25. Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York, 1975), 895 (quotation).
26. Ibid., 897.
27. Ibid., 19, 838, 849 (quotations); Kay, Asphalt Nation, 230; Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York, 1982), 294.
28. Caro, The Power Broker, 940, 943–944.
29. Ibid., 934–935, 944–949, quotation from p. 935.
30. Berman, All That Is Solid, 307.
31. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 248–249; Kay, Asphalt Nation, 232.
32. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 249; Kay, Asphalt Nation, 231; Caro, The Power Broker, 921.
33. Kay, Asphalt Nation, 233 (quotation), 243–244; Deborah Gordon, Steering a New Course: Transportation, Energy, and the Environment (Washington, DC, 1991), 12, 37; Davis, Ecology of Fear, 80.
34. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier, 232–233, 293–294.
35. Ibid., 283–284.
36. Ibid., 234, 236; Adam Rome, The Bulldozer in the Countryside: Suburban Sprawl and the Rise of American Environmentalism (New York, 2001), 16 (quotation).
37. Rome, The Bulldozer in the Countryside, 120, 122; Eckbo, Dean, Austin, and Williams, Open Space: The Choices before California: The Urban Metropolitan Open Space Study (San Francisco, 1969), 15.
38. Rome, The Bulldozer in the Countryside, 121, 166 (quotation); John McPhee, The Control of Nature (New York, 1989), 203.
39. Stephen J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire, rev. ed. (Seattle, 1997), 405; Davis, Ecology of Fear, 141–146.
40. Rome, The Bulldozer in the Countryside, 46.
41. Ibid., 45–54, quotation from p. 52.
42. Ibid., 65–71; Raymond Arsenault, “The End of the Long Hot Summer: The Air Conditioner and Southern Culture,” Journal of Southern History 50 (November 1984): 615.
43. Arsenault, “The End of the Long Hot Summer,” 617.
44. F. Herbert Bormann, Diana Balmori, and Gordon T. Geballe, Redesigning the American Lawn: A Search for Environmental Harmony (New Haven, CT, 1993), 96.
45. Michael Pollan, “Why Mow? The Case against Lawns,” New York Times Magazine, May 28, 1989 (1st quotation); Virginia Scott Jenkins, The Lawn: A History of an American Obsession (Washington, DC, 1994), 25, 53 (2d quotation).
46. Quoted in Jenkins, The Lawn, 80.
47. Quoted in Virginia Scott Jenkins, “ ‘Fairway Living’: Lawncare and Lifestyle from Croquet to the Golf Course,” in The American Lawn, ed. Georges Teyssot (New York, 1999), 127.
48. Mark Wigley, “The Electric Lawn,” in The American Lawn, 155, 156.
49. Georges Teyssot, “The American Lawn: Surface of Everyday Life,” in The American Lawn, 3.
50. Jenkins, The Lawn, 86–87, 142; Bormann, Balmori, and Geballe, Redesigning the American Lawn, 109.
51. Quoted in Jenkins, The Lawn, 146.
52. Edmund Russell, War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring (New York, 2001), 95–144; Malcolm Gladwell, “The Mosquito Killer,” New Yorker, July 2, 2001, 42, 48.
53. Beatriz Colomina, “The Lawn at War: 1941–1961,” in The American Lawn, 138 (1st and 2d quotations); Jenkins, The Lawn, 154 (3d quotation).
54. Jenkins, The Lawn, 174–176; Bormann, Balmori, and Geballe, Redesigning the American Lawn, 33; Wigley, “The Electric Lawn,” 191n.
55. Kay, Asphalt Nation, 91, 96.
56. Roy A. Rappaport, “Nature, Culture, and Ecological Anthropology,” in Man, Culture, and Society, ed. Harry L. Shapiro (London, 1956), 263.
CHAPTER 14: THROWAWAY SOCIETY
1. Quoted in Eric Lipton, “The Long and Winding Road Now Followed by New York City’s Trash,” New York Times, March 24, 2001.
2. Quotations from ibid.
3. Jane Celia Busch, “The Throwaway Ethic in America” (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1983), 335–336; Martin V. Melosi, The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present (Baltimore, 2000), 340.
4. Thomas Hine, The Total Package: The Evolution and Secret Meanings of Boxes, Bottles, Cans, and Tubes (Boston, 1995), 154; James Brooke, “That Secure Feeling of a Printed Document,” New York Times, April 21, 2000 (quotation).
5. Busch, “The Throwaway Ethic in America,” 80–81; John T. Cumbler, Reasonable Use: The People, the Environment, and the State: New England, 1790–1930 (New York, 2001), 56 (quotation); William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish: The Archeology of Garbage (New York, 1992), 102.
6. William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991), 336.
7. Susan Strasser, Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash (New York, 1999), 171–172.
8. Busch, “The Throwaway Ethic in America,” table 8, p. 133, 138 (1st quotation), 138–139 (2d quotation).
9. Melosi, The Sanitary City, 350; Rathje and Murphy, Rubbish, 105, 128.
10. Melosi, The Sanitary City, 350; Rathje and Murphy, Rubbish, 206, 207.
11. Suellen Hoy, “The Garbage Disposer, the Public Health, and the Good Life,” in Technology and Choice: Readings from Technology and Culture, ed. Marcel C. LaFollette and Jeffrey K. Stine (Chicago, 1991), 148, 160, 161; Susan Strasser, “ ‘The Convenience Is Out of This World’: The Garbage Disposer and American Consumer Culture,” in Getting and Spending: European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Century, ed. Susan Strasser, Charles McGovern, and Matthias Judt (New York, 1998), 270 (quotation).
12. Melosi, The Sanitary City, table 17.1, p. 340; table 20.1, p. 398.
13. Jeffrey L. Meikle, “Material Doubts: The Consequences of Plastic,” Environmental History 2 (July 1997): 279 (quotation); Malcolm W. Browne, “World Threat of Plastic Trash Defies Technological Solution,” New York Times, September 6, 1987.
14. Melosi, The Sanitary City, table 17.1, p. 340; table 20.1, p. 398; Meikle, “Material Doubts,” 290.
15. Rathje and Murphy, Rubbish, 101–102, 166 (quotations).
16. Browne, “World Threat of Plastic Trash.”
17. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Scrap Tire Management and Recycling Opportunities, 101st Cong., 2d sess., 1990, 131, 133–134; U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Facing America’s Trash: What Next for Municipal Solid Waste?, OTA-O-424, 1989, 118.
18. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Facing America’s Trash, 339.
19. U.S. Congress, House Committee on Small Business, Scrap Tire Management and Recycling Opportunities, 71; Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York, 1998), 87.
20. Donald Kennedy and Marjorie Lucks, “Rubber, Blight, and Mosquitoes: Biogeography Meets the Global Economy,” Environmental History 4 (July 1999): 369, 376, 377; Chester G. Moore and Carl J. Mitchell, “Aedes Albopictus in the United States: Ten-Year Presence and Public Health Implication,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 3 (July/September 1997), available online at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol3no3/moore.htm.
21. Quoted in Chip Brown, “Blazing Tires: Virginia’s Own Volcano,” Washington Post, November 6, 1983.
22. Quoted in Reed Tucker, “What Will Happen To All Those Recalled Tires?” Fortune, October 16, 2000, 60.
23. Melosi, The Sanitary City, 339; figure 20.1, p. 397.
24. Benjamin Miller, Fat of the Land: Garbage of New York the Last Two Hundred Years (New York, 2000), 233; Rathje and Murphy, Rubbish, 85–86.
25. Rathje and Murphy, Rubbish, 4, 119, 120.
26. Hine, The Total Package, 240.
27. Quoted in Nancy Reckler, “New Yorkers Near World’s Largest Landfill Say City Dumps on Them,” Washington Post, August 7, 1996.
28. Miller, Fat of the Land, 282–284.
29. William L. Rathje, “Rubbish!,” Atlantic Monthly, December 1989, 101–102.
30. Melosi, The Sanitary City, 401, 402.
31. Miller, Fat of the Land, 289–290.
32. Quoted in ibid., 290.
33. Ibid., 296.
34. Kirsten Engel, “Reconsidering the National Market in Solid Waste: Trade-Offs in Equity, Efficiency, Environmental Protection, and State Autonomy,” North Carolina Law Review 73 (April 1995): 1495–1496.
35. Ibid., 1493–1495.
CHAPTER 15: SHADES OF GREEN
1. Quoted in “Oil Slick Fire Ruins Flats Shipyard,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), November 2, 1952.
2. “Cuyahoga River on Fire,” ibid., January 1, 1900.
3. “Oil Slick Fire Damages 2 River Spans,” ibid. June 23, 1969; Roger Brown, “1969 River Blaze Scarred Image,” ibid., June 18, 1989 (Barry quotation); “A Letter from the Publisher” and “The Cities: The Price of Optimism,” Time, August 1, 1969, 41.
4. Kirkpatrick Sale, The Green Revolution: The American Environmental Movement, 1962–1992 (New York, 1993), 80.
5. Joseph Anthony Interrante, “A Moveable Feast: The Automobile and the Spatial Transformation of American Culture, 1890–1940” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1983), 94–97, 98 (quotation); Paul Shriver Sutter, “Driven Wild: The Intellectual and Cultural Origins of Wilderness Advocacy during the Interwar Years” (Ph.D. diss., University of Kansas, 1997), 39.
6. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (1949; reprint, New York, 1966), x, 240.
7. Sutter, “Driven Wild,” 4, 9–10, 63, 66, 67, 431, 448.
8. Paul W. Hirt, A Conspiracy of Optimism: Management of the National Forests Since World War Two (Lincoln, NE, 1994), xx, xxiii, xxv, 162–163; Richard N. L. Andrews, Managing the Environment, Managing Ourselves: A History of American Environmental Policy (New Haven, CT, 1999), 194.
9. Hirt, A Conspiracy of Optimism, 164–165, 229–231; Andrews, Managing the Environment, 196; Sale, The Green Revolution, 15.
10. Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (New York, 1986), 140, 294.
11. Hal K. Rothman, The Greening of a Nation? Environmentalism in the United States Since 1945 (Fort Worth, TX, 1998), 41 (quotation); Russell Martin, A Story That Stands Like a Dam: Glen Canyon and the Struggle for the Soul of the West (New York, 1989), 64–65, 69; Reisner, Cadillac Desert, 295.
12. Quoted in John McPhee, Encounters with the Archdruid (New York, 1971), 166.
13. Martin, A Story That Stands Like a Dam, 291; McPhee, Encounters with the Archdruid, 241 (Brower quotation).
14. Gregg Mitman, Reel Nature: America’s Romance with Wildlife on Film (Cambridge, MA, 1999), 115 (quotation), 123.
15. Ibid., 126, 134.
16. Linda Lear, Rachel Carson: Witness for Nature (New York, 1997), 428; Andrews, Managing the Environment, 188; Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (1962; reprint, Boston, 1987), 189.
17. Robert Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington, DC, 1993), 85 (1st quotation); Stephen Fox, John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement (Boston, 1981), 292.
18. Jerome Namias, “Nature and Possible Causes of the Northeastern United States Drought during 1962–65,” Monthly Weather Review 94 (September 1966): 543–554.
19. William Ashworth, The Late, Great Lakes: An Environmental History (New York, 1986), 133, 142 (quotation); William McGucken, Lake Erie Rehabilitated: Controlling Cultural Eutrophication, 1960s–1990s (Akron, OH, 2000), 18–19.
20. Ashworth, The Late, Great Lakes, 136 (1st quotation), 143 (2d quotation).
21. Rothman, The Greening of a Nation?, 103.
22. Warren J. Belasco, Appetite for Change: How the Counterculture Took on the Food Industry, 1966–1988 (New York, 1989), 21 (Rat quotation), 36–37; Sale, The Green Revolution, 23 (Heilbroner quotation).
23. Terry H. Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties (New York, 1995), 343–347, quotation from p. 343.
24. Howard E. McCurdy, Space and the American Imagination (Washington, DC, 1997), 227 (1st quotation), 229 (2d quotation).
25. J. Brooks Flippen, Nixon and the Environment (Albuquerque, NM, 2000), 227–228.
26. Andrews, Managing the Environment, 232–236.
27. Ibid., 236–237.
28. Quoted in Flippen, Nixon and the Environment, 15.
29. Sale, The Green Revolution, table p. 33; Andrews, Managing the Environment, 238.
30. Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring, 138–140; Mark Dowie, Losing Ground: American Environmentalism at the Close of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA, 1995), 56.
31. Philip Shabecoff, A Fierce Green Fire: The American Environmental Movement (New York, 1993), 235, 237.
32. Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring, 209; Dowie, Losing Ground, 172 (quotation).
33. Robert R. M. Verchick, “In a Greener Voice: Feminist Theory and Environmental Justice,” Harvard Women’s Law Journal 19 (Spring 1996): 48.
34. Robert D. Bullard, ed., Unequal Protection: Environmental Justice and Communities of Color (San Francisco, 1994), 17.
35. Terence J. Centner, Warren Kriesel, and Andrew G. Keeler, “Environmental Justice and Toxic Releases: Establishing Evidence of Discriminatory Effect Based on Race and Not Income,” Wisconsin Environmental Law Journal 3 (Summer 1996): 128–129, 143–146; Stephen Sandweiss, “The Social Construction of Environmental Justice,” in Environmental Injustices, Political Struggles: Race, Class, and the Environment, ed. David E. Camacho (Durham, NC, 1998), 35.
36. Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring, 250–252; Harvey L. White, “Race, Class, and Environmental Hazards,” in Environmental Injustices, Political Struggles, 69.
37. Dowie, Losing Ground, 134–135, quotations from p. 134.
38. James D. Proctor, “Whose Nature? The Contested Moral Terrain of Ancient Forests,” in Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature, ed. William Cronon (New York, 1996), 275–276.
39. William Dietrich, The Final Forest: The Battle for the Last Great Trees of the Pacific Northwest (New York, 1992), 74.
40. Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring, 196–197; Sale, The Green Revolution, 66 (quotation).
41. John Bellamy Foster, “Capitalism and the Ancient Forest: Battle over Old Growth Forest in the Pacific Northwest,” Monthly Review 43 (October 1991): 11 (1st quotation); Richard White, “ ‘Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living?’ Work and Nature,” in Uncommon Ground, 171 (2d quotation).
42. Tarso Ramos, “Wise Use in the West: The Case of the Northwest Timber Industry,” in Let the People Judge: Wise Use and the Private Property Rights Movement, ed. John Echeverria and Raymond Booth Eby (Washington, DC, 1995), 88.
43. Foster, “Capitalism and the Ancient Forest,” 13 (quotation).
44. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer, trans. George Lawrence (1835–1839; reprint, Garden City, NY, 1969), 270; Shabecoff, A Fierce Green Fire, 134.
CHAPTER 16: PLANET U.S.A.
1. Richard P. Tucker, The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World (Berkeley, CA, 2000), 232–233, 259–261.
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