45
“The law also stated that the memorial should provide visitors . . .”: official Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument web site, www.nps.gov/libi (accessed 1999).
45
“enraged critics . . .”: Times of London, August 26, 1997.
45
“It’s like erecting a monument to the Mexicans killed at the Alamo”: quoted in Chris Smith and Elizabeth Manning, “The Sacred and Profane Collide in the West,” High Country News, May 26, 1997.
46
“carefully described key landmarks and locations of fresh water . . .”: Leslie Marmon Silko, “Interior and Exterior Landscapes: The Pueblo Migration Stories,” in Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit: Essays on Native American Life Today (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), pp. 32, 33.
46
Keith Basso, “ ‘Stalking with Stories’: Names, Places, and Moral Narratives among the Western Apaches,” Anteus, no. 57 (Autumn 1986), special issue, “Nature.”
47
“the precise date of the incident is often less important than the place”: Silko, “Interior and Exterior Landscapes,” p. 33.
47
“Americans ought to know . . .”: Patricia Nelson Limerick, essay in Sweet Medicine: Sites of Indian Massacres, Battlefields, and Treaties, by Drex Brooks (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), pp. 125, 151.
48
“I grew up going to Devils Tower. . . .”: Lakota leader Charlotte Black Elk quoted in High Country News, May 26, 1997, sidebar/editorial.
48
“Climbing on Devils Tower is a religious experience for me. . . .”: Andy Petefish quoted in High Country News, April 27, 1998.
50
“I began to realize that for them the religion . . .”: Malcolm Margolin, remarks as part of a panel titled Where Holiness Resides, April 11, 1992, at the Headlands Center for the Arts, in a series organized by Ann Chamberlain; quoted in Headlands Journal, 1992, p. 13 (annual publication of the Headlands Center for the Arts, Sausalito, Calif.). He was speaking of the proposed capping of the San Joaquin Valley’s Coso Springs for geothermal energy production, noting that “in that spring dwells a particular god, one of the gods that created the world. Frog, one of the gods, dwells in that spring, and if you cap that spring, what is going to happen to that god?”
50
Work by Edgar Hachivi Heap of Birds is cited in Lippard, Lure of the Local, p. 86.
50
“All of the state of Oklahoma is Indian Territory. . . .”: Edgar Hachivi Heap of Birds, presentation at the Headlands Center for the Arts, in a series organized by Ann Chamberlain, May 9, 1992; quoted from transcripts courtesy of the Headlands Center for the Arts.
THE GARDEN OF MERGING PATHS
51
“You are in a maze . . .”: cited in Michael Shallis, The Silicon Idol: The Micro Revolution and Its Social Implications (New York: Schocken Books, 1984).
51
“Place your right (or left) hand . . .”: Julian Barnes, “Letter from London,” New Yorker, September 30, 1991.
51
Another United Technologies landscape was underground . . . : Ted Smith, executive director of the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition in San Jose, telephone interview with the author, September 8, 1994.
52
Langdon Winner, “Silicon Valley Mystery House,” in Variations on a Theme Park, ed. Michael Sorkin (New York: Noonday Press, 1993).
53
“If machinery be the most powerful means . . .”: Karl Marx, Capital, The Communist Manifesto, and Other Writings (New York: Modern Library, 1932), p. 104.
53
Jerry Mander, In the Absence of the Sacred: The Failure of Technology and the Survival of the Indian Nations (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1991).
54
Silicon Valley itself is an excellent check . . . : On Silicon Valley’s social problems, see Winner, “Silicon Valley Mystery House”; and Dennis Hayes, Behind the Silicon Curtain (Boston: South End Press, 1989).
55
On relations between the Ohlone and the Spanish missionaries, see Malcolm Margolin, The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco–Monterey Bay Area (Berkeley: Heyday Books, 1978); and Albert L. Hurtado, Indian Survival on the California Frontier (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988).
55
“For almost twenty miles . . .”: Vancouver quoted in Yvonne Olson Jacobson, Passing Farms, Enduring Values: California’s Santa Clara Valley (Los Altos, Calif.: William Kaufmann and California Historical Center, 1984), pp. 20–21. Jacobson is the granddaughter of the founder of the Olson orchards.
55
One successful raider, Yoscolo . . .: ibid., p. 26.
57
“Santa Clara County is fighting a holding action . . .”: Santa Clara planning department report is quoted in ibid., p. 230. Jacobson’s volume is also the source of the 1980s acreage statistics.
57
“Perhaps the most significant, enduring accomplishment of Silicon Valley . . .”: Winner, “Silicon Valley Mystery House,” p. 59.
60
“Ts’ui Pen must have said once . . .”: Jorge Luis Borges, “The Garden of Forking Paths,” in Labyrinths (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970), p. 50.
61
“VR is reverse Calvinism . . .”: Norman M. Klein, “Virtually Lost, Virtually Found: America Enters the Age of Electronic Substance Abuse,” Art issues (Los Angeles), September-October 1991.
63
“Humans intuitively see analogies . . .”: Paul Shepard, Nature and Madness (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1982), p. 102.
64
These are the tentacles, the winding corridors, the farthest reaches of Silicon Valley, and the hardest to imagine: Hayes, Behind the Silicon Curtain; and “Coming Clean in the Semiconductor Industry,” an interview with Ted Smith by Anita Amirrezvani, Bay Area Computer Currents, June 1–13, 1994.
64
the rest of the Olson orchard is on its way out: “Last Call for the Last Sunnyvale Orchard,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 1, 1994, p. A17.
EXCAVATING THE SKY
This essay accompanied a book of Richard Misrach’s sky photographs. The Sky Book (Santa Fe: Arena Editions, 2000) includes pictures of clouds; of constellations, comets, and planets (slow exposures of their curving trajectories, often interrupted by the straight lines of military flights); and of the cloudless sky, identified by the exact time and place at which they were made (“Paradise Valley [Arizona] 3.22.95 7:05 P.M.,” for example, or “Dead Sea 4.3.93 5:01 A.M.,” “Warrior Point 6.27.94 5:25 A.M.,” “Jerusalem Mountain 10.28.94 7:52 A.M.”). The titles of the sky pictures were chosen to call attention to the peculiar naming practices deployed across the American West, and the names of the heavenly bodies were also resonant (“Mars and Air Traffic over Las Vegas,” “Cygnus over Ak-Chin”).
143
“Don’t show the sky . . .”: Eliot Porter, quoted by David Brower in a letter reminiscing about Porter, to curator John Rohrbach of the Amon Carter Museum, September 1999.
144
“Somehow the sky seems important . . .”: Beaumont Newhall, in a letter to Nancy Newhall (including cloud contact prints in the original), June 20, 1944; quoted in the alternative monthly newspaper Geronimo (Taos, New Mexico), August 1999, p. 23.
144
“a traveling deity who was everyplace . . .”: Paul Shepard, Nature and Madness (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1982), p. 51.
145
“These series are not meteorological records . . .”: Sarah Greenough and Juan Hamilton, Alfred Stieglitz: Photographs and Writings (Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 1983), p. 24.
146
“A metaphor is a word with some other meaning . . .”: Aristotle, On Poetry and Style, trans. G. M. A. Grube (Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill, 1976), pp. 44–45.
146
“Metaphors are the means by which the oneness of the world . . .”: Hannah Arendt, introd
uction to Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, by Walter Benjamin, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken Books, 1969), pp. 13–14.
146
“The rib bones are the closed ellipses of the planets . . .”: Peter Hoeg, Smilla’s Sense of Snow, trans. Tina Nunnally (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1993), p. 253.
146
a comet moving through the pudenda of a constellation . . . : Italo Calvino, “Man, the Sky, and the Elephant: On Pliny’s Natural History,” trans. Patrick Creagh, Anteus, no. 57 (Autumn 1986): 73.
146
On alternative readings of the Big Dipper, see Dorcas S. Miller, Stars of the First People: Native American Star Myths and Constellations (Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Publishing, 1997), pp. 285–287; and Dan Heim, Easy Field Guide to the Southwestern Night Sky (Phoenix, Ariz.: Primer Publishers, 1997), p. 20.
147
“When Orion and Sirius are come to the middle of the sky . . .”: Hesiod, quoted in Anthony Aveni, Stairways to the Stars: Skywatching in Three Great Ancient Cultures (New York: Wiley, 1997), p. 20.
148
“It is a strange thing how little in general people know about the sky . . .”: John Ruskin, Modern Painters, vol. 1 (New York: Merrill and Baker, n.d.), pt. 2, pp. 205–206.
149
“that beside the planet there were three starlets . . .”: Galileo, The Starry Messenger, in Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, trans. Stillman Drake (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1957), p. 51.
149
“four planets swiftly revolving about Jupiter . . .”: part of the subtitle of The Starry Messenger, in ibid.
151
“The streams were timbered with the long-leaved cottonwood . . .”: John C. Fremont, “Journal of the First Expedition,” in The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont, vol. 1, Travels from 1838 to 1844, ed. Donald Jackson and Mary Lee Spence (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970–1980), p. 459.
151
On Solomon Nunes Carvalho, see Robert Schlaer’s definitive book Sights Once Seen: Daguerreotyping Fremont’s Last Expedition through the Rockies (Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico, 2000).
152
“From the Dalles to the point where we turned . . .”: Fremont, May 23, 1844, Expeditions, vol. 1, pp. 696–697.
153
“Massacre Rocks and Battle Mountain tell their stories . . .”: George R. Stewart, Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States, rev. ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), p. 252.
154
“The Indian name of the lake is Mini-wakan . . .”: Fremont, Expeditions, vol. 1, p. 62.
154
Minnesota means “muddy water . . .”: Stewart, Names on the Land, pp. 278–279. For the history of Yosemite place-names, see Rebecca Solnit, Savage Dreams: A Journey into the Landscape Wars of the American West, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 219–220, 309–327.
155
“Most place-names today are what could be termed ‘linguistic fossils’ . . .” A. D. Mills, Dictionary of English Place-Names (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. v.
155
“The poets made all the words . . .”: Ralph Waldo Emerson, quoted in Susan Morrow, The Names of Things (New York: Riverhead Books, 1997), pp. 126–127.
156
“Nullagvik, Pauktugvik, Milliktagvik, Avgumman, Aquisaq, Inmaurat. . . .”: Richard K. Nelson, “The Embrace of Names,” text of a 1998 talk, courtesy of the Lannan Foundation.
156
“the entire North American continent in a time before living memory . . .”: ibid.
157
“Monument Valley’s Navajo name is Tse Bii’Nidzisigai (White Rocks Inside). . . .”: Mike Mitchell, Navajo medicine person, opening text in Skeet McAuley, Sign Language: Contemporary Southwest Native America (New York: Aperture, 1989), unpaginated.
160
“And ultimately, the basic configuration of Rothko’s abstract paintings . . .”: Robert Rosenblum, Modern Painting and the Northern Romantic Tradition (New York: Harper and Row, 1975), pp. 214–215.
162
“so lavishly, engagingly visual . . .”: Rebecca Solnit, “Scapeland,” in Crimes and Splendors: The Desert Cantos of Richard Misrach, by Anne Wilkes Tucker (Boston: Bulfinch Press in conjunction with the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 1996), p. 53.
162
“I wanted to deconstruct the conventions of landscape . . .”: Richard Misrach in Tucker, Crimes and Splendors.
EVERY CORNER IS ALIVE
225
“As I became interested in photography in the realm of nature . . .”: Eliot Porter, Eliot Porter, Photographs and text by Eliot Porter, foreword by Martha A. Sandweiss (Fort Worth and Boston: New York Graphic Society and Amon Carter Museum, 1987), p. 83.
225
“cannot be categorized . . .”: Guy Davenport, National Review, December 18, 1963.
225
“A kind of revolution was underway . . .”: Stephen Fox, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981), p. 317, quoting the October 1974 issue of Smithsonian magazine.
226
Porter’s pictures of nature look, so to speak, “natural” now: A parallel history might be that of the eighteenth-century English landscape garden, which imitated nature and then became what people looked for in nature—that is, they looked for landscapes whose features resembled those celebrated in the gardens. By the nineteenth century, the gardens had become unnecessary as specific locations and intentional constructions; they had evolved into how people looked at unaltered landscapes. In other words, the garden was no longer a constructed place but a constructed frame of reference for looking at places. (Yosemite Valley, for example, was often praised for resembling an “English park.”)
227
“The very existence of mankind . . .”: cited in Spencer R. Weart, Nuclear Fear (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 258.
228
“Their presence casts a shadow . . .”: Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1962), p. 188.
228
“Conservation has rather suddenly become a major issue . . .”: Eliot Porter, letter to Aline Porter, April 11, 1961, in Stephen Porter file, Eliot Porter Archives, Amon Carter Museum, Fort Worth, Texas.
228
“The world of systemic insecticides . . .”: Carson, Silent Spring, p. 32.
229
“the geography of hope”: This phrase appears in a letter from Wallace Stegner to Dave Pesonen, originally titled “The Wilderness Idea”; it was read by Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall as part of his presentation “Conservation in the 1960s: Action or Stalemate?” at the Sierra Club’s 1961 wilderness conference. The proceedings were published as Wilderness: America’s Living Heritage, ed. David Brower (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1961). “What I want to speak for is not so much the wilderness uses, valuable as those are, but the wilderness idea, which is a resource in itself. Being an intangible and spiritual resource, it will seem mystical to the practical-minded—but then anything that cannot be moved by a bulldozer is likely to seem mystical to them” (Brower, Wilderness, p. 97; the phrase “the geography of hope” appears on p. 102). The letter in its original version is printed in Stegner’s anthology The Sound of Mountain Water (New York: Dutton, 1980). Of course, in the very different times of the early twenty-first century, it can be argued that hope is sometimes misplaced—that images like Porter’s were and can be reassuring, when reassurance is far from what’s needed. But on January 28, 1969, a James W. Moorman of Washington, D.C., wrote to the Sierra Club, “I learned of the Club about four years ago when “In Wildness” and “These We Inherit” caught my eye in a New York bookstore. These wonderful, transcendent books touched me as few things have.
I am not ashamed to say they restored hope. . . . If man created such books, then perhaps man could be persuaded to stop the destruction” (folder 2:25, Publications, Ansel
Adams Papers, Sierra Club Archives, Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley). The books in this case worked exactly as intended.
229
a way to bring the wilderness to the people: “The club’s Exhibit Format books offered an ironic variation on Muir’s old scheme of creating conservationists by depositing them in the Sierra. Instead of bringing people to the wilderness, Brower’s publishing program brought the wilderness to people—with much the same conversion effect—through books that were hard to put down. Over the first four years, fifty thousand were sold, 80 percent through bookstores and mainly to nonmembers of the Sierra Club. The number of buyers was further increased by a distribution arrangement with Ballantine Books of New York. A cheaper edition of Wildness was the best-selling trade paperback of 1967. By 1969 total sales amounted to $10 million” (Fox, John Muir and His Legacy, p. 319).
229
“Hundreds of books and articles . . .”: Sports Illustrated, November 22, 1967.
229
“If those who believe in progress . . .”: Joseph Wood Krutch, “Introduction,” In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1962), p. 13.
231
“When I explored the Colorado Plateau . . .”: Stephen Trimble, letter to the author, January 3, 2000.
Storming the Gates of Paradise Page 42
