10 SOE War Diary, TNA HS 7/262.
11 ‘History of Italian Activities of SOE, 1941–1945’, TNA HS 7/58.
12 ‘SOE History: German and Austrian Section: 1940–1945’, by Lieutenant-Colonel R. H. Thornley, 1 October 1945, TNA HS 7/145.
13 ‘Operations into Germany from the UK mounted by the German Section’, by Major W. Field-Robinson, TNA HS 7/145.
14 ‘SOE History: German and Austrian Section: 1940–1945’, by Lieutenant-Colonel R. H. Thornley, 1 October 1945, TNA HS 7/145.
15 ‘Operations into Germany from the UK mounted by the German Section’, by Major W. Field-Robinson, TNA HS 7/145.
16 Quoted in ‘Luigi Mazzotta alias Gino Cover’, 29 May 1944, TNA HS 6/893. The report contained a physical description: ‘Height 1m.77, chest 0.86, wavy brown hair, long face, round chin, brown eyes, regular eyebrows, rosy complexion, defective teeth, age about 30, slim, low forehead.’ SOE reports conflict as to whether this description related to Mazzotta or Di Giunta.
17 Ibid.
18 J. Lussu, Freedom Has No Frontier, p. 143.
19 Salvadori, The Labour and the Wounds, pp. 166–7.
20 Recommendation for the award of the Military Cross, 29 September 1944, TNA WO 373/11.
21 Recommendation for the award of the Distinguished Service Order, 26 April 1945, TNA WO 373/11.
22 New York Post, 20 July 1945.
23 Quoted in report (‘Max William Salvadori, with aliases, Dr Massimo Salvadori-Paleotti, Dr Massimo Salvadori, Dr M. Salvadori-Palleotti, Col. Pallavicini’) by Special Agent Joseph T. Genco, 7 August 1945, Bureau file 100-12404, FBI Archives.
24 ‘Foreign-Born Professor Hailed By President for Lecture in U.S.: Salvadori of Smith Singled Out for His Interpretation of Country Abroad’, New York Times, 22 March 1956.
25 ‘Meet the Professor’, Newsweek, 2 April 1956.
26 ‘Max Salvadori’, The Times, 29 August 1992.
27 J. Verney, Going to the Wars: A Journey in Various Directions (London: Penguin, 1958), pp. 136–7.
28 Salvadori, The Labour and the Wounds, p. 198.
29 Information provided by the SOE Adviser to the Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Signed off from SOE in August 1945, Roseberry died, aged eighty, in 1971.
30 Signora Iacopina Pazzi to the War Office, 8 July 1947, TNA HS 9/1185/2.
31 A. Affortunati, Di morire mon mi importa gran cosa. Fortunato Picchi e l’Operazione ‘Colossus’ (Prato: Pentalinea, 2004), pp. 106–7. The brothers sent to Russia and Mauthausen managed to survive.
32 The War Office (MO1 SP) to Signora Iacopina Pazzi, 1 August 1947, TNA HS 9/1185/2.
33 Affortunati, Di morire mon mi importa gran cosa, pp. 141–6.
34 Salvadori, The Labour and the Wounds, pp. 189–90.
Acknowledgements
First and foremost I would like to thank Christopher Woods, CMG, MC, an SOE officer during the Second World War and former SOE Adviser to the Foreign & Commonwealth Office. His knowledge of SOE’s Italian exploits and readiness to share his writings and research have been of enormous benefit to me.
Tessa Stirling, CBE, and Sally Falk, Head and Deputy Head of Official Histories at the Cabinet Office, were consistently encouraging as the book was taking shape. Funding from the Gerry Holdsworth Special Forces Charitable Trust made possible a series of highly productive research trips to Milan, Rome, Sicily and Washington, DC. I am grateful to the Trustees and to the Trust’s Secretaries, Nick Campling and Michael Martin, for their support.
Chris Grindall patiently summoned files to Admiralty Arch for me to see. Neil Slaughter of the National Archives kindly arranged space for me to work on more records at that end. Thank you to the staff of the Imperial War Museum, the Bodleian Library, the Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge and King’s College Archives in London. Robin Darwall-Smith helped me to navigate Douglas Dodds-Parker’s papers at Magdalen College, Oxford. Susan Scott, Archivist at the Savoy, dug out documents concerning Fortunato Picchi.
I would also like to acknowledge the time and trouble taken by the Freedom of Information offices of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the US Departments of the Army and Navy, the US Department of Defense, US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and the Criminal Department of the US Department of Justice to respond so fully to my search for archive records relating to Max Salvadori and his time in the United States.
In Milan, Dr Tommaso Piffer, currently at Harvard, organised and accompanied me on a memorable search in wintry Carate Urio for traces of Dick Mallaby’s impromptu arrival in August 1943. I would particularly like to thank Anna Maria Rusconi who did recall that strange event. Thank you to Dick Mallaby’s youngest son, Richard, for chatting to me in Milan and for sharing information so freely; this included photographs that appear in these pages and a hot-off-the-press copy of Gianluca Barneschi’s fine 2013 book, L’inglese che viaggiò con il re e Badoglio: La missioni dell’agente speciale Dick Mallaby. Gianluca, in turn, generously shared with me his detailed knowledge of Mallaby’s life and wartime exploits. Andrea Torre, of Milan’s Istituto Nazionale per la Storia del Movimento di Liberazione in Italia, assisted with research into Fortunato Picchi’s fate and last letter.
In Rome, Simone Ferretti and colleagues of the Associazione CampotrinceratoRoma guided me around Forte Bravetta, where the Special Tribunal sent so many victims to be shot. I am also grateful to the staff of the Museo Storico della Liberazione on Via Tasso. Both they and the Associazione CampotrinceratoRoma do vital work in preserving the city’s recent heritage. Thank you also to Mariapini Di Simone and the staff of Rome’s Archivio Centrale dello Stato.
For help with research in Sicily I would especially like to thank Richard Brown, Honorary British Consul in Catania, for taking time to accompany me to Troina where, in the town archives, Angela Raffaela Caso, Rosalba Di Franco and Santina Monastra helped turn up details of Giovanni Di Giunta. Professor Rosario Mangiameli and Dr Giuseppe Boscarello, both of the University of Catania, made time to field questions. For her kindness in helping me actually to get to Sicily I am grateful to Marta Sobota.
Thank you, too, to the following: Gorazd Bajc, Paolo Campana, Felix Driver, the late John Earle, Mimmo Franzinelli, Steven Kippax, Judith Moellers, Claudia Nasini, Peter Pirker, Caitlyn Schwartz, Blaz Torkar and Elke Zacharias. The late Margaret Jackson, MBE, shared with me her memories of Cecil Roseberry. Patricia Azarias, while carrying out her own research in the State Archives in Rome, generously undertook extra work on my behalf among the Special Tribunal records. For invaluable assistance in producing careful translations of Italian material, I am grateful to Fiamma Mazzocchi Alemanni, Rachel Donati and family, Lucian George and Duncan Stuart, CMG.
Permission to quote from the papers of Lieutenant-Colonel Julian Dobrski was granted by the Trustees of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London. Thank you to Lisa McCaffery and Moira Durdin Robertson for permission to quote from the unpublished memoirs of their late father, Jock McCaffery.
At Faber, Julian Loose, Kate Murray-Browne and Hannah Marshall helped steer the text towards publication. Finally, thank you to Suzanne Bardgett, MBE, Gianluca Barneschi, Jim Daly, Alan Ogden, Nigel Perrin, Dr Tommaso Piffer, Mark Seaman, Donald Sommerville, Professor David Stafford and Christopher Woods for taking time to read my manuscript and provide vital commentary.
Sources and Bibliography
Archives
Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Rome
Records of the Special Tribunal
Balliol College, Oxford
Papers of Colonel B. A. Sweet-Escott
Bodleian Library, Oxford
Papers of Stephen Clissold
British Library of Political and Economic Science, London
Papers of Baron Dalton of Forest and Frith
Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
Papers of Sir Alexander Cadogan
Papers of Lord Gladwyn
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, DC
Bureau files relating to Max Salvadori
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York
Roosevelt Office Files
Imperial War Museum (Department of Documents), London
Papers of Major J. S. H. Clissold
Papers of Major-General Sir C. McV. Gubbins
Papers of Major P. M. Lee
Imperial War Museum (Sound Archive), London
Lieutenant-Colonel Basil Davidson (Sound Archive interview No. 8682)
Commander Richard Gatehouse (Sound Archive interview No. 12213)
Harry Hargreaves (Sound Archive interview No. 12158)
Vice-Admiral Sir Ian McGeoch (Sound Archive interview No. 9859)
Ronald Turnbull (Sound Archive interview No. 26754)
Istituto Nazionale per la Storia del Movimento di Liberazione in Italia, Milan
Copy of last letter of Fortunato Picchi
Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London
Papers of Lieutenant-Colonel Count J. A. Dobrski
Magdalen College, Oxford
Papers of Sir Douglas Dodds-Parker
National Archives (NARA), College Park, Maryland
Office of Strategic Services records (RG 226) (including extensive SIM records)
William J. Donovan records (Microfilm series 1642)
The National Archives (TNA), London
Government archives (with class-marks):
Admiralty
Submarine Logs (ADM 173)
War History Cases and Papers, Second World War (ADM 199)
Naval Intelligence Division and Operational Intelligence Centre: Intelligence Reports and Papers (ADM 223)
Submarine War Patrol Reports, Second World War (ADM 236)
Air Ministry
Records of the Air Historical Branch (AIR 20)
British Council
Registered Files, Yugoslavia (BW 66)
Cabinet Office
Chiefs of Staff Committee: Minutes 1939–1946 (CAB 79)
Chiefs of Staff Committee: Memoranda 1939–1946 (CAB 80)
London Controlling Section: Correspondence and Papers (CAB 154)
Foreign Office
Political Departments: General Correspondence 1906–1966 (FO 371)
Home Office
Registered Papers, Supplementary 1868–1959 (HO 144)
Ministry of Defence
Combined Operations: Records (DEFE 2)
Ministry of Health
Confidential Registered Files (MH 79)
Prime Minister’s Office
Operational Correspondence and Papers 1937–1946 (PREM 3)
Correspondence and Papers, 1951–1964 (PREM 11)
Security Service
Personal Files (KV 2)
List Files (KV 6)
Special Operations Executive
Africa and Middle East Group: Registered Files 1938–1969 (HS 3)
Western Europe: Registered Files 1936–1992 (HS 6)
Histories and War Diaries: Registered Files c. 1939–1988 (HS 7)
Headquarters: Records (HS 8)
Personnel Files (HS 9)
Registry: Italian Section Agent Particulars Nominal Index (HS 15)
Supreme Court of Judicature
Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Files (J 77)
War Office
British Forces, Middle East: War Diaries, Second World War (WO 169)
Directorate of Military Operations: Files concerning Military Planning, Intelligence and Statistics (WO 193)
Middle East Forces: Military Headquarters Papers, 1936–1946 (WO 201)
British Military Missions in Liaison with Allied Forces: Military Headquarters Papers, 1938–1952 (WO 202)
Allied Forces, Mediterranean Theatre: Military Headquarters Papers, 1941–1948 (WO 204)
Directorate of Civil Affairs: Files, Reports and Handbooks (WO 220)
Recommendations for Honours and Awards for Gallant and Distinguished Service (Army) (WO 373)
Papers in private hands
Memoirs (unpublished) of J. McCaffery
Papers of M. Salvadori
Papers of C. M. Woods
Town archives, Troina, Sicily
Birth and Family Registers
Register of ‘Deleted’ Records
Newspapers, Periodicals
Corriere della Sera, The Daily Express, The Daily Telegraph, The Evening Standard, The Guardian/Manchester Guardian, Hansard, The London Gazette, The New Times and Ethiopia News, The New York Post, The New York Times, Patria Indipendente, la Repubblica, The Scotsman, The Spokesman Review, The Sunday Pictorial, Time, The Times, The Washington Post
Books
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Allan, S., Commando Country. Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland, 2007
Ambrose, S., Eisenhower: Volume One: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983
____, The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. New York, Doubleday, 1970
Amé, Cesare, Guerra segreta in Italia, 1940–1943. Rome, 1954
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Angioni, Giulio, Emilio Lussu e i sardi, in Il dito alzato. Palermo: Sellerio, 2012
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Badoglio, Pietro, Italy in the Second World War: Memories and Documents. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1976
Bailey, R., Forgotten Voices of the Secret War. London: Ebury Press, 2008
____, The Wildest Province: SOE in the Land of the Eagle. London: Jonathan Cape, 2008
Bajc, G., Iz nevidnega na plan: slovenski primorski liberalni narodnjaki v emigraciji med drugo svetovno vojno in ozadje britanskih misij v Sloveniji. Koper: Založba Annales, 2002
Barneschi, G., L’inglese che viaggiò con il re e Badoglio: La missioni dell’agente speciale Dick Mallaby. Gorizia: LEG, 2013
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Beevor, Antony, Crete: The Battle and the Resistance. London: Penguin, 1992
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Bennett, Gill, Churchill’s Man of Mystery: Desmond Morton and the World of Intelligence. London: Routledge, 2007
Berrettini, Mireno, La Gran Bretagna e l’antifascismo italiano: diplomazia clandestina, intelligence, operazioni speciali, 1940–1943. Florence: La Lettere, 2010
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Bosworth, R. J. B., The Italian Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism. London: Arnold, 1998
____, Mussolini. London: Bloomsbury, 2010
____, Mussolini’s Italy: Life under the Dictatorship. London: Allen Lane, 2005
Butler, J. R. M., History of the Second World War: Grand Strategy, Volume II: September 1939–June 1941. London: HMSO, 1957
____, History of the Second World War: Grand Strategy, Volume III, Part 2: June 1941–August 1942. London: HMSO, 1964
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Canal
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____, La Guerra Continua. Milan: Rizzoli, 1963
Chandler, A. (ed.), The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: The War Years Volume III. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970
Churchill, W. S., The Second World War. Volume II: Their Finest Hour. London: Cassell, 1949
____, The Second World War. Volume V: Closing The Ring. London: Cassell, 1951
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Cobb, Matthew, The Resistance: The French fight Against the Nazis. London: Simon & Schuster, 2009
Concetti, P., and Muzzarelli Formentini, C., Max Salvadori: Una vita per la Libertà. Fermo: Andrea Livi Editore, 2008
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