“Rights of Conscience Inalienable and therefore, Religious Opinions Not Cognizable by Law, The” (Leland)
Rights of Man, The (Paine), 6.1, 6.2
Rodgers, John, 6.1, 6.2
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Ross, Alexander
Said, Edward, nts.1n9, nts.2n30
Saladin (Salah al-Din), nts.1n130
Sale, George, 1.1, 3.1, aft.1. See also Koran (Sale)
Salem, Peter, nts.1n14
Salkeld, William
Saracens, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Scandella, Domenico “Menocchio,” 2.1, aft.1, nts.1n15
Schultz, Debbie Wasserman
Schultz, Kevin
Schwartz, Stuart
Second Letter on Toleration (Locke)
separation of church and state
anti-Islamic polemic on, itr.1, 3.1
Christianity and Sabbath
Jefferson on, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
in Jefferson’s Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom
Johnston on
Leland’s desire to protect church from state influence, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, nts.1n10, nts.2n120
overview, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
See also First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, aft.1, aft.2
Servetus, Michael, 2.1, 3.1, nts.1n41
Shaftesbury, Lord, 2.1, nts.1n220
Shaheen, Jack
Shariah: The Threat to America (Boykin, Soyster, and Yerushalmi)
Sharia law, aft.1, aft.2
Sheffield, Lord
Shi‘i Muslims, aft.1, aft.2, aft.3, nts.1n130
slavery
Adams on
The Algerine Captive on, 1.1, 1.2, nts.1n121
captivity in Islam vs.
Islam and Catholicism compared to
Jefferson and his slaves, itr.1, 3.1, 4.1
Leland on
Muslims as slaves in America, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, nts.1n156
returning slaves to Africa
Washington freeing his slaves, 3.1, nts.1n267
West African and North African slavery compared
Smyth, John, 2.1, 2.2, 7.1
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 3.1, 3.2
Society of Americans for National Existence (SANE)
Socinians, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1. See also Unitarians and Unitarianism
“soul liberty” experiment, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, aft.1
Southern Poverty Law Center
Souza, Gerardo de, nts.1n69
Soyster, Harry Edward, aft.1, aft.2
Spain, 4.1, 4.2
Spanish Inquisition, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
Sparks, Jared
Spencer, Robert
states or colonies
New England’s Congregational Protestantism establishment
oaths sworn on New Testament
and religious freedom
and religious test for public office
See also specific states
Stop Islamization of America (SIOA)
Stubbe, Henry, 1.1, 2.1, nts.1n200
Stuyvesant, Peter
Sufi Muslims
Sullivan, John
Sunni Muslims
al-Tabari
and dissimulation
on duration of treaties
on images of the Prophet, nts.1n109
as majority of Muslims
on Muslims living outside Muslim lands
Saladin as, nts.1n130
schools of law, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1
Syrian immigrants
taxes for supporting churches
Anglicanism, 3.1, 6.1
certificate to exempt Baptists but not other religions, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Congregational Protestantism, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Tea Party movement
terminology, 1.1, nts.1n186
Third Letter (Locke)
Thoughts on Government (Adams)
tobacco, 3.1, 4.1
Toleration Act (1689), See also religious tolerance
toleration, exceptions to, See also religious tolerance
Travels (Mandeville)
treaties in Qur’an
“Treaty of Amity and Commerce, A” (Jefferson)
Trenchard, John
Trinity doctrine
Deist and Socianian rejection of, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
The Errors of the Trinity (Servetus)
and Islam, 2.1, 3.1
Jefferson’s abandonment of, 6.1, 6.2
Locke’s rejection of
Priestley’s denial of
and religious test for public office, 5.1, 5.2
Sale on
Stubbe on
tulips as symbol of, nts.1n1
Tripolitan ambassador
Adams’s and Jefferson’s letters about
Adams’s and Jefferson’s negotiations with, 4.1, 4.2
Adams’s negotiations with, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, nts.1n105
justifying naval attacks with Qur’an, 4.1, aft.1
notifying Adams of war with U.S.
Qur’anic defense of piracy, 4.1, 4.2
Tripolitans and Tripoli
Jefferson’s letter to, 6.1, aft.1
Jefferson’s military action against, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1n18, nts.2n91
and Ottoman Empire, 2.1, 4.1
overview
U.S. treaty with, 1.1, 6.1, nts.1nn69–70
See also Barbary States; North African pirates
Tripoli treaty, Adams’s, 6.1, nts.1n69
Tripoli treaty, Jefferson’s, 6.1, 6.2
True Nature of Imposture (Prideaux)
tulips, ix, nts.1n1
Tunisians and Tunis
ambassadors, itr.1, 6.1, nts.1n17
Jefferson’s letters to ruler of, 6.1, 6.2
overview
ships of, seized by United States, 6.1, 6.2
See also Barbary States; North African pirates
Turkish ambassadors, itr.1, nts.1n17
Turks, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1
in Leland, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8
in Locke, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
in Williams, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, aft.1
See also Mahometans; Muslims
Two Tracts on Government (Locke)
Tyler, Royall, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, nts.1n125
tyranny, Ottoman Empire as
Umar Ibn al-Khattab, 3.1, 3.2
Unitarians and Unitarianism
Deists and Muslims linked to
Islam compared to
Jefferson’s acceptance of, 6.1, 6.2
and Locke
Priestley
Sale’s criticism of
as Socinians, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1
United States
bans on building mosques
citizenship requirements, 3.1, 3.2, aft.1, aft.2
importance of religion
Judeo-Christian rubric
PATRIOT Act, aft.1, nts.1n80
peace treaties with North Africa
See also America; President of the United States
universalism
of Iredell
of Jefferson, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1
of Leland
and Muslim President issue
in Spanish and Portuguese dominions
of Tyler
See also Leland, John
universal theism
Vanished Library, The (Canfora), nts.1n130
Venice and Venetians, 2.1, nts.1n32
Virginia
Bill for the Naturalization of Persons
Bill Prescribing the Oath of Fidelity and the Oaths of Certain Public Officers
Declaration of Rights, 3.1, 7.1
religious freedom and political equality for all, 3.1, 5.1, 6.1
tax proceeds supporting Anglicanism
See also Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom; Jefferson, Thomas; Madison, James
Virginia Gazette, 3.1, 5.1
<
br /> Voltaire, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2
Von Limborch, Philip, nts.1n236
Von Pufendorf, Freiherr
war, Qur’an on
Washington, George
freeing his slaves, 3.1, nts.1n267
and Iredell
and Leland
and Muslim rights
Muslim slaves of
on religious freedom
Webster, Noah
West, Samuel
Whig ideology
Cato’s Letters, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1
and Mahomet the Impostor, 1.1
and Ottoman Empire
overview, 1.1, 2.1
and Shaftesbury, 2.1, nts.1n220
Whitefield, George
Williamson, Hugh
Williams, Roger
on boundaries of “Christian liberty,”
and Catholics, nts.1n138
condemnation of Quakers
exile from Massachusetts Bay Colony, 2.1, 2.2
failure of message
and Leland, 7.1, nts.1n19
and Muslims (Turks)
and Providence, Rhode Island, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 7.1
religious tolerance with Christian superiority
“soul liberty” experiment, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, aft.1
Wilson, Douglas L.
World Trade Center bombing (1993)
“Yankee Spy, The” (Leland)
Yemeni Arab immigrant
Yerushalmi, David
Zoroastrians and Zoroastrianism
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
1.1 Broadside of Voltaire’s play Mahomet, English version by Miller performed for American and French troops. “At the Theatre in Baltimore on Tuesday Evening, the 1st of October 1782, will be presented the Tragedy of Mahomet, the Impostor.” Broadside #Y1782. Courtesy of the Collection of the New-York Historical Society.
3.1 Excerpted record of Thomas Jefferson’s purchase of Sale’s Koran from October 1765. In Virginia Gazette Daybooks, edited by Paul Hoffman (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Microfilm Publications, 1967), segment 2, folio 202. Courtesy of Special Collections, University of Virginia Library.
3.2 First page of Thomas Jefferson’s Qur’an, Sale translator, 1764 edition. Courtesy, Rare Books and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress.
3.3 Jefferson’s handwritten quotation of Locke, c. 1776. Courtesy, Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress.
3.4 Jefferson’s “Autobiography,” 1821, describing the span of believers he intended to cover in his 1786 Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom. Courtesy, Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress.
4.1 Jefferson’s initials in his Qur’an, in volume 1, at bottom of p. 113, as “T” and “I.” Courtesy, Rare Books and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress.
5.1 Engraving of James Iredell (d. 1799), Federalist supporter of the Constitution and Supreme Court justice, etched by Albert Rosenthal, Philadelphia, 1889. Courtesy of the North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
5.2 Portrait of Ibrahima Abd al-Rahman (d. 1829), a Muslim slave, who wrote in Arabic, described as a “Moorish Prince,” April 1833. Courtesy of New York Public Library.
5.3 Portrait of Omar ibn Said (d. 1863), a Muslim slave from North Carolina, who wrote his autobiography in Arabic. Courtesy of E. H. Little Library, Davidson College.
6.1 Thomas Jefferson by Charles Willson Peale, from life, 1791–92. Courtesy of Independence National Historical Park.
7.1 John Leland (d. 1841), evangelical Baptist ally of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Engraved portrait by T. Doney, painted by A. B. Moore, 1845.
7.2 Congressman Keith Ellison swears his private oath of office on Thomas Jefferson’s Qur’an, pictured as Sale’s Koran in 2 volumes, January 4, 2007. Photograph by Win McNamee, Courtesy of Getty Images.
A Note About the Author
Denise A. Spellberg is an associate professor of history and Middle Eastern studies at the University of Texas at Austin, where she teaches courses on Islamic civilization and Islam in Europe and America.
For more information, please visit www.aaknopf.com
ALSO BY DENISE A. SPELLBERG
Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past:
The Legacy of ‘A’isha bint Abi Bakr
Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an: Islam and the Founders Page 56
