ibid., p. 188.
82. Bedfordshire Coroners’ Rolls, p. 107.
CHAPTER 10. THE PASSING OF THE MEDIEVAL VILLAGE
1. H. C. Darby, “Domesday England,” and R. E. Glasscock, “England Circa 1334,” both in Darby, ed., A New Historical Geography, pp. 45-47, 143-145; Hallam, “Population Movements in England, 1086-1350,” in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 2, p. 536, gives higher estimates.
2. J. C. Russell, “Late Medieval Population Patterns,” Speculum 20 (1945), p. 164.
3. Ian Kershaw, “The Great Famine and Agrarian Crisis in England, 1315-1322,” in Hilton, ed., Peasants, Knights, and Heretics, p. 95.
4. Ibid., pp. 93-94, 102-104.
5. Alan H. R. Baker, “Changes in the Later Middle Ages,” in Darby, ed., A New Historical Geography, pp. 291-318.
6. E.M.R., p. 337.
7. Ibid., p. 342.
8. Ibid., p. 351.
9. Ibid., p. 359.
10. Ibid., p. 361.
11. Ibid., p. 342.
12. Ibid., p. 364.
13. Ibid., p. 383.
14. Ibid., p. 373.
15. Ibid., p. 373.
16. Raftis, Estates of Ramsey Abbey, p. 253.
17. R. H. Hilton, Bondmen Made Free: Medieval Peasant Movements and the English Rising of 1381, New York, 1973, p. 147.
18. Ibid., p. 148.
19. Ibid., pp. 160-162.
20. Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life, p. 334.
21. Froissart, Chronicles, trans. by Geoffrey Brereton, Harmondsworth, England, 1968, p. 212.
22. Thomas Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, cited in R. B. Dobson, The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381, London, 1970, pp. 373-375.
23. Hilton, Bondmen Made Free, p. 227.
24. Cited in Maurice Ashley, Great Britain to 1688, Ann Arbor, 1961, p. 147.
25. Hilton, Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism, p. 25; Dyer, Lords and Peasants, pp. 285-286; V.C.H. Hunts., vol. 1, p. 84.
26. Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life, p. 357.
27. V.C.H. Hunts., p. 162.
28. Beresford, Lost Villages, p. 166.
29. R. A. Donkin, “Changes in the Early Middle Ages,” and Baker, “Changes in the Later Middle Ages,” both in Darby, ed., A New Historical Geography, pp. 82, 208, 212.
30. Bigmore, Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire Landscape, p. 132.
31. Ibid., pp. 126-127.
32. Cited in Bigmore, Bedfordshire and Huntingdonshire Landscape, p. 136.
33. Baker, “Changes in the Later Middle Ages,” in Darby, ed., A New Historical Geography, p. 211.
34. Ibid., p. 242.
35. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, vol. 1, p. 123.
36. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost: England in the Industrial Age, New York, 1971, p. 35.
37. Joan Thirsk, “Farming Techniques,” in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 4, pp. 180-181.
38. Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 143.
39. Dyer, Lords and Peasants, p. 372.
40. Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 78.
41. V.C.H. Hunts., p. 160.
42. Marc Bloch in The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. 1, The Agrarian Life of the Middle Ages, ed. by M. M. Postan, Cambridge, 1966, p. 61.
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