O'Neill, Jean, and Elizabeth P. McLean. Petyer Collinson and the Eighteenth-Century Natural History Exchange. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2008.
Packard, Francis R. History of Medicine in the United States, Vol. 1, New York: Paul B. Hoeber, 1931.
Pratt, Scott L. and John Ryder, eds., The Philosophical Writings of Cadwallader Colden. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2002.
Purple, Edwin R. Genealogical Notes on the Colden Family. Private printing, 1873.
Rickett, H. W., and E. C.Hall., eds., Botanic Manuscript of Jane Colden. New York: Garden Club of Orange and Dutchess Counties, 1963, p. 53.
Riley, I. Woodbridge. American Philosophy: The Early Schools. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1907.
Robbins, Paula Ivaska. Jane Colden: America's First Woman Botanist. New York: Fleischmanns, Purple Mountain Press, 2009.
Ross, Shelley. Fall From Grace. New York: Random House, 1958.
Schwartz, Seymour I. The French and Indian War 1754–1763. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
Schwartz, Seymour I. and Ralph E. Ehrenberg. The Mapping of America. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1980.
Sevelle, Max. Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1948.
Shryock, Richard Harrison. Medicine and Society in America 1660–1680. New York: New York University Press, 1972.
Smith, William, Jr. The History of the Province of New-York…to the Year MDCCXXXII. London, 1757, Vol. I, Michael Kammen, ed., Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1972.
Stearns, Raymond Phineas. Science in the British Colonies of America. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970.
Stookey, Bryon Polk. A History of Colonial Medical Education in the Province of New York with Its Subsequent Development. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1961.
Thatcher, Herbert. “Dr. Mitchell, M.D., F.R.S. of Virginia.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 40 (1932).
Tolles, Frederick B. James Logan and the Culture of Provincial America. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1957.
Toner, Joseph M. Contributions to the Annals of Medical Progress and medical education in the United States before and during the war of independence. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1874.
Tucker, Louis I. Puritan Protagonist: President Thomas Clap of Yale College. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, n.d.
V. “Biographical Memoir of Cadwallader Colden, M.D. F. R. S.” Monthly Recorder for June (1813), pp. 150 and 153.
———. “Biographical Memoir of Cadwallader Colden, M.D., F. R. S.,” Analectic Magazine IV (1814): 307–312.
Vail, Ann Murray. “Jane Colden, An Early New York Botanist.” Torreya 7 (1907), p. 32.
Wadsworth, Alice Colden. “Sketch of the Colden and Murray Families” (1819), Manuscript Division, New York Public Library, quoted in Alfred R. Hoermann, Cadwallader Colden: A Figure of the American Enlightenment. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002.
Wall, A. J. “Cadwallader Colden and His Homestead at Spring Hill, Flushing, Long Island.” Quarterly Bulletin VIII (1924–25), p. 12.
Wroth, Lawrence C. An American Bookshelf 1755. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1934.
Wyck Papers, Correspondence. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
Abercromby, James, 129
Aberdeen Magazine, 118–19
Abstract from Dr. Berkeley's Treatise on Tar-Water with Some Reflections Thereon, Adapted to Disease Frequent in America (Colden), 70
Acadia, 102
“Account of the Diseases and Climate of New York, An” (Colden), 30
Adams, John, 74
Agriculture Improved (Ellis), 117
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of in 1748, 103
Albany, New York, 96, 98, 163
charter as a municipality, 38
and the French and Indian War, 79, 87, 104, 107
meeting on Plan of Union of the Colonies, 105
meetings with Indians in, 36, 42
Colden speaking for governor, 87–88, 89, 90
treaty with Five Nations, 53, 89
mutiny of troops, 91
Alcide (warship), 134
Alexander, James
and Colden, 59, 69, 157, 169
acting as agent for Colden, 49, 80
correspondence with Colden, 44, 78
and Cosby, 54, 58–59
on Council, 30, 41, 86, 93, 102, 128
death of, 102
Alston, Charles, 71, 116
American Philosophical Society, 65, 68–69, 70, 71, 75, 89–90, 118
American Philosophy: The Early Schools (Riley), 171
American Society for Promoting and Propagating Useful Knowledge, 69, 118
“America's First Female Scientist.” See Colden, Jane (daughter)
Amherst, Jeffrey, 129, 131, 132, 141
“Animal Secretions” (Colden), 18
Anne (queen), 35
Antill, Lewis (married to Alice Colden), 165
Ariskine, Dr. (professor), 15
Artis Medice Principles, 18
Asia (ship), 156
assault and battery case, 138, 141
Assembly of New York, 20, 35, 42, 57, 88, 137, 139, 163, 164, 167
and Colden, 131–32, 136, 145, 146, 148, 149
constitutional controversy, 138
and Delancey, 87, 95, 96, 99, 101, 129, 130
dissolving of Assembly
in 1683, 28
in 1760, 133
mandated elections every seven years, 145
newspaper article censuring Assembly, 102
opposition to governors, 43–44, 59, 87, 89–90, 92–93, 95, 96, 100, 101, 128–29
and the Quartering Act, 145, 152
resolution against importation of goods from Great Britain, 147, 148
signing Continental Congress version in 1774, 155
and the Stamp Act, 140
and the Sugar Act, 139
and the Tea Act, 155
See also Council of New York
astronomy, Colden's interest in, 18, 19–20, 32, 76, 111, 113
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (Franklin), 10, 174
Bacqueville de la Potherie, Mr. de, 39
Baldinger, Godfrey, 124
Baltimore, Lord, 25, 27
Banister Herbarium Vorgineanum, 18
Banks, Joseph, 124
Barbary War, 164
Barclay, Thomas H. (married to Suzanna Delancey), 164
Bard, Samuel, 122–23, 151, 169
Barlowe, Arthur, 23
Bartram, John, 44, 63, 64–65, 66, 68, 73, 116, 117, 122, 169
Bartram, William, 122
Bayard, Stephen, 89
Beauséjour, Fort, 134
Berkeley, George, 80, 82–83
Berkeley, John, 26
Betts, Dr., 111
Bevis, John, 113
Biographia Botanicorum, 115
Board of Council for Colony of New York. See Council of New York
Board of Trade, 152
Borheowe, Ruyschs Observation, 18
Boston, medical practice in, 31–33
Boston Tea Party, 152
botany
Colden's interest in, 15, 44, 63, 64–66, 93, 115–16
decreased interest in later years, 95–96
genus Coldenia named after Colden by Linnaeus, 66, 171
teaching daughter Jane, 52, 120–21
Collinson's interest in, 44, 63, 64, 72, 121, 122, 123
Garden's interest in, 116–19
Jane Colden's interest in, 52, 116–17, 119–25
and the naming of the gardenia, 118–19
Mitchell's interest in, 72, 73, 75
See also Gronovius, Johannes Fredericus; Linnaeus, Carolus
Bouquet, Henry, 139
Braddock, Edward, 105–106
Bradford, William, 36, 38, 53, 58
Brindley, J., 81
Britain, 9, 16, 23, 57
Colden's loyalty to
Britain and the Crown, 9, 13, 95, 133, 138, 139–41, 148, 172, 173–74
seen as being against the populace, 140, 142–43
Colden visiting, 16
explorations and colonization in North America, 23–28
fear of French, 73–74. See also French and Indian War
giving cause for the American Revolution, 139–40, 141, 142, 144, 147, 152
and the Indians, 36, 41, 87, 88, 91, 138
kings and queens of. See Anne (queen); Elizabeth I (queen); George I (king); George II (king); George III (king); James I (king); James II (king) [aka Duke of York]; William and Mary (king and queen); William III (king) [aka Prince of Orange]
New York Colony banning importation of British goods, 147, 148, 155
British Museum, 74, 117, 123–24
Britten, James, 125
Bruyn, Jacobus, 51
Bull, Fort, 107
Bull, William, 131
Bunker Hill, Battle of, 156
Burnet, William
as governor of Massachusetts, 44
as governor of New York, 29, 30, 45, 91, 128–29, 135
and Colden, 30, 34, 41, 159
and the Iroquois Indians, 36, 39
Bushy Run, Battle of, 139
business, Colden's interest in, 16, 52, 64, 100, 173
free trade vs. protective duties, 42–44
report on state of commerce in colonial New York, 41
studying trade with the Indians, 36, 37, 41–42, 91
Bute, Earl of, 75
calculus. See fluxions
Calvert, George, 25, 27
Campbell, Laughlin, 60, 61, 86, 127, 128
canals
at Coldengham farm, 50–51
Erie Canal, 50–51, 167, 174
cancer, pokeweed as a cure for, 109
Carillon, Fort, 108
Carolina, 24, 25–26
Carteret, George, 26
cartography
Colden's interest in, 36–38, 170
Mitchell's map, 74
See also maps
“Catalogue of Plants, Fruits and Trees Native to Virginia” (Clayton), 72
Catherwood, John, 96–97
Cayuga (Indians), 38
Cedar Grove Cemetery, 158
Chancery, Court of (New York), 57, 149
Colden as Master of the Board of Chancery, 21, 28
Charles I (king), 25
Charles II (king), 25, 26, 27
Chrystie, Alice (wife), 16, 28, 46, 52, 120, 169
death of, 137
portrait, 17
Clark, Mr., 44–45
Clarke, George, 54, 127
as lieutenant governor, 42, 59, 60, 61, 86–87
Clayton, John, 44, 72
Clinton, George, 87–88, 90–91, 99, 101, 164
and Colden, 64, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 103
Colden asking for appointments for children, 162, 164
justifying Colden speaking to Indians in Albany, 87–89
political problems with Delancey and others, 90, 92–93, 95, 96–97, 99
giving Delancey commission as lieutenant governor, 101
and prelude to French and Indian War, 103
Colden, Alexander (father), 13
Colden, Alexander (son), 28, 29, 44–45, 52, 128, 162–63
on French and Indian War, 107–108
mentions in Cadwallader Colden's will, 157
as ranger for Ulster County, 98, 162
as surveyor general, 49, 98–99
Colden, Alexander (son of Cadwallader, Jr., and Elizabeth), 165
Colden, Alice (Chrystie) (wife), 16, 28, 46, 52, 120, 169
death of, 137
portrait, 17
Colden, Alice (daughter), 46, 52
marriage to William Willet, 165
mentions of Alice's children in Cadwallader Colden's will, 157–58
Colden, Alice (daughter of Cadwallader Jr. and Elizabeth), 165
Colden, Alice (Willet) (married to David), 166
Colden, Cadwallader
appreciative comments about
Franklin's appreciation for Colden, 66, 68, 131, 172
Marine Society of New York recognizing work of Colden, 151–52
positive words fifty years after Colden's death, 172–73
birth of, 13
and business, 16, 52, 64, 100, 173
free trade vs. protective duties, 42–44
report on state of commerce in colonial New York, 41
studying trade with the Indians, 36, 37, 41–42, 91
death of, 9
description of in his 87th year, 154–55
desire to be appointed deputy post master general of America, 100
desire to establish first learned society in America, 68
early years, 15
education, 15–16
family relationships, 10, 46, 99, 169
advancing careers of children, 49, 98–99, 131, 152, 162, 164
children, 46, 50, 51–52
death of wife, 137
marriage, 16
moving wife and daughter to safety during French and Indian War, 108
finances of, 99
concerns about finances and family, 99, 100, 131, 145, 166
efforts to get salary and perquisites during period as lieutenant governor, 135–36, 146, 148–50, 152, 154
land grants and purchases, 28, 45, 134, 157, 159
not receiving salary as surveyor general, 64, 100, 101
order for Colden's compensation for losses during disturbances, 146
and the French and Indian War, 109, 129
erecting blockhouses to defend area, 108
nearness of battles to Coldengham, 107–108
summarizing status for Clinton in 1751, 103
and the Indians, 30
attending conference with Five Nations, 36
Colden's adoption by the Mohawks, 41
Colden's efforts to get funding for presents for, 90–91
Colden's efforts to raise a militia to protect against hostile Indians, 102
meeting with Indians in Albany in 1746, 87–89
trade with, 36, 37, 41–42, 91
while lieutenant governor of New York, 138–39, 141
writings about, 38–41, 64, 68, 73, 91–92, 110–11, 170–71
known as “the most learned man in the Colonies,” 172
and medicine, 15–16, 18–20
Colden helping pass regulation of medical practices, 130
concerns about seasonal fevers, 69
maintaining interest in after ceasing practice, 30–31, 69–71
publications on medicine, 30, 69, 70, 109–110, 144, 170
negative views about
antagonism of James Delancey, 60, 89, 92, 95, 101
antagonism of William Smith, Jr., 125, 127–29, 132, 133, 135, 136–37, 150
dismissal from Council by Clinton, 92–93
hanged in effigy, 143
Hillsborough chastising Colden, 148
impact of Colden's activities as lieutenant governor, 133, 135, 136–37, 138, 145
for meeting with Indians in Albany, 88–89
seen as a provocateur and without tact, 172, 173
for siding with Clinton, 95, 96
for work on Council, 55, 56, 89, 93, 143, 145
philosophy and metaphysical interests of Colden, 63, 80, 82–86, 130, 171–72
and politics. See also political service of Cadwallader Colden in New York
Colden's personality as a politician, 29
Delancey as a political enemy, 60, 89, 92–93, 95, 101
as a staunch unionist in Scotland, 16, 18
portraits, 14, 152, 153, 154, 168
proposing a canal across Iroquois lands, 50–51, 167, 174
publications by
on botany, 66
on farming, 45–46
first scientific paper, 18
on Indians, 38–41, 64, 68, 73, 91–92, 110–11, 170–71
maps, 36–37
on medicine, 30, 69, 70, 109–110, 144, 170
on Newtonian science, 78–79, 80–81, 83, 84, 85–86, 111, 112–13
on philosophy and metaphysics, 83, 84, 85–86, 130, 171
on politics, 93
on trade and duties, 36, 37, 41, 42–44, 91
scientific interests
astronomy, 18, 19–20, 32, 76, 111, 113
attempts to establish medical lectures, 19–20
botany, 15, 44, 52, 63, 64–66, 93, 95–96, 115–16, 120–21, 171
concept of currents that led to finding Gulf Stream, 67
desire to establish first learned society in America, 32–33
medicine, 15–16, 18–20
Newtonian science, 70–71, 75–82, 85, 95, 111–13, 171
training, 15–16
water spouts, 114–15
as a supporter of Britain and the Crown, 9, 13, 95, 133, 138, 139–41, 148, 172, 173–74
and surveying
efforts to develop a more exact quadrant, 64, 170
surveyor general for New York, 21, 28, 29, 30, 33–36, 53, 55–56, 63–64, 95, 98–99, 100, 101
will of, 157–58
Colden, Cadwallader David (son of David and Ann), 167, 174
portrait, 168
Colden, Cadwallader, III (son of Cadwallader, Jr., and Elizabeth), 165
Colden, Cadwallader, Jr. (son), 46, 164–65
appointed commissary of musters, 87, 164
in Cadwallader Colden's will, 157
as an executor of Cadwallader Colden's will, 158
inheriting Coldengham farm, 157, 159
Colden, Catherine (daughter), 51, 137
Colden, David (son), 51, 165–67
in Cadwallader Colden's will, 157
as an executor of Cadwallader Colden's will, 158
inheriting Spring Hill, 157, 158
interest in electricity, 114, 166
remaining loyal to the crown, 158
Colden, David (son, died in infancy), 46, 163
Colden, David (son of Cadwallader, Jr., and Elizabeth), 165
Colden, Elizabeth (daughter), 46, 52
in Cadwallader Colden's will, 163
as an executor of Cadwallader Colden's will, 158
marriage to Peter Delancey, 90, 163
Colden, Elizabeth (Ellison) (married to Cadwallader, Jr.), 164–65
Colden, Elizabeth (Nicholls) (wife of Alexander), 162–63
Colden, Jane [aka Jenny] (daughter), 46, 52, 96
botanical knowledge, 116–17, 119–25
and the naming of the gardenia, 118–19
taught by father, 52, 120–21
death of, 124, 125
historical marker for, 159, 162
marriage to William Farquhar, 124, 125
Colden, Jane (daughter of Cadwallader, Jr., and Elizabeth), 165
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