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Index
The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader’s search tools.
Abbasid caliphate, 104–8, 116, 118–19
Abraham, Max, 34
Abu Bakr, caliph, 103
Académie Royale des Sciences, 196, 240
Academy (Athens)
Neoplatonic, 51, 104
Plato’s, 18–19, 22, 50–51, 85
acceleration, 139, 191, 193, 195–97, 226–27, 234–35, 237, 251, 286–89, 339–42. See also centripetal acceleration
Achillini, Alessandro, 141
Actium, battle of (31 BC), 31
Adams, John Couch, 250
Adelard of Bath, 126
Adrastus of Aphrodisias, 97, 99, 110, 160
aesthetic criteria (beauty), 150–52, 255, 265
Aëtius, 63, 78, 85
air
density and weight of, Galileo, 191
as element, Greeks, 5–6, 10, 12, 64, 259
falling bodies and, 190, 287–88
falling drops and, 289
motion of projectiles, Aristotle, 25–27, 133
Philo’s experiments on, 35
projectiles and, Galileo, 194
shape of atoms, Plato, 10, 12
air pressure, 134, 190, 197–200
air pump, 180, 200
al-Ashari, 121
al-Battani (Albatenius), 107, 114, 116–17, 159, 207
Albert of Saxony, 135
Albertus Magnus, 127, 128, 176
al-Biruni, 108–9, 116, 119–21, 137, 239, 311–13
al-Bitruji, 112, 117
alchemy, 110–11, 115, 215, 218n
<
br /> Alexander of Aphrodisias, 96
Alexander the Great, 22, 30–32, 56
Alexandria, 32–41, 48, 50, 62, 66, 72–75, 76n, 104, 301–2, 308
Museum and Libary, 32–33, 35, 50, 75, 88, 105
al-Farghani (Alfraganus), 107, 126
Al-Farisi, 117, 128, 209
Alfonsine Tables, 158–59
Alfonso X, king of Castile, 158
algebra, 15, 40–41, 106, 109, 115, 139, 206
al-Ghazali (Algazel), 121–22, 127, 130–31
algorithm, 107, 115
al-Haitam (Alhazen), 110, 116, 137, 174
Ali, fourth caliph, 103–4
al-Khwarizmi, 106–7, 114, 126
al-Kindi (Alkindus), 111
Almagest (Ptolemy), 51, 74n, 88, 91n, 94, 107, 114, 126, 135, 149, 151, 303, 309–10
Almagestum Novum (Riccioli), 184
al-Mamun, Abbasid caliph, 104, 105, 120
al-Mansur, Abbasids caliph, 104
Almohad caliphate, 112, 114, 116, 123
Almoravid dynasty, 114, 116
Al Qanum (Ibn Sina), 112
al-Rashid, Harun, Abbasid caliph 104–5
al-Razi (Rhazes), 111, 119–20, 126
al-Shirazi, 117
al-Sufi (Azophi), 108, 120
Al-Tusi, 116–17, 120
Al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), 112
Al-Zarqali (Arzachel), 113–14, 241
amber, electricity and, 257–58
Ambrose of Milan, 50
Ampère, André-Marie, 257
Amrou, Arab general, 104
Anaxagoras, 10, 47, 63, 65
Anaximander, 4–5, 7, 13, 45, 57–58, 65, 111
Anaximenes, 5, 35, 65
Andromeda galaxy, 108
Antikythera Mechanism, 71n
Apollonius, xv, 21, 39–40, 51, 87, 90, 91n, 97, 194, 254, 318–19
a priori reasoning, 9, 64, 94, 154–54
Aquinas, Thomas, 27, 127–30, 136
Arabic numbers, 107, 126
Arab science, xiv, 103–27, 141
Aristotle and, 27, 141
astronomer/mathematicians vs. philosopher/physicians, 106–11, 126
chemists, 110–11
decline in science, 116, 118
golden age of, 104–6
humorism and, 42
medieval Europe and, 115, 124, 126–27
religion and, 118–23
Ptolemy and, 88, 141
Archimedes, 19, 21, 37–39, 41, 51, 66, 68–72, 126, 129, 189, 232, 291–95, 300
Archytas of Tarentum, 17, 18, 283
Aristarchus, 51, 66–70, 72, 75, 85–86, 94, 109, 143, 154, 239, 295–301, 309
Aristophanes, 10
Aristotle, xiv, 4, 8, 12, 22–30, 141
air and, 25, 27, 35
Arabs and, 27, 105–6, 111–16, 121, 141
banned, in medieval Europe, 129–32, 181
challenged by end of 16th century, 201
Copernicus and, 148, 153
Descartes and, 203–4, 209, 212
early Christians and, 49–51
Earth’s spherical shape and, 63–66
elements and, 10
falling bodies and, 25–29, 49, 51, 64–66, 71, 129, 133, 173, 190, 194, 286–88
Galileo and, 172–73, 181, 185–86, 190, 194, 197
gravitation and, 66
Hellenistic period and, 33–36
influence of, 27–28
judging, by modern standards, 28–30
Kepler and, 167, 169n, 170
mathematics and, 19
medieval Europe and, 27–28, 124, 129–35, 137–38, 141–43, 181
natural vs. artificial and, 24–25
Newton and, 216–17, 243, 246, 248
planetary orbits and homocentrism of, 10, 70–71, 78–80, 83–87, 94–97, 131, 142–43, 148, 153, 159–60, 167, 185–86, 212, 255
Ptolemaic models vs., 95–99, 106, 112–14, 128–35, 137–38, 141–43
Pythagoreans and, 16–17, 78–79
rainbow and, 209
scientific revolution and, 201–4
teleology and, 23–24, 26, 36, 203, 264
unchangeable heavens and, 159–60, 173
vacuum and, 129–31, 134, 197–98, 204
arithmetic, xiv, 15, 18, 125, 163
Arrian, 56
artificial, vs. natural., 24–25
Assayer, The (Galileo), 40, 182
astrology, 42–43, 99–100, 106, 108, 110, 116, 135, 146, 166
Astronomaiae Pars Optica (Kepler), 166
Astronomia Nova (Kepler), 166–70
astronomical tables, 106, 109, 114, 116, 158, 161, 172
astronomical unit (AU), 171, 222
Athens, 7–10, 22, 32–33, 46–47, 50–52, 62, 63, 75
atmosphere, 79, 166, 176
atmospheric pressure, 199
atoms
Greeks on, 7, 10–12, 46, 275
nuclei, 243, 249, 260, 262–63
quantum mechanics and, 180, 249
structure and energy states of, 259–63
Attacks (Zeno of Elea), 8
Augustine of Hippo, 50, 127
Averroes. See Ibn Rushd
Avicenna. See Ibn Sina
Ayurveda, 42
Babylonians, xiv, 1, 4, 7, 15, 57, 58, 60, 77, 99, 107, 310
Bacon, Francis, 201–2, 212, 214
Bacon, Nicholas, 201
Bacon, Roger, 137–38, 174
Baghdad, 104–7, 111, 116
Bär, Nicholas Reymers, 160
Barnes, J., 367, 369
barometer, 199–200
Baronius, Cardinal Caesar, 183
Barrow, Isaac, 217, 224
Barton, Catherine, 215n
Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom), 105–6, 120
Beginning of Sciences, The (al-Ghazali), 122–23
Bellarmine, Roberto, 181, 182, 184
Berkeley, George, 233, 245–46
Bible, 135–36, 146, 156, 183, 187
Daniel, 215
Ecclesiastes, 156
Genesis, 125, 136
Joshua, 135, 183
big bang, 131
biology, xiii, 9, 115, 265–68
bisected eccentric, 92n. See also equant
black holes, 267
blood, circulation of, 118
Boethius of Dacia, 124–25, 128
Bohr, Niels, 261
Bokhara, sultan of, 111
Bologna, University of, 127, 147
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 259–60, 267
Bonaventure, Saint, 129
Book of the Fixed Stars (al-Sufi), 108
Born, Max, 261–62
bosons, 263, 264
Boyle, Robert, 194, 199–200, 202, 213, 217, 265
Boyle’s law, 200
Bradwardine, Thomas, 138
Brahe, Tycho. See Tycho Brahe
Broglie, Louis de, 248, 261
Brownian motion, 260
Bruno, Giordano, 157, 181, 188
Bullialdus, Ismael, 226
Buridan, Jean, 71, 132–35, 137, 161, 212
Burning Sphere, The (al-Haitam), 110
Butterfield, Herbert, 145
Byzantine Empire, 103–4, 116
Caesar, Julius, 31, 50, 60
calculus, 15, 195, 223–26, 231–32, 236, 315, 327
differential, 223–25
integral, 39, 223–25
limits in, 236
calendars
Antikythera Mechanism for, 71n
Arabs and, 109, 116, 118
Greeks and, 56, 58–61
Gregorian, 61, 158
Julian, 61
Khayyam and, 109
Moon vs. Sun as basis of, 59–61
Callimachus, 57
Callippus, 81–87, 95, 97, 142
Callisto (moon of Jupiter), 177–78, 364
period of, 178
Calvin, John, 155
Cambridge, University of, 217–18, 245
Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 27–28
Cartesian coordinat
es, 205–6
Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, 239–40
Cassiopeia, supernova in, 159
catapults, 35–36, 41
cathedral schools, 125–27
Catholics. See Christianity; Roman Catholic church
Catoptrics (Hero), 36
Catoptrics (Pseudo-Euclidian), 35–36
Cavendish, Henry, 240
celestial equator, 57–58
celestial latitude and longitude, 73–74
centrifugal force, 226–27
centripetal acceleration, 227–30, 233, 235, 237–39, 242, 359–62, 364
Cesarini, Virginio, 40n
Chaeronea, battle of, 22
Chalcidius (Calcidius), 86
changelessness, 9, 23, 56
Charlemagne, 105, 125
Charles II, king of England, 218
Charles VII, king of France, 253
Châtelet, Émilie du, 248
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 27
chemistry, xiii–xiv, 11, 110–11, 115, 213, 218n, 256–57, 259
alchemy vs., 110–11
biology and, 266–68
quantum mechanics and, 262
China, xiv, 1, 257
chords, sines and, 107, 309–11
Christianity, 26–27, 116, 118–19. See also Roman Catholic church; Protestantism
Aristotle banned by, 127–32
Copernicus and, 156–57
early, and impact on science, 48–52
Galileo and, 183–88
Christian IV, king of Denmark, 161
Christina, queen of Sweden, 212
Christina of Lorraine, 183, 187
Cicero, 13, 17, 39, 71
circle
area of, 39, 294–95
definition of, 167, 318
civil engineering, 41
Clairaut, Alexis-Claude, 237n, 247–48
Clarke, Samuel, 247
classification, by Aristotle, 24, 26
Clavius, Christoph, 158, 179
Cleomedes, 75–76
Cleopatra, 31
clocks, 58
pendulum, 191, 195
sundial, 58
water, 35, 193
Clouds, The (Aristophanes), 10
Cohen, Floris, 33, 369
Cohen, I. B., 383
Collins, John, 224
color, theory of, 218–19
Columbus, 65n, 107
comets
distance from Earth, 40n
Encke’s, 250
Galileo and, 182, 186, 205
Halley’s, 247, 250
Kepler and, 161
Newton and, 237, 244, 247
Tycho and, 159–60, 168
commensurable lines, 282–85
Commentariolus (Copernicus), 117, 148–51, 153–54, 157
complex numbers, 163
cone, volume of, 19
To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science Page 38
