Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Spain, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2
Finkelman, Paul
First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States
Boykin on
and court ruling on Oklahoma’s anti-Sharia law
Jefferson on “wall of separation,”
First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States (continued)
and Leland, 7.1, 7.2
and Muslim “civil rights,” aft.1, aft.2
New England’s Congregational Protestantism after passage of, 6.1, 7.1
and religious freedom
and Tripolitan treaty
Fischer, Bryan
Flushing Remonstrance, 2.1, aft.1
Fondaco dei Turchi, Venice, nts.1n32
Ford, Henry
Foss, John
Foster, Mr. (slave owner in Mississippi), 5.1, 5.2
Fox, George
Foxe, John
France
Le Fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophète in, 1.1, 1.2
French Revolution, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Huguenots in
rights of conscience in Constitution
Franck, Sebastian, 2.1, nts.1n78
Franklin, Benjamin, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
Franks, David S.
freedom of religion. See religious freedom; religious tolerance
Freeman’s Oracle
French Revolution, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Gaffney, Frank J., Jr.
Garcia, Humberto, 2.1, nts.1n200
Geller, Pamela
George III, King of England, 1.1, nts.1n114
Georgia, 5.1, aft.1
GhaneaBassiri, Kambiz
Gibbon, Edward
Gingrich, Newt
Ginzburg, Carlo
Golden Rule
Castellio on
Ellison on
Flushing Remonstrance on
Jefferson on, xv
Leland on, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Menocchio on
Obama on
Williams on
Goode, Virgil, Jr.
Gordon, Thomas
government
centralization of military power
established Puritan religion
Helwys’s proposed degree of toleration
imagined Muslim political community in U.S., itr.1, itr.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1
and national army provision in Constitution
Protestant Founders of U.S.
and religious tolerance
tyranny identified with Muslims, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Williams’s ideal society
See also politics; public officeholders; separation of church and state
Graham, Franklin
Great Awakening, the
Great Britain
accommodations for swearing in of Jews
and American ships and crew
expulsion of Jews, 2.1, 2.2, nts.1n46
Jefferson studying legal precedents of
Mahomet the Impostor in
and North African pirates
and Ottoman Empire
Prize Act (1708)
religious tests in
and Williams’s Bloudy Tenent, 2.1
Ground Zero Mosque (film), aft.1
Halal Law of Texas (2003)
Hamburger, Philip, nts.1n120
Hamdani, Talat
Hammuda Bey, 6.1, 6.2
Hayes, Chris
Hayy ibn Yaqzan (Ibn Tufayl), 2.1, nts.1n176
Hebrew Bible. See Old Testament
Helwys, Thomas, 2.1, 7.1
Hemings, Elizabeth, nts.1n270
Hemings, Sara “Sally,” 3.1, 4.1, nts.1n270
Henry, Patrick
heresy
Deism and Unitarianism as
Locke accused of
Origen’s heresy, 2.1, 2.2
of Pelagius
religious tolerance as, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
of Servetus
of seventh-century Christians
universalist doctrine as
heretics
Concerning Heretics (Castellio), 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
Helwys on acceptance of
Muslims and Jews excluded from by Locke
royal religious authority over
tolerance for, as dissenters, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Hindus and Hinduism
History of the Corruptions of Christianity, An (Priestley)
Hoadly, Benjamin
Hoadly, John
Holland
freedom of conscience in 1579
as refuge for Whigs from England
religious tolerance in, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
Remonstrants, nts.1n236
Huff, Richard Curry, nts.1n120
Huguenots (French Protestants)
Humanity in Algiers (anon.)
Hume, David
Hutchinson, Anne
Hutson, James, nts.1n26
Ibn al-Khattab, Umar, 3.1, 3.2
Ibn Rushd “Averroes,”
Ibn Said, Omar, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n156
Ibn Tufayl, Muhammad ibn ’Abd al-Malik, 1.1, 2.1, nts.1n176
Ibrahima Abd al-Rahman, Muslim slave, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n156
immigration
Irish Catholic immigrants, itr.1, 7.1
Jefferson’s Virginia Bill for Naturalization of Immigrants
Muslims, aft.1, aft.2
name changes
post–Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
Immigration and Nationality Act (1965)
inalienable natural rights theory, 2.1, 7.1
Independent Whig (weekly)
infidels
and Constitution of the United States, 5.1, 6.1
Deists as
Jefferson branded as, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, aft.1, aft.2
Jefferson on, 3.1, 6.1
and Origen’s heresy
overview
as political slur, 6.1, 6.2
as preferable to heretic
Qur’an on
as religious slur, 1.1, 1.2
Inquisition
Catholic Inquisition, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
conversion by
and Galileo
and Menocchio, 2.1, aft.1, nts.1n15
and Servetus
Spanish Inquisition, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin)
International Seminar on the History of the Atlantic World, xi
Iredell, James
as associate justice
on Catholic threat
on Hindus and oaths
and Johnston, 5.1, 5.2
and Muslim “civil rights,” itr.1, 5.1
and North Carolina’s failure to ratify the Constitution
on religious test for public office, 5.1, 5.2
on swearing of oaths
Irish Catholic immigrants, itr.1, 7.1
Islam
Adams on
afterlife and women
The Algerine Captive on
as Antichrist, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
anti-Sharia movement, aft.1, aft.2, aft.3
as antithesis of true Christianity, 1.1, 5.1
bismillah, 5.1, 5.2
Christian superiority, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
conversion to, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, aft.1
and Deist or Unitarian viewpoints
dissimulation
on divorce
and First Amendment, aft.1, aft.2
five pillars, 3.1, 5.1
and French Revolution
Jefferson’s negative views of, itr.1, itr.2, 3.1, 6.1
Jefferson’s positive views of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
in Jefferson’s Tripoli treaty, 6.1, 6.2
Jefferson’s use of, to critique other religions, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 6.2
Leland’s erroneous beliefs, 7.1, 7.2
Mandeville on
Mather’s selective approach
Muhammad, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1n109
Paine on
place in Jefferson’s li
brary
and political rhetoric of Jefferson and Adams
prohibitions
pro-Islamic materials by Stubbe
and Ramadan, 3.1, 6.1, nts.1n140
scientific discoveries, 3.1, 3.2
Sharia compatible with American citizenship
Sharia compatible with English citizenship
Sharia law, aft.1, aft.2
Stubbe on, 2.1, nts.1n200
terminology distortions, 1.1, nts.1n186
treatment of slaves, 4.1, nts.1n12
as tyranny
as weapon for vilifying fellow Christians, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
See also anti-Islamic polemic; conversion to Islam; Muhammad; Muslim Americans; Muslims; Qur’an
Islam and Liberal Citizenship (March)
Islamic legal schools
Islamo-Christian civilization
“Islamophilia,” nts.1n211
Ismail, Sultan of Morocco
janissaries, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1
Jefferson, Martha
Jefferson, Thomas
accusations of being a Muslim, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, aft.1, aft.2
and Anglicanism, 3.1, 3.2
as Deist, 5.1, 6.1
divorce case
on Golden Rule
and Islam, x, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7
and Jews, 3.1, nts.1n201
and Leland, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Leland on, 7.1, 7.2
letters to Tunisian ruler, 6.1, 6.2
letter to Tripolitan ruler
library catalog system
library of, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, nts.1n211
and Locke, 3.1, 3.2
losses from house fire
and “Mammoth Cheese” from Massachusetts, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
and Muslim rights, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1
Muslim slaves of, itr.1, 3.1
Obama compared to
and Qur’an, ix–xi, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
and racial differences
and Ramadan, 6.1, nts.1n140
on reception at Court of St. James’s
religion of, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
religious tolerance of, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1
on rotation of public officeholders
as secretary of state, 5.1, 6.1
slaves of, 3.1, 4.1
studying British legal precedents, 3.1, 3.2
and Voltaire’s view of Islam
See also “Autobiography” (Jefferson); Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom (Jefferson); Deists and Deism; Notes on Virginia (Jefferson)
Jefferson, Thomas, as president
first inaugural address
military action against Tripoli/North African pirates, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n18, nts.2n91
predictions of doom resulting from his presidency
Tripoli treaty, 6.1, 6.2
Tunisian ambassador Mellimelli’s visit to D.C.
Jefferson Bible, 3.1, 6.1
Jefferson’s Qur’an
acquisition of, itr.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, nts.1n174
Ellison’s oath on
importance of
at Library of Congress, ix
overview
place in Jefferson’s library
Jesus Christ
Leland’s references to
Locke’s references to
omitting from Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, 3.1, nts.1n249
Jewish Americans
Adams, J. Q., on
on anti-Muslim activist Yerushalmi
and Flushing Remonstrance, 2.1, aft.1
and Jefferson’s Virginia Bill for Naturalization of Immigrants, 3.1, nts.1n201
negative stereotypes, 1.1, 4.1, 5.1
and Obama accused of being Muslim
and religious test for public office, 5.1, 5.2
See also Judaism
Jews
and Adams
The Algerine Captive on
and Barbary ambassadors
double loyalty issue
Edict of Expulsion from England, 2.1, 2.2, nts.1n46
exclusion from Act of Toleration of 1689
exclusion from public office, 5.1, 5.2
immigration to the U.S., aft.1, aft.2, aft.3
and Jefferson, itr.1, itr.2, 3.1, 3.2
Leland’s fight for rights of
Locke on, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
Menocchio’s argument for salvation of Muslims and, 2.1, aft.1
Muslims and Christians compared to, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Muslims, Catholics, and, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1n3, nts.2n27
and Muslims, equated, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1
overview
as People of the Book, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, nts.1n75
and presence in North Africa
and religious liberty in New York
and religious test for public office
as threat to Christian society, 2.1, aft.1
toleration of
Zoroastrians compared to
See also Judaism
jihad, 4.1, aft.1
Johnson, Samuel
Johnston, Samuel
on civic virtues vs. creed, 5.1, aft.1
and North Carolina constitutional ratification debates, itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
Jones, Terry, ix–x, nts.1n3
Judaism
Christian superiority, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Jefferson on, 3.1, 3.2
Leland on
and polygamy
See also Jews; Old Testament
Judeo-Christian-Islamic religious identity
Judeo-Christian religious identity
Kamil, Neil, xii
Ketton, Robert
Kidd, Thomas S., nts.1n1
Koran, See also Qur’an
Koran (Sale)
and The Algerine Captive, 1.1
on God, Jesus, and the Trinity in the Qur’an
introduction, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1
Jefferson’s negative views of the Qur’an
Jefferson’s neglect of
Jefferson’s positive views of the Qur’an, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Jefferson’s purchase of, 3.1, 3.2
place in Jefferson’s library
“Preliminary Discourse,”
translation issues
use of Koran vs. Qur’an
and Voltaire
Lafayette, Marquis de, 4.1, 4.2
Lambert, Frank, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Lancaster, William
Lee, Richard Henry
Legal Commonplace Book
legal decisions. See court cases
Legend of the Three Rings, The (folklore)
Leland, John
beyond religious tolerance
biography, itr.1, 1.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, nts.1n15
on conformity in religion
and Connecticut’s tax to support Congregational Protestantism, 7.1, nts.1n79
and Helwys
on Islam
and Jefferson, 7.1, 7.2
on Jefferson, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Kidd on, nts.1n1
as legislator in Massachusetts
and Leland’s erroneous understanding of Islam
and Locke
and Madison, 7.1, nts.1n36
and Massachusetts’s tax to support Congregational Protestantism
and Muslim rights, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6
opposition to Constitution, 7.1, 7.2
on religious freedom, 7.1, nts.1n1, nts.2n84
on separation of church and state, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, nts.1n10, nts.2n120
on slavery
and Smyth
and Washington
and Williams
Leslie, Peter
Letter Concerning Toleration, A (Locke), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Liberia
liberty of conscience principle, Williams’s, 2.1, 2.2
library at Alexandria, Egypt, burning of, 3.1, nts.1n130
Library of Congress
Life and
Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria (El-Abbadi), nts.1n130
Lingua Franca
Literary Commonplace Book (Jefferson)
Locke, John
accusations of being a Muslim
and “Age of Arabick” (G. A. Russell), 2.1, nts.1n171
attacked as Muslim, Socinian, or Deist
and Bagshaw, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
and Carolinas’ statutes for religious freedom, nts.1n44
on Christianity
defense of Unitarians and Muslims
in Holland, 2.1, nts.1n236, nts.2n260
on inalienable rights
and Jefferson, 3.1, 3.2
and Leland
on Muslim “civil rights,” itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 5.1
references to Jesus Christ
religious tolerance of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1n5
and Shaftesbury, 2.1, nts.1n220
and Stubbe
and Unitarianism
Louis XIV, King of France
Luther, Martin, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1
Madison, James
Algiers treaty
and Article 11 of the Tripoli treaty
beyond religious tolerance
and Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, 3.1, 3.2
on inalienable rights
Jefferson’s letter on Adams dispute
and Leland, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1n36
and Muslim rights
on national army
on national army provision in Constitution
Madison, James (continued)
on prohibiting religious tests for public office
“Mahomet: A Dream,”
Mahometans, and other premodern variations of Muslims (Mahamadens, Mahomedans, Mahumetans, Mehomitans, Musselmen, Mussulmans), itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, aft.1
Locke’s usage, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
and North Carolina debate on religious test, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7
term defined, 1.1, nts.1n186
See also Muslims; Saracens; Turks
Mahomet the Impostor (Voltaire)
“Mammoth Cheese” from Massachusetts, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Mandeville, Sir John
Maracci, Ludovico
Maria (schooner)
Marschalk, Andrew
Marshall, John
Marx, Joseph
Maryland, 5.1, 5.2
Massachusetts/Massachusetts Bay Colony
ban on religious tolerance
Constitution of Massachusetts, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1n86
Leland as legislator
Leland on
Leland’s fight against tax to support Congregational Protestantism
and religious test for public office, 5.1, 7.1
Williams’s exile from, 2.1, 2.2
Matar, Nabil, 2.1, 4.1, nts.1n204
Mather, Cotton, 1.1, 2.1
McCain, John
McLoughlin, William G., nts.1n120
McVeigh, Timothy
Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an: Islam and the Founders Page 54
