16 Tomasson, op.cit., p.31.
17 Murray of Broughton, p.186.
18 L M, i, p.208.
19 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.33.
20 R A Cumberland 5/253, p.267.
21 Murray of Broughton, p.190.
22 Again, this was almost certainly the correct decision. Leaving Inverness, Cope reached Nairn on 4 September, Elgin on the 5th, Fochabers on the 6th, Cullen 7th, Banff 8th, Turriff 9th, Old Meldrum 10th and Aberdeen on the 11th (Cope, p.33).
23 L M, ii, pp.58–61.
24 L M, i, p.209; Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.33.
25 Caledonian Mercury, 16 September 1745; Murray of Broughton, p.191. On this day’s march the prince once again showed his infallible instinct for showmanship. Between Dunblane and Doune he halted and took a glass of wine while sitting on horseback, reportedly dazzling the local ladies with his regal aura (L P, ii, p.486).
26 L P, ii, p.489.
27 Lord George Murray, ‘Marches of the Highland Army’ in R. Chambers, ed., Jacobite Memoirs of the Rising of 1745 (1834), p.35; L P ii, p.486.
28 Cochrane Correspondence regarding the affairs of Glasgow 1745–46 (Maitland Club, 1830), p.105; S P Scotland 26, No.36.
29 L M, i, p.209.
30 O’Sullivan, pp.69–70; R A Stuart M 11, p.68.
31 R A Stuart 10/1, p.44.
32 Lord George Murray, ‘Marches’, loc.cit., p.36; Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.33; O’Sullivan, p.70; Murray of Broughton, p.132.
33 R A Stuart M 11, p.68.
34 Home’s History, p.82.
35 S P Scotland 26 ff.47–50.
36 S P Dom 76 ff.245–7.
37 T. B. Howells, A Collection of State Trials, 34 vols (1828), 18, pp.863–1070.
38 S P Scotland 26 f.79.
39 R A Stuart M 11, p.71.
40 L M, i, p.249; Home’s History, p.93.
41 R A Cumberland 5/282; Clanranald’s account, p.215.
42 R A Stuart M 10/1, p.46.
43 R A Stuart M 11, p.75; R A Stuart M 10/1, p.48.
44 Woodhouselee MSS (ed. Steuart, 1907), p.25.
45 L P, ii, p.488.
46 R A Stuart M 11, pp.73–4.
47 Home’s History, p.99.
48 Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany, p.145.
49 Home’s History, p.99.
50 Ibid., p.100.
51 Elcho, pp.257–8; O’Sullivan, p.73.
52 Charles Edward reciprocated their affection; he always had a strong feeling for the underdog (cf. L M, i, p.214).
53 R A Stuart M 11, p.76; R A Stuart M 10/1, p.49.
54 Elcho, pp.258–9; Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany, p.39.
55 L M, i, p.214.
56 Elcho, p.259.
57 ‘At night there came a great many ladies of fashion, to kiss his hand, but his behaviour to them was very cool. He had not been much used to women’s company and was always embarrassed while he was with them’ (Elcho, p.26l).
58 S P Scotland 26 No.24; L M, ii, p.209; Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.38.
59 Woodehouselee MSS, p.32; Elcho, p.262.
60 L M, ii, p.209; Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.39; Home’s History, Appendix, p.31.
61 Elcho, p.262.
62 Cope, p.48.
63 Allardyce Papers, i, p.172; Caledonian Mercury, 23 September 1745.
CHAPTER TWELVE
1 K. Tomasson and F. Buist, Battles of the Forty-Five (1962), pp.47–8.
2 O’Sullivan, p.83.
3 Cope, p.49; M C P, iv, p.45.
4 Blaikie, Origins, p.405; Murray of Broughton, p.198.
5 O’Sullivan, p.75.
6 Lord George Murray, ‘Marches’, op.cit., p.36.
7 S P Scotland 26 No.31.
8 ‘The last sheaves having been carried in the night before’, A. Carlyle, The Autobiography of Dr. Alexander Carlyle (London and Edinburgh, 1910), p.123.
9 Home’s History, p.113.
10 Lord George Murray, ‘Marches’, p.36; O’Sullivan, p.76.
11 O’Sullivan, p.76.
12 Gentleman’s Magazine, 1745, p.520.
13 R A Stuart M 11, p.80.
14 Blaikie, Origins, p.407.
15 R A Stuart M 11, p.8l.
16 Elcho, p.269.
17 Tomasson and Buist, op.cit., p.61.
18 Blaikie, Origins, p.407.
19 Home’s History, p.118.
20 R A Stuart M 11, pp.82–3.
21 R A Stuart M 10/1, pp.51–3.
22 A. Henderson, History of the Rebellion 1745–46 (1753), p.87.
23 Home’s History, p.122.
24 R A Stuart M 11, p.83; Lord George Murray, ‘Marches’, p.40.
25 Add. MSS 35,451 f.10; H. Tayler, ed., Anonymous History of the Rebellion in the Years 1745 and 1746 (1944), p.64.
26 Carlyle, op. cit., p.15; W. A. S. Hewins, ed., The Whitefoord Papers (Oxford, 1898), p.58; C P, p.224.
27 Mahon, iii, p.xxiv; R A Stuart 269/173.
28 R A Stuart M 11, p.83; Blaikie, Origins, p.407.
29 Murray of Broughton, p.205.
30 R A Stuart M 10/1, pp.53–4.
31 R A Cumberland 5/290–1; H M C Denbigh, p.187.
32 Cope, p.43.
33 For a full analysis of English reactions see W. A. Speck, The Butcher (1981), pp.53–87.
34 R A Stuart M 11, pp.92–3.
35 Ibid., p.85.
36 Caledonian Mercury, 23 September 1745; Scots Magazine, 1745, p.441.
37 R A Stuart M 11 p.93.
38 Elcho, pp.277–9.
39 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.43; Murray of Broughton, p.212.
40 R A Stuart M 11, p.88.
41 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.54.
42 For the requisitioning and provision of shoes for the various regiments see R A Cumberland 5/310,322; 6/168,176,177.
43 C P, p.226.
44 For the fate of John Hickson, the messenger in question see F. J. McLynn, The Jacobite Army in England 1745 (Edinburgh, 1983), p.30.
45 O’Sullivan, p.86.
46 Ibid.
47 Tomasson, The Jacobite General, op.cit., pp.56–7.
48 Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany (‘Elcho’s Diary’), p.148.
49 In psychological terms, it is fascinating to observe that the ‘bad’ father surrogate, Lord George Murray, was regarded with the same intense suspicion by the ‘good’ father-figure Liria (later Berwick). Liria, who met Lord George in the ’15, described him as having ‘plenty of intelligence and bravery but he is false to the last degree and has a very good opinion of himself’ (A. J. Youngson, The Prince and the Pretender (1985), pp.105–6).
50 R A Stuart M 11, p.111.
51 Elcho, p.289.
52 R A Stuart M 11, pp.109–10.
53 Ibid., p.110.
54 Lord George Murray, ‘Marches’, p.45.
55 R A Stuart M 11, p.97.
56 Stowe MSS 158 f.199.
57 Caledonian Mercury, 30 September 1745; Murray of Broughton, p.220.
58 Elcho, p.291.
59 Daily Advertiser, 11,14 October 1745; Walpole Correspondence, 19, p.133.
60 R A Stuart M 10/1, p.62.
61 Elcho, p.292.
62 Scots Magazine, 1745, pp.442–4.
63 R A Stuart M 11, p.99.
64 Preston’s actions were endorsed by the Cabinet Council on 30 September (Add. MSS 33,004 f.92). Horace Walpole actually had the moral effrontery to boast of the castle garrison’s actions (Walpole Correspondence, 19, p.126). But to the Jacobites, Preston’s behaviour was that of the barbarous Turk (R A Stuart M 11 p.98).
65 R A Stuart M 11, pp.93–5.
66 R A Cumberland 6/204–5.
67 M C P, iv, p.103; Murray of Broughton, p.277.
68 M C P, iv, p.107.
69 Pelham MSS (University of Nottingham) Ne. 1839.
70 L M, i, pp.146–7.
71 Home’s History, Appendix, p.xviii.
72 SP Scotland 26 No.36; Elcho, p.281. There could be no prevaricating longer, but the Glaswegians bargained shrewdly. Hay settled for £5,000
in cash and £500 in goods (Cochrane Correspondence, p.123; London Gazette, 5–8 October 1745).
73 S P Scotland 26 Nos 44,47,48.
74 R A Cumberland 6/178–9,234.
75 R A Cumberland 6/265.
76 R A Cumberland 6/221.
77 R A Cumberland 6/228,248–9,250,251,265,274,275.
78 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.53.
79 R A Stuart M 11, pp.103–4; Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.45; Elcho, pp.297–8. Often the review was held under the admiring gaze of the Edinburgh ladies, even the Whig ones (Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany, p.40).
80 H M C, Various Colls, viii, p.115; Elcho, p.297.
81 R A Stuart M 11, p.91; O’Sullivan, p.88.
82 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.53.
83 For a detailed account of the prince at Holyrood in October 1745 see Miscellany of the Scottish Historical Society I (1893), p.540; H M C Hamilton (Supplement), pp.175–6; H M C, 10, i, pp.92–3; Elcho, pp.306–7.
84 C P, p.294. Cf. the following testimony from a young Whig lady of a review at Duddingstone: ‘The ladies made a circle round the tent and after we had gazed our fill at him, he came out of the tent with a grace and majesty that is unexpressible. He saluted all the circle with an air of grandeur and affability capable of charming the most obstinate Whig … indeed in all his appearances he seems to be cut out for enchanting his beholders and carrying people to consent to their own slavery in spite of themselves’ (Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany, p.40).
85 O’Sullivan, p.88.
86 Cordara, op.cit., pp.69–70.
87 Add. MSS 36,526 f.16.
88 H M C 8, iii, p.11; R A Cumberland 6/206.
89 Tomasson, The Jacobite General, op.cit., p.60.
90 Allardyce Papers, ii, p.480; Caledonian Mercury, 4 October 1745; Home’s History, p.128.
91 Caledonian Mercury, 7 October 1745.
92 R A Stuart M 11, p.100; Tayler, Jacobite Miscellany, p.40.
93 Caledonian Mercury, 14 October 1745.
94 Caledonian Mercury, 25 October 1745.
95 Caledonian Mercury, 16 October 1745.
96 H M C, 10, i, pp.128–9; R A Cumberland 6/170,258.
97 Caledonian Mercury, 30 October 1745.
98 C P, p.486; M C P, iv, pp.78–9.
99 Caledonian Mercury, 21 October 1745.
100 M C P, iv, p.111.
101 He was not to do so until the beginning of December, when Charles Edward’s army seemed to be sweeping all before it in England (C P, pp.302–3).
102 London Gazette, 23–26 November 1745.
103 Sir James Fergusson, Argyll in the ’45 (1952), p.42.
104 R A Stuart M 11, pp.99–100; Caledonian Mercury, 16 October 1745.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
1 The most sceptical foreign observer was, paradoxically, Sir Horace Mann, usually a monomaniac where the Stuarts were concerned. See S P Tuscany 50 f.231. Cf. also Mann to Walpole, 9 November 1745, Walpole Correspondence, 19, p.140. As late as January Mann persisted in his delusion that Charles Edward was not in Scotland, that he was being impersonated by an imposter (Walpole Correspondence, 19, pp.198–9).
2 A S V, Inghilterra, 25 ff.277–80. On papal interest in Charles Edward see also P. Richard, ‘Origines et développement de la secrétaire d’état apostolique 1417–1823’, Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique 11 (1910), p.748.
3 A S V, Inghilterra, 21 f.281.
4 S P Tuscany 50 f.217.
5 A sum of 50,000 crowns (Walpole Correspondence, 19, p.170).
6 For full details of the Pope’s financial transactions with the Stuarts at this time see Biblioteca Angelica MSS 1618.
7 S P Tuscany 51 ff.22–3.
8 Morelli, i, pp.282–300.
9 Benedict to Tencin, 29 December 1745, Morelli, i, p.30l. ‘Digitus dei hic est’, was the Pope’s comment when he heard of the invasion of England (ibid.).
10 See, for example, the duc de Bouillon’s lobbying. L M, iii, pp.142–3.
11 The entire question of French support for the Jacobites is examined exhaustively in F.J. McLynn, France and the Jacobite Rising of 1745, op.cit.
12 Ibid.
13 Caledonian Mercury, 11–25 October 1745.
14 R A Cumberland 6/250.
15 R A Cumberland 6/235.
16 McLynn, France and the ’45, op.cit., Chapter Four.
17 See F. J. McLynn, The Jacobite Army in England 1745, pp.8–10 for the prince’s arguments.
18 Maxwell of Kirkconnell, p.54; cf. also the extreme difficulties experienced by MacLachlan of MacLachlan in collecting the land tax (R A Cumberland 5/303; 6/174,210).
19 Murray of Broughton, p.213.
20 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.66.
21 R A Stuart Box 1/265.
22 Tayler, Jacobite Epilogue, pp.252–4.
23 Eveline Cruickshanks, Political Untouchables. The Tories and the ’45 (1979), pp.36–54.
24 Romney Sedgwick, ed., The History of Parliament. The House of Commons 1715–1754, 2 vols (1970), ii, p.545.
25 Ibid., i, p.585.
26 Cruickshanks, Political Untouchables, op.cit., pp.60–1.
27 Sedgwick, House of Commons, op.cit., i, p.441.
28 Tomasson, Jacobite General, p.66.
29 R A Stuart Box 1/265.
30 There is no exact record of the voting but we can hazard a reconstruction. Sheridan, O’Sullivan, Tullibardine, Kilmarnock, Murray of Broughton, Perth, Elcho and Lord Nairne almost certainly voted for the prince. Glenbucket and lords Pitsligo, Ogilvy and Lewis Gordon were away raising men. Lord George Murray was almost certainly backed by Lochiel, Clanranald, Keppoch, Ardshiel, Glencoe and Lochgarry. The vote would thus have been 8–7.
31 F. J. McLynn, The Jacobite Army in England 1745 (Edinburgh, 1983), p.19.
32 S P Domestic 70/37.
33 See John Roy Stewart’s lament in 1747: ‘The authors and projectors of that unaccountable scheme (for I must call it so) have much to answer for, to God, the King, the Prince and the Country. I was not then admitted to their councils and was the only colonel debarred, and for no reason I could ever imagine but that I spoke perhaps too manly against such a step to John Murray and Sir Thomas Sheridan whom I found both bent on it to my great surprise. But that did not hinder me from representing upon knees and with tears in my eyes against it’ (R A Stuart Box 1/265.)
34 London Gazette, 28 September–1 October 1745.
35 Scots Magazine, 1745, p.489.
36 London Gazette, 29–31 October 1745.
37 London Gazette, 19–22 October 1745.
38 London Gazette, 15–19 October 1745.
39 London Gazette, 26–29 October 1745.
40 Some Whigs were already coming to this conclusion as the only explanation for the Jacobites’ ‘inexplicable inactivity’ at Edinburgh. See Walpole to Mann, 21 October 1745, Walpole Correspondence, 19, p.137.
41 See F. J. McLynn, ‘Sea Power and the Jacobite Rising of 1745’, Mariner’s Mirror 67, No.2 (1981), pp.163–70.
42 By his own admission, Hitler invaded the USSR in 1941 to remove England’s last hope on the Continent and because he feared an attack from the Soviet Union. At the same time the conquest had to be achieved quickly before the USA entered the war on Britain’s side (Joachim R. Fest, Hitler (1973), Book Seven, Chapter One).
43 Elcho, pp.303–5.
44 His arguments are set out at length in McLynn, Jacobite Army, op.cit., pp.11–12.
45 R A Cumberland 6/175,273.
46 L P, ii, p.472.
47 McLynn, France and the ’45, op.cit., p.75.
48 For the motivation of these ideologues of the north-east see A. and H. Tayler, Jacobites of Aberdeenshire and Banffshire in the ’45 (Aberdeen, 1928); Jacobite Letters to Lord Pitsligo 1745–46 (Aberdeen, 1930). Cf. also Pitsligo’s own Thoughts concerning Man’s Condition (1854). For Lord George Murray see Chronicles of Atholl, op.cit., iii, pp.81–2; Tomasson, Jacobite General, op.cit., pp.8–10
49 For this point see Annette M. Smith, Jacobite Estates of t
he Forty-Five (Edinburgh, 1982).
50 Lenman, Jacobite Risings, op.cit., pp.245–6.
51 Murray of Broughton, p.443; G. Harris, Life of Lord Chancellor Hardwicke, 2 vols (1847), ii, p.160.
52 Lenman, Jacobite Clans of the Great Glen, op.cit; pp. 150–7.
53 Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness 21, p.422; Donald Nicholas, Intercepted Post (1956), p.30; Home’s History, p.113.
54 Lenman, Jacobite Risings, p.255.
55 The Clanranalds were a particularly devout clan; their chaplain Allan MacDonald accompanied them to Derby and back (S P Dom 96 f.185).
56 Blaikie, Origins, p.99.
57 Chronicles of Atholl, op.cit., iii, p.44.
58 Harris, Hardwicke, op.cit., ii, p.244.
59 Murray of Broughton, pp.424,445,456–7.
60 Tayler, Jacobite Epilogue, p.xiv.
61 ‘Lochgarry’s narrative’ in Blaikie, Itinerary, pp.116–18.
62 Andrew Lang, Pickle the Spy (1897). The accusation of treachery against Lochgarry himself was revived by the marquis d’Eguilles on his return to France (D’Eguilles to Maurepas, 27 June 1747, MP).
63 See Add. MSS 35,446 ff.151–5; H M C, Polwarth, v, pp.183–242.
64 G. H. Jones, Mainstream of Jacobitism (Harvard, 1954), p.241.
65 Though not clan chiefs, the Lowland lairds were moved by similar considerations. The earl of Airlie sent out his son David Ogilvie to head the Airlie tenants. Lord Lewis Gordon, second son of Alexander, 2nd duke of Gordon, to some extent fulfilled the same role. See Sir James Fergusson, Lowland Lairds (1949).
66 Lady Anne Mackintosh raised her husband’s clan for the prince against the husband’s wishes (Blaikie, Origins, p.101).
67 A E M D, Angleterre, 79 f.235.
68 Cruickshanks, Political Untouchables, op.cit., p.100.
69 There is good supporting evidence for this in W. A. Speck, The Butcher, op.cit., pp.184–5: ‘Measured in wealth rather than numbers, the government had the more prosperous clans on its side. Scoto-Britanus writing in the Caledonian Mercury claimed that “the yearly income of the clans which brought the 4,000 Highlanders to Perthshire does not exceed £1,500, which divided equally among them is only 7s.6d. a year each, not a farthing a day.” The Young Pretender, although his army virtually conquered Scotland, never enjoyed mass support. By and large he appealed to those parts of the country which had not benefited economically since the Union.’
70 S P Dom 96 f.154; Murray of Broughton, p.223.
Bonnie Prince Charlie: Charles Edward Stuart (Pimlico) Page 78
