20. Stephen J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire, rev. ed. (Seattle, 1997), 200, 201, 204, 205–206.
21. Quoted in ibid., 205.
22. James Fenimore Cooper, The Pioneers (1823; reprint, New York, 1959), 250; Jennifer Price, Flight Maps: Adventures with Nature in Modern America (New York, 1999), 1.
23. David R. Foster, Thoreau’s Country: Journey through a Transformed Landscape (Cambridge, MA, 1999), 167 (quotation), 168, 171; David S. Wilcove, The Condor’s Shadow: The Loss and Recovery of Wildlife in America (New York, 1999), 29.
24. Quoted in Price, Flight Maps, 41.
25. Wilcove, The Condor’s Shadow, 30; Price, Flight Maps, 6, 18–19.
26. Wilcove, The Condor’s Shadow, 28, 30.
27. Foster, Thoreau’s Country, 169, 172.
28. Georg Simmel, The Sociology of Georg Simmel, ed. Kurt H. Wolf (1908; reprint, Glencoe, IL, 1950), 414; idem, The Philosophy of Money, trans. Tom Bottomore and David Frisby (1900; reprint, London, 1978), 427.
CHAPTER 5: KING CLIMATE IN DIXIE
1. David M. Ludlum, Early American Winters, 1821–1870 (Boston, 1968), 106–107, 1st quotation from p. 107; Robert Croom Aldredge, Weather Observers and Observations at Charleston, South Carolina, 1670–1871 (1936; reprint, Charleston, SC, 1940), 202 (2d quotation).
2. A. Cash Koeniger, “Climate and Southern Distinctiveness,” Journal of Southern History 54 (February 1988): 21–44.
3. Albert E. Cowdrey, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, rev. ed. (Lexington, KY, 1996), 29, 30.
4. T. H. Breen, Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution (Princeton, NJ, 1985), 46–49, 60 (quotation).
5. Quotations in Alan Kulikoff, Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1986), 47.
6. Carville Earle, Geographical Inquiry and American Historical Problems (Stanford, CA, 1992), 280–282.
7. Ibid., 283.
8. Henry M. Miller, “Transforming a ‘Splendid and Delightsome Land’: Colonists and Ecological Change in the Chesapeake, 1607–1820,” Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 76 (September 1986): 183; Stanley Wayne Trimble, Man-Induced Soil Erosion on the Southern Piedmont, 1700–1970 (Ankeny, IA, 1974), 47 (quotation).
9. Lewis Cecil Gray, History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, 2 vols. (1932; reprint, Gloucester, MA, 1958), 1:446.
10. Quoted in S. Max Edelson, “Planting the Lowcountry: Agricultural Enterprise and Economic Experience in the Lower South, 1695–1785” (Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1998), 223.
11. Philip D. Morgan, “Work and Culture: The Task System and the World of Lowcountry Blacks, 1700 to 1880,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d Ser., 39 (October 1982): 577 (quotation).
12. Joyce E. Chaplin, “Tidal Rice Cultivation and the Problem of Slavery in South Carolina and Georgia, 1760–1815,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d Ser., 49 (January 1992): 47.
13. Judith A. Carney, Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas (Cambridge, MA, 2001), 91 (quotation), 93–94.
14. Morgan, “Work and Culture,” 568–569, 575 (quotation).
15. Quoted in Edelson, “Planting the Lowcountry,” 250.
16. Mart A. Stewart, “What Nature Suffers to Groe:” Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680–1920 (Athens, GA, 1996), 104, 110.
17. Ibid., 161–162.
18. Ibid., 139–140; Chaplin, “Tidal Rice Cultivation,” 60 (quotation).
19. Quoted in Stewart, “What Nature Suffers to Groe,” 155.
20. Harry L. Watson, “ ‘The Common Rights of Mankind’: Subsistence, Shad, and Commerce in the Early Republican South,” Journal of American History 83 (June 1996): 15 (quotation), 21.
21. Quoted in ibid., 33.
22. Quotations in ibid., 13, 14.
23. E. P. Thompson, “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century,” in Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture (New York, 1991), 185–258.
24. Watson, “ ‘The Common Rights of Mankind,’” 19, 41–43.
25. James L. Watkins, King Cotton: A Historical and Statistical Review, 1790 to 1908 (1908; reprint, New York, 1969), 13.
26. Gray, History of Agriculture, 2: 689, 705.
27. Michael Paul Rogin, Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian (New York, 1975), 180 (quotation); Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, NE, 1983), 22–23.
28. Earle, Geographical Inquiry, 288; Trimble, Man-Induced Soil Erosion, 54 (quotation); Charles Reagan Wilson et al., eds., Encyclopedia of Southern Culture (Chapel Hill, NC, 1989), 319.
29. Stanley W. Trimble, “Perspectives on the History of Soil Erosion Control in the Eastern United States,” Agricultural History 59 (April 1985): 174.
30. Gavin Wright, Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War (New York, 1986), 17–18, 19, 30–31.
31. Quoted in Eugene D. Genovese, The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South (New York, 1967), 95.
32. Ibid., 91 (quotation); Julius Rubin, “The Limits of Agricultural Progress in the Nineteenth-Century South,” Agricultural History 49 (April 1975): 365, 366; Tamara Miner Haygood, “Cows, Ticks, and Disease: A Medical Interpretation of the Southern Cattle Industry,” Journal of Southern History 52 (November 1986): 553, 563.
33. Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 14, 71; Gray, History of Agriculture, 2: 805–806; Genovese, The Political Economy of Slavery, 94.
34. Earle, Geographical Inquiry, 288–290.
CHAPTER 6: THE GREAT FOOD FIGHT
1. David Madden, ed., Beyond the Battlefield: The Ordinary Life and Extraordinary Times of the Civil War Soldier (New York, 2000), 158 (quotation); James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York, 1988), 850.
2. Quoted in George Brown Tindall and David E. Shi, America: A Narrative History, 5th ed., 2 vols. (New York, 1999), 1: 785.
3. Quoted in James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (New York, 1982), 191.
4. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 325.
5. Quoted in David M. Ludlum, Early American Winters, 1821–1870 (Boston, 1968), 129.
6. Geoffrey C. Ward, The Civil War (New York, 1990), 158 (1st quotation), 159 (2d quotation); McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 584 (3d quotation).
7. Reprinted in Ludlum, Early American Winters, 234.
8. Quoted in Ward, The Civil War, 275.
9. Quoted in Ludlum, Early American Winters, 134–135.
10. Quoted in ibid., 136.
11. Quotations in Madden, Beyond the Battlefield, 147, 158–159.
12. Quoted in Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography, 4 vols. (New York, 1934–1935), 3: 247.
13. Ibid., 3: 252.
14. Ibid., 2: 491; 3: 252–253.
15. Quoted in Madden, Beyond the Battlefield, 155–156.
16. Gary B. Nash and Julie Roy Jeffrey, eds., The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society, 5th ed. (New York, 2001), 486 (1st quotation); John Solomon Otto, Southern Agriculture during the Civil War Era, 1860–1880 (Westport, CT, 1994), 30 (2d quotation).
17. Christopher Clark et al., Who Built America?: Working People and the Nation’s Economy, Politics, Culture, and Society, 2 vols. (New York, 2000), 1: 626 (1st quotation); McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 370 (2d quotation).
18. Paul W. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War (New York, 1965), 38–39.
19. Michael B. Chesson, “Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 92 (April 1984): 134, 135, 144 (quotations).
20. Quotations in Drew Gilpin Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism (Baton R
ouge, LA, 1988), 54, 55.
21. Otto, Southern Agriculture, 23, 32.
22. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War, 86, 116 (quotation).
23. Ibid., 120 (1st quotation); Tindall and Shi, America, 1: 773 (2d quotation); Ward, The Civil War, 197 (3d quotation).
24. Ludlum, Early American Winters, 133 (quotation); Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War, 86; Freeman, R. E. Lee, 3: 247.
25. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War, 16 (quotations), 19.
26. Joseph P. Reidy, From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism in the Cotton Plantation South: Central Georgia, 1800–1880 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1992), 115–116 (quotation); Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War, 18.
27. Quoted in Reidy, From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism, 117.
CHAPTER 7: EXTRACTING THE NEW SOUTH
1. Quoted in George Brown Tindall and David E. Shi, America: A Narrative History, 5th ed., 2 vols. (New York, 1999), 2: 793.
2. Gavin Wright, Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy Since the Civil War (New York, 1986), 34; C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1951), 182 (quotation).
3. Roger L. Ransom and Richard Sutch, One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation (Cambridge, UK, 1977), 87, 89, 95, 98; Wright, Old South, New South, 91.
4. Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850–1890 (New York, 1983), 145; Gilbert C. Fite, Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865–1980 (Lexington, KY, 1984), 10 (quotation).
5. Ransom and Sutch, One Kind of Freedom, 101, 102.
6. Carville Earle, Geographical Inquiry and American Historical Problems (Stanford, CA, 1992), 295; David F. Weiman, “The Economic Emanipation of the Non-Slaveholding Class: Up-country Farmers in the Georgia Cotton Economy,” Journal of Economic History 45 (March 1985): 87; Ransom and Sutch, One Kind of Freedom, 187.
7. Earle, Geographical Inquiry, 295–296 (quotation); Stanley Wayne Trimble, Man-Induced Soil Erosion on the Southern Piedmont, 1700–1970 (Ankeny, IA, 1974), 69–93.
8. Arvarh E. Strickland, “The Strange Affair of the Boll Weevil: The Pest as Liberator,” Agricultural History 68 (Spring 1994): 166.
9. James R. Grossman, Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration (Chicago, 1989), 14, 28–30, quotation from p. 30.
10. Strickland, “The Strange Affair of the Boll Weevil,” 157; Kathryn Holland Braund, “‘Hog Wild’ and ’Nuts: Billy Boll Weevil Comes to the Alabama Wiregrass,” Agricultural History 63 (Summer 1989): 32.
11. Quoted in Paul Garon, Blues and the Poetic Spirit (1975; reprint, New York, 1979), 117.
12. Fite, Cotton Fields No More, 22 (quotations); Albert E. Cowdrey, This Land, This South: An Environmental History, rev. ed. (Lexington, KY, 1996), 106; Robert C. McMath, Jr., “Sandy Land and Hogs in the Timber: (Agri)cultural Origins of the Farmers’ Alliance in Texas,” in The Countryside in the Age of Capitalist Transformation, ed. Steven Hahn and Jonathan Prude (Chapel Hill, NC, 1985), 223.
13. Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordon, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York, 1974), 486 (1st quotation); Charles Joyner, Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community (Urbana, IL, 1984), 100 (2d quotation), 100–101 (3d quotation); Mart A. Stewart, “What Nature Suffers to Groe:” Life, Labor, and Landscape on the Georgia Coast, 1680–1920 (Athens, GA, 1996), 136.
14. Philip D. Morgan, “The Ownership of Property by Slaves in the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Low Country,” Journal of Southern History 49 (August 1983): 411 (quotation).
15. Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism, 60 (quotations); R. Ben Brown, “The Southern Range: A Study in Nineteenth Century Law and Society” (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1993), 7.
16. Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism, 252 (1st quotation); Mart A. Stewart, “ ‘Whether Wast, Deodand, or Stray’: Cattle, Culture, and the Environment in Early Georgia,” Agricultural History 65 (Summer 1991): 24; Steven Hahn, “Hunting, Fishing, and Foraging: Common Rights and Class Relations in the Postbellum South,” Radical History Review 26 (October 1982): 42 (2d quotation).
17. Hahn, “Hunting, Fishing, and Foraging,” 44 (1st quotation), 39 (2d quotation); idem, The Roots of Southern Populism, 241 (3d quotation).
18. Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism, 242; Brown, “The Southern Range,” 190.
19. Cowdrey, This Land, This South, 115, 117; Jennifer Price, Flight Maps: Adventures with Nature in Modern America (New York, 1999), 59.
20. Stuart A. Marks, Southern Hunting in Black and White: Nature, History, and Ritual in a Carolina Community (Princeton, NJ, 1991), 48 (quotation), 49.
21. J. Crawford King, Jr., “The Closing of the Southern Range: An Exploratory Study,” Journal of Southern History 48 (February 1982): 62, 68 (quotation).
22. Hahn, “Hunting, Fishing, and Foraging,” 46 (1st quotation); Brown, “The Southern Range,” 206 (2d quotation).
23. King, “The Closing of the Southern Range,” 57.
24. Shawn Everett Kantor and J. Morgan Kousser, “Common Sense or Commonwealth? The Fence Law and Institutional Change in the Postbellum South,” Journal of Southern History 59 (May 1993): 208 (quotation), 215.
25. Claire Strom, “Texas Fever and the Dispossession of the Southern Yeoman Farmer,” Journal of Southern History 66 (February 2000): 73.
26. McMath, “Sandy Land and Hogs in the Timber,” 205–229.
27. Michael Williams, Americans and Their Forests: A Historical Geography (New York, 1989), 238; Donald Edward Davis, Where There Are Mountains: An Environmental History of the Southern Appalachians (Athens, GA, 2000), 168 (quotation), 176.
28. Paul Wallace Gates, “Federal Land Policy in the South, 1866–1888,” Journal of Southern History 6 (August 1940): 314; Williams, Americans and Their Forests, 242.
29. Williams, Americans and Their Forests, 242–243.
30. Ibid., 254; Ronald L. Lewis, Transforming the Appalachian Countryside: Railroads, Deforestation, and Social Change in West Virginia, 1880–1920 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998), 47 (1st quotation); Thomas R. Cox et al., This Well-Wooded Land: Americans and Their Forests from Colonial Times to the Present (Lincoln, NE, 1985), 164 (2d quotation).
31. Davis, Where There Are Mountains, 168; Lewis, Transforming the Appalachian Countryside, 265.
32. Stephen J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire, rev. ed. (Seattle, 1997), 148, 150, 155.
33. Davis, Where There Are Mountains, 176.
34. Quoted in ibid., 179.
35. J. R. McNeill, Something New under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (New York, 2000), 256.
36. Davis, Where There Are Mountains, 194 (1st quotation), 195 (2d quotation), 197 (3d quotation).
37. Williams, Americans and Their Forests, 238.
38. Quoted in ibid., 281.
39. Paul Salstrom, Appalachia’s Path to Dependency: Rethinking a Region’s Economic History, 1730–1940 (Lexington, KY, 1994), 21.
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